Poetry refers to China's poetry, that is, China's traditional poetry, including ancient style, Tang poetry, Song poetry and Yuan Qu; Here, it only represents traditional poetry.
Poetry has three elements, which I think are "rhyme, rhyme and taste". This statement is not necessarily appropriate or comprehensive. Take my own composition and learn from my peers.
The first element-rhyme: rhyme means "rhyme". Rhyme is the first element and the most basic form of poetry. Classical poetry emphasizes rhyme. Poetry without rhyme is not China's poetry. It can be called "prose poetry", "free poetry" and "modern poetry".
The purpose of rhyming is to make readers catchy and easy to remember, which conforms to the traditional habits of China people. People usually say that a poem is full of charm, which means rhyme and poetry. What is rhyme? Simply put, the rhyme of the last sentence and the next sentence is the same.
For example, there is such bright light at the foot of my bed. Could it have been frosted? (Li Bai). "Light" and "frost" both belong to "Ang" rhyme, even if they rhyme; Another example is "I woke up easily in this spring morning, and birds were singing everywhere" (Meng Haoran). "Xiao" and "bird" belong to "concave" rhyme, which is also rhyme. But poems are usually more than four sentences, so there are the third sentence, the fourth sentence and the fifth sentence ... Do you want to rhyme? It depends on the genre of poetry. If it is ancient prose, rhyming is much more free. You can bet every other sentence, you can bet the whole article, and you can change the rhyme halfway. In short, whether you bet on the whole rhyme or change the rhyme, you must bet on the same rhyme. If you bet the wrong rhyme, the poem will be problematic and uncomfortable to recite.
(1) Model rhyme book: Poetry, lyrics and music creation should be based on rhyme book. Before the Qing Dynasty, the ancients mostly wrote poems with "Pingshui Rhyme", and Liu Yuan, a Pingshui man in Jiangbei of the Southern Song Dynasty, revised them according to the rhymes of his predecessors, hence the name "Pingshui Rhyme". Later, Wang Wenyu, a native of A Jin, published a new book "The Rhyme of Ping Shui Li's Steps". Liu Yuan's "Ping Shui Yun" merged the previous 206 rhymes into 107 rhymes, and there are many common examples. For example: (1) "Ma, Hua, Ye and Xie" have four rhymes; (2) The rhyme of "waves and songs" is connected; (3) The three rhymes of "knowledge, strangeness and er" are connected; (4) The rhymes of "Gu" and "Yu" are connected; (5) The rhyme of "You and Autumn" is associated; (6) The four rhymes of "grey, flying, pregnancy and coming" are connected; (7) The rhyme of "Heaven and Mountain" is connected; (8) The rhyme "Geng" is connected with "Dong"; (9) The rhyme of "Jiang and Yang" is the same ... and so on.
It has been more than 700 years since modern times. Due to the great changes in pronunciation, some rhyming methods in Ping Shui Yun no longer meet the requirements of modern people. Nevertheless, quite a few people still use it, which makes beginners confused and even misleading, so there are many voices calling for phonological reform. Now there is a new rhyme book, which can be used as a reference tool for writing poems, and beginners should take this as a model.
(2) Rhyme form: Take quatrains as an example, quatrains are limited to four sentences, and those exceeding four sentences are rare and rarely used. There is also a kind of quatrains, which are similar to quatrains, but flat, and are called "ancient quatrains" by modern people, with the same rhyming form. Some rhymes are even, others are even.
(1) Pingsheng Rhyme: When the first rhyme foot is Pingsheng Rhyme, the second and fourth sentences are juxtaposed with Pingsheng Rhyme, and the third sentence does not need rhyme (the last word must be Cuo). For example (the first sentence rhymes with flat feet):
Purple smoke from Rizhao incense burner, watching thousands of waterfalls hanging in Sichuan,
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth.
The first sentence doesn't rhyme when it is lame, the second sentence must rhyme, the third sentence doesn't have to rhyme (it must be lame), and the fourth sentence rhymes. Example:
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
(2) Rhyme: When the first sentence rhymes, the second sentence rhymes, the third sentence rhymes (it must be flat feet) and the fourth sentence rhymes. Example (not pasted):
There are no birds flying over those mountains, and there are no traces of people in those paths.
