Landscape engineering is a course based on the principle of municipal engineering and guided by the theory of landscape art, which studies the skills of landscape greening. The central content of its research is how to deal with the contradiction between engineering facilities and landscape in the garden on the premise of giving full play to the ecological, social and economic benefits of the garden. The research scope of the course includes engineering principle, engineering design, construction technology and maintenance management. It includes both engineering knowledge and biology knowledge. It mainly includes earthwork, rockery, waterscape, paving, greening, water supply and drainage, and power supply.
2. History of landscape engineering
1 Introduction
When people find that their way of life is constantly distorted by the same way of life and the environment that has already been designed by others, people begin to yearn for the return of themselves. So those city people who are surrounded by cars, golden horses and winemakers all day long in the "bustling land of flowers and willows, gentle and rich countryside" began to look at the fresh, natural and quiet gardens.
The word "garden" has existed since ancient times. It is never a tacky word, full of charming beauty, comprehensive and highly embodied. It feels like a three-dimensional painting, which makes people travel in a world of pictorial; A poem without words; Words speak louder than words. The strokes of the poems "Dan Qing" and "Shu" that painted this painting have always been ignored and hidden out of our sight-landscape engineering.
2 the development of landscape engineering
Development course of landscape engineering
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, China gardens entered a period of garden development, in which palaces were the main buildings and garden plants were the auxiliary ones. On both sides of the road system in Xianyang, Qin Dou, there are forms similar to the layout of roads and trees today. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the large-scale Shanglin Garden was dominated by water layout, with many mountains to control water, planting trees and moving flowers, and chiseling the ground into pools. The four elements of forest gardening were studied to some extent. According to records, during this period, a large number of vegetation were cited and planting projects were involved. Later, when sorting out ancient books, we found the records of 0 Tushan 0 and 0 Tushan 0. From the perspective of water control, waterscape and sculpture began to be more important. The Han Dynasty initiated the layout of 0 Chishi Mountain and 0 artificial landscape in China. During the Jin and Southern Dynasties, due to social unrest, many literati were born out of political boredom and boredom.
People's landscape garden China's landscapes, poems and paintings began to penetrate people's understanding of natural water art, and at the same time, folk stone-making technology and rockfill building technology also reached a certain level. China classical gardens began to form a garden system and embryonic form with three types of parallel development. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the appreciation of Wu Zetian and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, peony became the most precious flower in society, and plant cultivation techniques began to develop greatly. As we can know from the famous gardens, as early as the Tang Dynasty, people were small.
Poetry in the Tang Dynasty has reached a high artistic level, and it is undoubtedly a pearl in the crown of the Tang Dynasty. Famous landscape poems and travel notes enrich people's observation and appreciation of natural landscapes, improve people's perspective and deepen people's understanding of the laws of landscape structure. At the same time, landscape painting also promoted the development of gardening. Many artists directly participated in gardening activities, and they also applied the concept of painting theory to landscape design, and garden art began to consciously enjoy painting.
Since Tang Zong, the wind of stone appreciation has brought unique garden stone placement technology, which has formed the important characteristics of gardening and stone management in this period. Especially in the Song Dynasty, garden stones began to increase, and special lake stones were quite common, which was even more impressive at that time. Zhao Kuo attached great importance to the garden stone, so he organized a temporary organization to look for this stone in Jiangnan. If it is not the shame of Jingkang, Genyue is undoubtedly a garden stone on earth. Bai Juyi's The Story of the Stone in Taihu Lake is the first description of the aesthetic significance and value of the stone in Taihu Lake (thin, leaking and wrinkled), and it is also the first work by a scholar and gardener in China. In the Song Dynasty, mountains were mostly built with earth mountains, but there were few stone mountains and earth-rock mountains in the Jiangnan generation. Because of the emergence of kkkk mountain craftsmen who specialize in overlapping mountains,
With the increase of sports and the maturity of technology, Dieshan's engineering technology has reached a higher level, and there has also been a breakthrough in plant configuration, including clumping, sticking, single planting and equality.
Literary forms, such as afforestation, have also entered gardens, such as inscriptions, couplets and other garden buildings. It replaces the traditional layout of the royal garden 0. 1 Chishan since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and is based on the requirements of landscaping, patchwork and integrated with the environment. The park is dominated by mountains, supplemented by water, and the scenic spots are divided according to the scenery. Poetry is used to deepen the artistic conception of mountains and rivers! In the early Song Dynasty, a delicate and beautiful garden style was gradually formed, which paid more attention to the combination with the environment than the previous generation, making China's gardens close to nature and poetic.
The mature stage of landscape engineering
The era of classical gardens in China has arrived.
It was mature in the middle and early Ming and Qing Dynasties, with stable society and advanced science and technology.
Developed, prosperous business, prosperous economy, there are many different theories.
Aesthetic thinkers and works of sexual gardens, such as Wang Shizhen, have famous gardens in ancient and modern times.
Wild editing, planning and garden management further promoted the sublimation of classical gardens.
Beijing Xiyuan, the first batch of royal gardens in Xishan, fully absorbed the river.
The gardening techniques of private gardens in the south combine the meaning of folk gardens in the south of the Yangtze River.
Home palace style, natural ecological environment in one, reappearing building cloth.
Bureau, give full play to its 0 o'clock viewing effect. After the 0 viewing effect is clear, it will be more
It is mainly composed of earth and stone mountains, which is convenient for planting plants.
Standing by the water, stacked stones form cliffs, mostly Yellowstone, with straight stone lines, horizontal and vertical, and stone
Simple block, which can be erected layer by layer, is very suitable for representing natural rocks.
topography
When Yuanmingyuan was established, gardeners decorated it with China classical gardens.
Various technologies for managing mountains and water often create a complete landscape.
As a bone beam for landscaping, its gardens have also absorbed western gardening techniques such as water viewing.
During this period, private gardens in Jiangnan also developed rapidly, such as Ruhua Street.
The wind of paving the ground and setting the stone mountain is especially strong, and the literati of the soil flow garden department.
Due to the participation of too many scholars, painters and poets, a large number of gardens have appeared.
Forest engineering and parks have also developed.
However, gardeners in this period excessively pursued formal beauty and technical beauty.
Desalinate the subtle and elegant artistic conception of the garden, weaken the principle, naturally create an atmosphere, and increase
Add artificial meaning
label
In the history of gardens in China, from the perspective of gardening techniques, the early emphasis was placed.
Later, I focused on mountains and scenery. Relatively speaking, in the early stage,
Compared with the later period, our gardening is more natural and fresh, which is different from notes.
Tang Zong's gardens, which are inseparable from the waterscape, are dominated by bamboo forests and ponds, which are quiet and quiet.
Stone, bamboo and wood are delicate, clear and distant, reflecting the natural artistic conception and wildness.
Pursuit and performance
China's gardening style has greatly evolved in the early and late stages, but there was a time,
There is always its dominant style and tone, the artistic conception of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the charm of the Song Dynasty. Naturally, it is not.
Could it be that, like the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the style of China gardens was declining in the late Qing Dynasty?
Unfortunately, most of the gardens we can see today were built during this period.
Although the skill is superb, the interest and tone are not necessarily proportional to the skill, not necessarily.
Better than previous generations.
For an art, especially a garden, the technology is highly mature.
It often seems to be a constraint of life.