It is a dry and mature fruit of Xanthium in Compositae with involucre. Annual herb, up to 1 m. The whole plant has its toxicity, especially the fruit, especially the seed. Native to America and East Asia, widely distributed in most parts of Europe and parts of North America; Born on hillsides, grasslands and roadsides. China is widely distributed.
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morphological character
Annual herb, up to 1 m. The leaves are triangular in shape, 6-10cm long and 5-10cm wide, with sharp tips, shallow heart-shaped to wide wedge-shaped base, irregular serrations on the edges or usually inconspicuous 3-lobed, and scabrid hairs attached to both sides; Petiole is 3.5- 10 cm long and densely covered with fine hairs. The kettle has no handle, and is oval or oval, with a length of 10- 18mm and a width of 6- 12mm. There are barbs and dense fine hairs on the surface, with barb length 1.5-2mm and beak length 1.5-2m. The flowering period is July -65438+ 10, and the fruiting period is August-165438+ 10.
Basic information
Chinese name: Xanthium sibiricum
Latin scientific name: Xanthium sibiricum
English Name: Siberian Xanthium sibiricum
Chinese aliases: Curcuma longa, Grifola frondosa, Fennel, Dikuihua, Fennel, Fennel, Common Fennel, Chrysanthemum, Erzhicao, Changsi, Changsi Cuisine, Sheep Negative, Only Sting, Forward.
Overview of folding
Xanthium sibiricum: A plant, an annual weed. Some authorities think that there are 15 species in this genus, while others think that there are only 2 ~ 4 species. The male inflorescence of Xanthium sibiricum is round and short. Above the female inflorescence, the female flower is wrapped by an oval involucre of green, yellow or brown, and there are many hooked thorns and two large hornlike thorns outside the involucre. Mature thorn fruit sticks to animal hair and spreads to other places. Xanthium sibiricum is toxic to domestic animals and was once used as a herbal medicine.
geographical distribution
Native to America and East Asia, widely distributed in most parts of Europe and parts of North America; Born on hillsides, grasslands and roadsides. It is widely distributed in all parts of China.
Inspection method
Agricultural control
Reasonable rotation and stubble replacement, cleaning seeds.
Chemical control
Herbicides such as bentazone, oxadiazon, fenpropathrin, prometryne, chlorotoluron, fomesafen, simazine, etc.
cultivation techniques
Living habits
Xanthium sibiricum likes warm and slightly humid climate. It is advisable to choose loose and fertile sandy loam with good drainage for farming. Drought-tolerant and barren Henan germinated in late April, emerged from May to June, blossomed from July to September, and matured from September to 65438+10. Heilongjiang emerged in early and middle May, blossomed in middle and late July, and the seeds matured in middle and late August. Seeds are easily mixed with crop seeds. The root system is developed and buried deeply, which is not easy to pull out and pull out.
Born on hillsides, grasslands and roadsides, he has strong adaptability and does not choose soil. Cultivation method
Breeding with seeds, direct seeding or seedling transplantation. Live broadcast: In April, holes were drilled with a spacing of 45cm×45cm and a depth of 6-8cmn. Sow about 5 plants in each hole, cover with soil, slightly press and water. Seedling-raising and transplanting method: raise seedlings in March-April, and transplant to seedling height of about 10cm after sowing, with 3-4 plants each time.
Folding field management
Seedling height 10cm, with 2-3 seedlings per hole. Loosen the soil and weed 2-3 times a year, and cooperate with topdressing human manure or urea.
economic value
Fibers made from stem bark can be used as sacks and hemp ropes.
Xanthium oil is the raw material of a high-grade perfume, which can be used as paint, ink and soap hardening oil, and can also replace tung oil.
The medicine is used to treat leprosy, seed diuresis and sweating.
After mashing the stems and leaves, use them to treat scabies and insect bites. Xanthium sibiricum suspension can control aphids. If camphor is added, the insecticidal rate is higher. Xanthium sibiricum lime mixture can kill aphids. Xanthium sibiricum can be used as concentrate feed for pigs.
chemical composition
The fruit contains xanthosine, fatty oil, resin, alkaloids and vitamin C, xanthosine (B- sitosterol glucoside), xanthophyll, xanthophyll, 8- (? -isopentenyl)-5,7,3,4-tetrahydroxyflavone [8- (? -isopentenyl)-5,7,3,4- tetrahydroxy-spice], and caffeic acid and 1, 4-dicaffeoyl quinic acid. In addition, chalcone derivatives, water-soluble glycosides, glucose, fructose, amino acids, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, potassium nitrate, calcium sulfate, etc.