Li Weng, Zhou Yan, the old man fishing for cold river-snow.
The first sentence doesn't rhyme, the second sentence begins to rhyme, and the third sentence doesn't rhyme (it must be flat feet).
Four rhymes Example:
I leaned against the bamboo trees alone, playing the piano and humming a song.
It's too light for anyone to hear, except my partner, Mingyue.
As for rhyme, eight sentences are one, and more than ten sentences are arranged, all of which are even numbers, and all of them use flat rhyme. If the first sentence rhymes, two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme in turn, and the first sentence doesn't rhyme when it is lame, so it rhymes from the second sentence, and four, six and eight sentences rhyme (that is, even numbers are bet, odd numbers are not bet). Use only flat rhymes, not rhymes, but must rhyme to the end, and can't change rhymes. Example:
Shu Xiang-Du Fu (the first sentence is flat foot rhyme);
Where is the temple of the famous prime minister? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City.
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.
The third call asked him to handle state affairs, and he gave his heart to two generations.
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
Moonlit night-Du Fu (the first sentence doesn't rhyme);
In Fuzhou, far away, she is watching the moonlight, watching it alone from the window of her room (look, Gu Pingsheng).
For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is.
Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight (wet, ancient voice)
When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? .
Hanjiang Heihe river
The second element-law: law refers to the formal law of poetry. Poetry has poetic style and rhyme; Only quatrains and metrical poems are discussed here. Unique poems and metrical poems have their own special prescribed forms, which have been gradually formed since the early Tang Dynasty and have a history of more than 2,000 years. To break this rule and create an alternative form, it must pass the test of time and custom, that is to say,
We must gain historical recognition. It is with this honor that metrical poetry has been invincible for thousands of years. Such a unique law
Are there any special requirements for poetry?
(1) Number of sentences and words: (1) quatrains: five-character quatrains-each song is limited to four sentences, and each sentence has five words, which is called five quatrains for short; Seven-character quatrains-each song is limited to four sentences, each sentence is seven words, referred to as seven words. (2) Sentence category: five-character sentences-each song is limited to eight sentences, and each sentence has five words, which is referred to as the five laws; Seven-character law sentence-each song is limited to eight sentences, and each sentence is seven words, referred to as seven laws. (3) Exclusion category: five-word exclusion-each sentence is ten or more, the singular is excluded, and each sentence is called five elements; Seven-character arrangement-each song has ten or more sentences, the singular is declined, and each sentence has seven words, referred to as seven lines.
(2) Flat tone: Flat tone is the inherent tone of words. Take Xinhua Dictionary as an example: the first and second tones are flat tones, and the third and fourth tones are flat tones. Sentences composed of words must conform to the "flat spectrum" of poetry, so there is a requirement to "stick to it". Take the leveling of quatrains as an example: the first sentence should be opposite to the second sentence, the second sentence should be glued together with the third sentence, and the third sentence should be opposite to the fourth sentence. Before giving examples, we must first understand the meaning of "sticky" and "right". "Dui" means that even-numbered sentences are opposite to even-numbered sentences, that is, flat-voiced words are opposite to flat-voiced words; "Sticking" means that adjacent sentences are arranged at the same level, that is, the sound is flat and the sound is flat. The flat spectrum of quatrains can be summarized into four types, such as:
The first kind, flat feet:
Average, (the first sentence)
Even, even, even. (second sentence)
Very flat, (third sentence)
Flat and light, flat and light. (fourth sentence)
The second type, flat foot type:
Flat and even, (the first sentence)
Even, even, even. (second sentence)
Very flat, (third sentence)
Flat and light, flat and light. (fourth sentence)
The third kind, Cue Cue:
Plain, (the first sentence)
Flat and light, flat and light. (second sentence)
Flat and flat, (third sentence)
Even, even, even. (fourth sentence)
Fourth, pursed feet:
Impartiality, impartiality, (first sentence)
Flat and light, flat and light. (second sentence)
Flat and flat, (third sentence)
Even, even, even. (fourth sentence)
As can be seen from the above example, the so-called flat adhesion mostly occurs in the first four words of the sentence. Because even sentences use rhyme, odd sentences don't use rhyme, and the flat pattern of each sentence should avoid "loneliness" and "three flat tails" or "three flat tails", so the flat pattern has changed, and the following words can't stick together one by one.
As for the parallel lines of metrical poems, they are eight sentences composed of parallel lines of two quatrains, and the arrangement is composed of parallel lines of three or more quatrains, as long as the joints are sticky.
(3) Flexibility of the level tone: After all, the level tone is only a form, and asking too much will hinder the poet from writing and not writing poems.
Meaning to play incisively and vividly, so the ancients have a flexible way:
(1) Regardless of the first word: the first word of each sentence can be flat or turbid, which is called "Tong".
(2) No matter whether it is one or three: under the premise of not being lonely, the first word and the third word are allowed to "occasionally".
There are also cases where the fifth word is ignored, such as "the ape whimpers in the fierce wind in the wide sky", in which the word "ape" is flat and the word "Xiao" in the sixth word is solitary (allowed). In this case, instead of pouting, it is better to simply. The ancients called it "Ning Ping does not pout". It can be seen that the so-called "135 no matter" is limited to seven words, and it depends on which type Pingping belongs to, such as: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky"; If you ignore the fifth word, you will commit "three tails missing" and "three tails flat" and become "two orioles called Liu Cui and a row of egrets flying into the sky"
(3) unsociable: in a five-word or seven-word sentence, except for the beginning and the end, other syllables have only one flat tone, so.
Is considered to be "lonely"; For example, "wildfire never dies", "apricot flowers are red in the rain", "spring breeze is not drunk", "when will the bright moon shine on me" and so on. Metric poetry is not allowed to be lonely and dull, and it must be "saved" when it is inevitable.
(4) Dilemma: It is a remedial measure taken when the level of poetry may be out of balance. In a sense,
There is a causal relationship with "135 regardless". Because "flat and flexible" is too inevitable, it will give birth to another "difficult to save", so we will let nature take its course. There are two kinds of salvation: "save one sentence" and "save one sentence".
"Save the sentence" is the remedy in the next sentence (even sentence), if the previous poem really needs to replace a flat and muddy word in the corresponding place in the next sentence. For example, "wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze"; The word "burn" is unfair, so use the word "blow" to remedy it. Another example: "In spring, the grass is green and the birds are singing and the flowers are fragrant"; The word "spring" is lonely and dull, so use the word "empty" to remedy it. This remedy is also called "loneliness and helplessness".
"When saving a sentence", also known as "this sentence saves itself", is to intentionally change the level position of a word in order to maintain the relative balance of the number of levels. For example, "for our boys and girls, poor little baby, it's too small to know where the capital is." The original intention of the previous sentence is "poor children far away", but the author first considers the part-of-speech antithesis, changes the position of the two words, and ignores the routine of flat and even words. There are many such examples, and later generations regard it as "saving in one word". I think it is actually an exception, and it is "elasticity in elasticity" and should not be advocated. Although leveling can be flexible, it is not chaotic, and no matter how it is changed, it is necessary to avoid "three-tailed leveling" and "three-tailed leveling".
(5) Three-tailed leveling: It means that the three words at the end of a poem are all leveled, such as "continuous autumn rain, colder weather" and "thousand".
Old trees still cover the sky. "
(6) Three-tailed ambiguity: the three words at the end of a poem are ambiguous, such as "picturesque scenery" and "half-way mandarin duck".
Not old "and so on.
Not only is it not allowed to have three tails, but couplets derived from orthodox poems are also eliminated.