Medicinal value
Collection and processing of traditional Chinese medicine
From September to 65438+10, cut the aerial parts, lay the fruits, dry them in the sun, remove the thorns, eat them raw or fry them. It needs to be ground off or fried again.
Folding traditional Chinese characters
Spindle or oval, length 1 ~ 1.5 cm, diameter 0.4 ~ 0.7 cm. The surface is yellow-brown, yellow-green, and barbed. There are 2 thick thorns at the top and stalk marks at the bottom. Hard and tough, 2-celled, with/kloc-0 achenes in each cell, spindle-shaped, flat on one side, with 1 protruding stylopodium at the top, thin pericarp, grayish black and longitudinal stripes. Seed coat is membranous, light gray, with 2 cotyledons and oily. Slight breath and bitter taste.
Sexual taste
Bitter and bitter, cold and poisonous.
① Don't record: "The taste is bitter, slightly cold and slightly toxic."
② Theory of medicinal properties: "Sweet and nontoxic."
3 Qianjin Shi Zhi: "The taste is bitter and bitter, slightly cold and astringent, with little toxicity." The meridians are pungent, bitter, warm and slightly toxic, and enter the lung meridians. This species is a poisonous plant included in China Botanical Atlas Database, and its toxicity is the whole plant, especially the fruits, especially the seeds. 25-400 g of fried seeds can cause poisoning, and symptoms usually appear within 4-5 hours to 3 days. There are many reports of Xanthium sibiricum poisoning, which seriously leads to death. The main manifestations are dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation or diarrhea, slow heart rate, listlessness, general weakness, hyperhidrosis or anhidrosis, lethargy or irritability, dilated pupils and so on. Severe cases of liver and kidney damage, liver enlargement, jaundice, massive hemorrhage, coma, convulsion, heart failure, respiratory and circulatory failure and death. Domestic animals, especially pigs and cattle, can also be poisoned after eating. Symptoms include depression, suffocation, rapid pulse, hypothermia and dyspnea. Attending a cold; Headwind; Dizziness; Deep nose, red eyes, blurred eyes, wind-warm arthralgia, cramp numbness, scabies, scabies, itchy skin, hemorrhoids, dysentery, expelling wind and cooling, detoxifying and killing insects. Dampness stagnation, expelling wind and removing dampness, dredging orifices and relieving pain.
"Don't record": "Treat the toxic flow of knee pain."
"Theory of Medicinal Properties": "Treating liver and clearing heat and improving eyesight."
"Tang Materia Medica": "Dominate wind, epilepsy, head wind, damp arthralgia, poison in bone marrow, remove all kinds of poison, kill malnutrition and accumulate dampness, and dominate waist and knee apoplexy poison. He is also a master of dog poison. "
Notes on Materia Medica: "Ye Yi put it under the tongue to make it spit out, remove yellow eyes and sleep well."
Yan Lu Materia Medica: "Dispelling wind and promoting blood circulation."
Outline: "Be good at connecting the brain with the top door."
Tianbao materia medica: "expelling wind and detoxifying. Treat large veins in the stomach, itchy skin and rheumatism. "
Guangdong TCM II: "Treating tinea versicolor, phlegm-fire core, cold and sinusitis."
Classic: "the main wind-cold pain, rheumatic arthralgia, limb colic, the death of evil flesh."
"Essential Drug Dispensing": "It is essential to treat the nose and nose, which can make the qi of clearing yang rise to the top.
dosage
Decoct, 3 ~ 10g. Or put into pill powder. Oral administration: decoction, 6- 12g, large dose of 30-60g；; ; Or pound juice; Or boil it; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: appropriate amount, tamping; Or burning, grinding, and applying; Or decoct and washing; Or boil ointment. Blood deficiency headache should not be taken. Excessive use can easily lead to poisoning. Pharmacology This product contains xanthostrumarin. The leaves contain flavanol, jsoxanthanol, xanthumin, etc. Glycosides have significant hypoglycemic effect; The decoction has antitussive effect; Can inhibit the heart, slow down the heart rate and weaken the contractility; It has certain inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus B and Pneumococcus, and has antifungal effect. This product has certain toxicity. Adults taking more than 100g will cause poisoning. The main symptoms are dizziness, lethargy, coma, generalized tonic spasm, jaundice, hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function, urinary protein, red blood cells and casts. In severe cases, he died of respiratory, circulatory and renal failure.