(7) Gu Ping's supplement: There is another saying: "In a flat and even sentence, in addition to rhyme, there is an isolated flat and turbid word in the sentence, which is Gu Ping; A lame sentence, even if there is only one flat word left, can't be considered lonely. " This clarifies the concept of loneliness, that is, loneliness only occurs in the sentence pattern of "flat feet". If this is the criterion, then the above-mentioned "apricot flowers bathing in red" and "when the bright moon shines on me" are even more lonely; "I'm not drunk, because the spring breeze" and "wildfire never completely consumed them" are not isolated sentences. According to the viewpoint of "living in peace", non-isolated sentences are allowed to appear in regular sentences, so sentences like "wildfire never consumes them too much" are "harmonious". However, I beg to differ, because this sentence pattern is too irregular and not suitable for celebrities with rich poems. In fact, rice is just a form, which can only restrain robots and cannot be a tool to imprison thinking. It should be said that some verses in Tang poetry that violate the law of leveling and leveling are actually exceptional "abnormal" sentences, which later generations call "flexibility" because of their worship of celebrities. Because of flexibility, future generations have room for imitation and will not stick to rules. And my understanding of "loneliness" is: where there are less than two flat words in a five-character sentence, this sentence is considered to be lonely; If there are less than three flat words in a seven-character sentence, the sentence is considered flat.
As for saving, it is actually a means, and it must not be done. It complicates the rules and makes beginners at a loss. Therefore, it is better to be honest, follow the rules, follow the rules from the beginning, and not be "lonely", then you don't have to think about how to remedy and save trouble.
(4) Part-of-speech antithesis: Except quatrains (antithesis is allowed, but not necessary), the middle two parts of speech of metrical poems must be dual; The metrical poem * * * is composed of eight sentences, one or two of which are called "first couplet", three or four are called "couplet", five or six are called "neck couplet" and seven or eight are called "tail couplet". Among them, the parallel connection and the neck connection should be in the form of confrontation; The arrangement is strict, except for the first pair and the second pair, all the others must face each other. Example:
"quatrains"-Du Fu (duality runs through)
"Two orioles sing green willows, and egrets cover the sky."
My window framed the snow-covered western hills. My door often says "goodbye" to ships sailing eastward.
Shuxiang-Du Fu (antithesis of couplets and necklaces)
Where is the temple of the famous prime minister? It is in a deep pine forest near the Silk City.
The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves.
The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations.
But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats.
Climbing the Mountain —— Du Fu (control throughout)
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
Hanjiang Heihe river
The third element-taste: taste refers to poetry. Poetry is not only the quality expression of poetry, but also the connotation of poetry. The taste of poetry depends on the reader. If the content is dull and tasteless, like chewing wax, then no matter how perfect the meter is, the poem is just an empty shelf, with no chanting value and no hope of circulation.
A poet may not know why he writes poetry, but he must know why he writes poetry. In other words, the poet should shoulder the responsibility of history, be responsible for history, be responsible for readers and be responsible for himself. Therefore, it is emphasized that poetry should be excellent and poetic. Some people compare the form of poetry to a wine bottle, and the wine in the bottle is the connotation of poetry; Suppose that the rhyme and rhyme of poetry are the body, and the taste and taste of poetry are the soul. Therefore, poetry is the most critical element.
Of course, good flowers depend on green leaves, good wine depends on good bottles, and the unity of content and form is the perfection of poetry. So what is poetry? To sum up, it is six words: philosophy, interest and truth.
(1) Philosophy: Poetry serves social life, so it should be endowed with life philosophy and social philosophy. It must be expressed by language art, usually by metaphor and metaphor. For example, in Yu Qian's poem "Ode to Lime", he said: "A thousand hammers cut out a deep mountain, and leisure burns. I am not afraid of broken bones, but I want to remain innocent in the world. " Here, the essence of lime is used to show that life needs to realize brave and faithful character.
Another example is Bai Juyi's "Farewell to Ancient Grass": "The vast grass crosses the plain and comes and goes with the four seasons. Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller again in the spring breeze. " It shows the tenacious vitality of nature and implies the inevitability of the development of things in human society. These poems express philosophy, which is easy to deepen people's impression and is regarded as the motto by people.
(2) Interest: Poetry should be affectionate and interesting. No fun is like a fool's game, boring. It will only make people feel bored and bored from a monotonous action or an old lyric. What is fun? The poems you write must be true, touching, interesting and immersive. Of course, love and interest may not always be together, but at least they can be one of them.