Additional prescription
(1) cure female blood wind attack the brain, head turn boring, suddenly fell to the ground. I don't know: drink tender heart and dry in the shade, as usual, take a lot of money. ("Doumen Fang")
② Treatment of apoplexy, typhoid fever, headache and furuncle: Mash the roots and leaves of Xanthium sibiricum, wring the juice with children's urine, pinch one liter and cool it three times a day (dietotherapy materia medica).
③ Treatment of apoplexy, headache, damp arthralgia, and limb colic: the tender leaves of Xanthium sibiricum are crisp. Boil Fructus Xanthii for three or five times, percolate out, mix with black beans, add two and a half glasses of water, stir-fry black beans for one and a half cups of juice, add Fructus Xanthii and five flavors, and make soup, which tastes crisp. ("Sheng Huifang" Xanthium sibiricum Leaf Soup)
④ Treatment of red and white dysentery: No matter how much Xanthium sibiricum is, wash it, decoct it in water, remove me, add honey, and boil it into a paste with strong fire. Take one or two spoonfuls each time with white soup. ("Excerpts from Medical Prescriptions Yuan")
⑤ Treating the nebula on the eyes: Fresh Xanthium sibiricum, mashed and pasted on the temples. (Zhejiang folk herbs)
⑥ Treatment of gale and various wind diseases: Xanthium sibiricum is rare, and it is ground into fine powder, with gale (seed) oil as pills, such as the size of buttonwood. Take 30 ~ 40 capsules each time, and take it with Schizonepeta tea whenever you take it. (Lu Yan's Compendium of Materia Medica)
⑦ Treatment: Divide the tender xanthium and lotus leaves equally. Finally, two yuan each time, warm wine. (pocket square towel)
⑧ Cure boils and eradicate them: In the twelfth lunar month, Xanthium sibiricum will be burned to ashes and sealed with pig fat. (Compendium of Materia Medica)
⑨ Treatment of hand and foot heat toxicity, swelling toxicity and heat pain: wring the juice of Xanthium sibiricum to make it colored. (party)
Attending the treatment of otitis media: fresh Xanthium is five yuan (dry San Qian). Boil water and half a bowl of clothes. (Fujian folk herbs)
⑾ Treatment of scabies and hemorrhoids: whole plant of Xanthium sibiricum is fried and smoked. (Mindong Herbs)
⑿ Treatment of rubella and systemic wet itching: Wash the whole plant of Xanthium sibiricum with decoction. (Mindong Herbs)
[13] Treatment of red and white sweat spots: Mash the tender leaf tips of Xanthium sibiricum and paste salt. Wipe it five or seven times in May and June. (Picking Fiona Fang)
[14] Treatment of spider venom bites: wild silk, a glass of juice, still applied with residue. (Picking Fiona Fang)
⒂ Treatment of insect bite dermatitis: fresh stem and leaf of Xanthium sibiricum, appropriate amount of alum and Xiong Ming. * * * Pour it into paste, apply it to the bite and fix it. (Selected data of new medical methods of Chinese herbal medicines in Inner Mongolia)
clinical application
① Treatment of leprosy
It has a good effect on improving symptoms. After taking the medicine, the patient's nodules disappear, and the normal skin is restored, or the erythema becomes shallow and narrow, the invasive damage to the face and earlobe is reduced, the swollen ulnar nerve becomes thinner and softer, the limbs move flexibly, and some people regain consciousness. Leprosy bacilli also have a decreasing trend. Pathological infiltration also improved slightly. However, the above-mentioned curative effect mostly occurs between 3 and 4 months after taking the medicine, and then the progress is not obvious, and some patients have new damage. A few patients continued to take 12 ~ 15 months and made progress in different degrees, but the initial effect was not so obvious. Therefore, it is suggested that Xanthium sibiricum should be taken with sulfones or thiosemicarbazone at the same time or alternately to achieve satisfactory results. Dosage and usage: There is no uniform dosage standard at present. Generally, fresh Xanthium sibiricum is made into extract pills or tablets for oral administration. Each pill is equivalent to crude drug 1 ~ 2 or 4 Liang. Start taking it four times a day, 1 time, and gradually increase the dose according to the patient's physical condition and severity after three days, and take it twice a day at most, 16 times a day; Some people use 8 ~ 24 A Liang days for 3 months and rest for 2 weeks; It is also recommended that 12 be taken two or three times a day. If there are side effects, the dosage can be reduced as appropriate. If there is no adverse reaction and the effect is slow, the dosage can be gradually increased as appropriate. Side effects include loss of appetite, constipation, fever and neurological symptoms, but they are all mild. It has been pointed out that taking large doses should pay attention to safety and avoid poisoning accidents.
② Treating chronic rhinitis.
According to more than 50 cases of clinical observation, the effective rate is above 50%. Has antiallergic effect. It is also effective for acute paranasal sinusitis. Usage: Xanthium sibiricum injection, 2ml (equivalent to 2g crude drug) intramuscular injection, 1 ~ 2 times a day.
③ Treatment of functional uterine bleeding.
2 ounces of Xanthium sibiricum (dried 65438 0 ounces), decocted, 65438 0 doses per day. It takes 3 ~ 5 days for the light one and 7 ~ 10 for the heavy one.
④ Treating early schistosomiasis.
Use 2 whole plants of Xanthium sibiricum and 0.5 areca nut 1.5 capsules, decoct into 60ml each time, 10ml, three times a day, 10 day. 32 cases were treated, and the general signs of the patients were improved; After 3 months, 28 cases were reexamined, and the negative rate of eggs was 78.6%. Common drug reactions include abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness and nausea.
Poisoning mechanism
The whole plant is toxic, especially the buds and fruits, and the stems and leaves contain substances that are toxic to nerves and muscles. The mechanism of poisoning is not completely clear. Seed kernel and cotyledon contain toxic proteins and glycosides, which may be the main toxic components, which can damage heart, liver and kidney and cause bleeding. The main cause of poisoning is eating the fruits or seedlings of Xanthium sibiricum by mistake (mistaken for bean sprouts). If you want to be used as medicine, please be sure to see a doctor and strictly follow the doctor's advice. The incubation period of Xanthium sibiricum poisoning varies with different foods, usually 2 ~ 3 days, and the fastest is 4 hours. For example, people who eat Xanthium sibiricum raw will get sick directly 4-8 hours after eating it, people who eat Xanthium sibiricum cake will get sick10-24 hours, and people who eat seedlings will get sick 1 ~ 5 days.
Detoxification method
1. Vomiting can be induced without gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastric lavage with 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution and oral magnesium sulfate for catharsis. If you take it in large quantities for more than 4 hours, you should use 1% ~ 2% normal saline for high enema as soon as possible.
2. Intravenous drip of 5% glucose saline and drink more sugar water. If you have heart failure, pulmonary edema and urinary incontinence, you should limit the amount of infusion.
3. When there is bleeding, give hemostatics such as blood-enriching vitamin K, and transfuse blood when necessary.
4. When the liver shows obvious damage, you can give hormones, blood-enriching vitamins B 1, B 12, C and other liver-protecting drugs for health preservation. During the treatment and testing, food herpes caused by fat breast augmentation is temporarily prohibited, and other symptomatic treatment and testing are carried out.
5. 30g licorice and mung bean 120g are decocted.
6. Radix Isatidis 120g, decocted in water twice in the morning and evening.
7. Decoct 60g of Rhizoma Phragmitis, 30g of mung bean, 0g of honeysuckle15g, 9g of Flos Puerariae Lobatae and 9g of Radix Glycyrrhizae in water twice, and take 3-6 doses each morning and evening.
8. When there are common symptoms of gastrointestinal hemiplegia bleeding, decoct licorice root 30g, polygala tenuifolia 9g, adenophora adenophora 15g, crinoline 9g and notoginseng 1.5g (orally) in water twice, and take them together, and take 2-6 doses every 4 hours.
9. Acupuncture question and answer
(1) Detoxification: Take Quchi and Sanyinjiao.
(2) Grit your teeth: sit in the cheek car and close the valley.
(3) Bacterial vomiting and abdominal pain, selected from Zhongwan, Neiguan and Zusanli.
(4) coma: taking marrow.
(5) Vomiting and dyspnea: Take Neiguan.
prevent
1. Don't eat with pork.
2. It is not suitable to make xanthium cake, and it is not allowed to eat raw leaves or fruits at will.
3. Strictly control the dosage and take it according to the doctor's advice.
Landscape value
It can be planted on roadsides, lawns, sparse forests or herb gardens.