Poetry should absorb material from life, grasp a certain feature, and express it in the language of poetry, which makes people fascinated. For example, "the stone path of Hanshan is far away, and there are people in the depths of white clouds." Stop and sit in the maple forest late, the frost leaves are red in February "(Du Mu's" Mountain Walk "). This is a beautiful and moving picture, affectionate, picturesque and interesting. Another example is: "There are flowers on the mountains, and fireworks in the clouds are people's. Silver hairpin gold hairpin to carry water, long knife short hat to burn her "; The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and songs can be heard on the shore. The east is sunny and the west is rainy. The road is sunny, but the sun is shining. "These are two poems written by Liu Yuxi to Zhi Zhu. The first part describes the labor scene of young men and women in rural areas, and the second part describes the love process of young men and women, which is beautiful, interesting and affectionate. (3) Truth: To be touching, poetry must be true, that is, true feelings. First, true feelings: For example, in Meng Jiao's Ode to a Wanderer, the thread in the hands of a loving mother makes clothes for the wayward boy's body. Before leaving, I had a stitch for fear that my son would come back late and his clothes would be damaged. But how much love does an inch of long grass have? "This is a heartfelt swan song, which has shocked the hearts of many wanderers for thousands of years and is still enduring today, mainly because the poet has deep feelings, rich poetry and touching people's hearts. Another example is Li Bai's "To Wang Lun": "Li Bai was about to go by boat and heard singing on the shore. Peach Blossom Pond is deeper in thousands of feet than in Wang Lun. "This poem is clear as a word, there is no ceremony, but the emotion is very sincere.
The second is truth: freehand brushwork, no carving, true and natural. For example, Li Bai's "Yellow Crane Tower Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "An old friend said goodbye to the West Yellow Crane Tower, and fireworks went down to Yangzhou in March. Lonely sails sail in the blue sky, and only the Yangtze River flows in the sky "; Another example is Meng Haoran's "Passing through the Old Village": "Prepare chicken rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm. Green Woods surround the village and green hills are located outside the city. Open the window facing the valley vegetable garden and pass the glass to talk about crops. Wait until the mountain is on holiday, and I will come back in chrysanthemum time. " Almost all of them are sketching techniques, writing scenes and feelings, and the scenes are mixed, which is quite fascinating.
Many people write poems, the theme is true, but after the words are revealed, they seem to groan, which is untrue, mainly because they are written without feelings and true feelings, which makes people feel that "teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow, but they are forced to worry about new poems." If you write poetry for the sake of writing poetry, you can't write poetry well. Observe phenomena, experience things and think about life with enthusiasm. When you feel that you have something to say, but you can't complain, your true feelings will emerge spontaneously. Coupled with your usual language and artistic skills, I believe your poems will naturally be greatly appreciated by readers.
Of course, truth is not allowed to wade. For example, when writing landscapes, narratives, reasoning and arguments, you don't have to exaggerate. Write tall ones as short ones and small ones as big ones. Once the word is big, it is not easy to stop, resulting in top-heavy, head-to-tail mismatch.
Some people like to paraphrase the magnificent poems of the ancients when writing landscapes, such as describing waterfalls as "the Milky Way", mountains as "majestic", rivers as "rolling" and Swiss atmosphere as "dragons and phoenixes are auspicious". In fact, they are all old-fashioned and ethereal. Who has ever seen a dragon and a phoenix? Even metaphors are conventional and lack fresh flavor.
Some people like to wear high hats and listen to compliments. A poet should stand firm and write a straight book. It is said that during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, King Qian Liu of wuyue dominated the party and was ambitious. Monk Guan Xiu once posted a chapter on the Seven Laws, including a sentence "Three thousand guests drunk flowers, fourteen states frost sword". Qian Wang appreciated it very much, but he thought it was too shabby to say that he only had fourteen states, so he sent word that it was more magnificent to change the fourteen states into forty states, and said that he could see poems after the change.
Hearing this, Guan Xiu said, "Qian Wang obviously only has fourteen states, but he wants to put on a show. If the state is increased, poetry can only change; " A state is hard to add, and a poem is hard to change. I don't mind not seeing him. "This story warns the poet from another angle that he must seek truth from facts and not flatter him.