Countermeasures of Poetry Appreciation
Analytical and expressive skills to solve material relations
In the evaluation of literary works, "artistic features" are always mentioned. It is a relatively broad concept, including expression, expression methods (expression techniques, writing skills, writing techniques), rhetoric methods, text structure, language characteristics and so on.
Generally speaking, what we usually call "expression skills" mainly refers to expression methods and methods, especially expression methods. However, judging from the answers given by the college entrance examination questions in recent years, it also involves rhetorical methods and text structure. Briefly describe the following points.
First, the way of expression. It refers to narration, description, discussion, lyricism and explanation. The expressions used in poetry are mainly description and lyricism, and occasionally narration and discussion are also used.
Second, the method of expression. Mainly includes:
(1) Narrative relevance: time series narration, flashback, interpolation, supplementary narration and straightforward narration, narrative angle (first person, second person, third person, please note that "shifting means changing angles").
(2) Descriptive relevance: landscape painting, communication, rendering, meticulous painting (fine painting) and sketch; Describe the angle, including the change of foothold, such as scene change, fixed-point scene change, fixed-point scene change, etc. Angle changes include looking down, looking up, distant view, close view, vision, hearing, smell, touch (feeling) and so on. For example, Li Hua's "Improvisation of Spring Tour": "Grass grows under Yiyang City, and water flows from east to west. There are no flowers in the fragrant trees, and birds crow all the way to the spring mountain. " This is a meticulous poem, which expresses one's feelings on the spot. When the author passed Yiyang in the spring, he felt something about the scenery in front of him and improvised the melancholy of "Although the mountains and rivers are cracked, flowers fall and birds sing". Grass grows under Yiyang City. The author looks at the scenery outside the city based on the head of the city. The land is barren and overgrown with weeds. No one draws irrigation from the cold mountain spring, but lets it flow from east to west. Even beautiful spring flowers have long been appreciated. The emphasis on the word "no flowers fall" here shows the poet's feelings for the times, indicating that after the Anshi rebellion, no one came here to watch and had to let it die! "Birds crow all the way to Chunshan", and the scenery changes all the way to Chunshan. Although people imagine the beautiful scenery of rotten flowers and birds singing everywhere, the word "empty crow" is used as a foil to express happiness and sadness, which fully shows the loneliness of the mountain road, and "falling" and "empty crow" take care of each other and write how the poet faces the great mountains and rivers. There is a cloud in Li Yu's ci I see: "although the word" Jing "does not appear, the word" Jing "is also divided into subject and object, with emotion as the mainstay and scenery as the guest. To say that scenery is a sermon, not to borrow things, but to compare things with people. There is a whole article that does not reveal Qiu's feelings, but the real sentence is love, and every word is related to love. " This poem can also be said to have achieved "the whole poem does not show autumn feelings." Every sentence of it is about scenery, spreading green grass, fragrant trees, mountain springs and birds singing, all in order to set off and render the poet's bleak mood and fully show the poet's deep regret for the times.
(3) Related to lyricism: direct expression of the mind (direct lyricism) and indirect lyricism. Indirect lyricism can be divided into lyricism with scenery, lyricism with scenery (scene blending), lyricism with emotion, lyricism with reason, lyricism with things and lyricism with things. Lyricism is judged and distinguished from two aspects: theme and expression. If the subject matter is about scenery or things, we should think about whether to express our feelings by scenery or by things. Expressions are easier to distinguish. If they are lyrical and argumentative, they are straightforward. If they describe people, events, landscapes and things, they are emotional, lyrical or expressive. Such as Su Shi's "Bodhisattva Man? Yixing left: "The north wind vibrates the wild cloud flat house, and the cold current flows into the ice valley. The setting sun turns red, and the sunset glow weighs a thousand dollars. This wasteland hangs above the handle of the bucket and extends to the north of the country, close to the mountains. Why go home? Shi Tingchun is full of branches. "The first half of the word contains feelings in the landscape. The first two sentences are about the scene of the wind roaring clouds and the cold creek ice valley. With the scenery of wind, clouds, streams and valleys, the bleak atmosphere is set off and rendered in terms of sound, color, potential and temperature. However, the scenery and feelings written in the three or four sentences are quite different from the first two sentences: Hongyan slowly flies back to its habitat with the sunset in the west, and the mountains reflected by the sunset come into view. This scene gives people a feeling of comfort and tranquility. In this way, Shangque wrote the scene of Ye Ping's cold land, suggesting sinister politics with a cold current, and sent home from Hongyan. Xia que's first three sentences directly expressed his feelings and began to write the Big Dipper hanging low in the wilderness, indicating the direction. Danyang is in the north of Yixing, so it is said that the countryside is close to the mountains. Because my hometown is very close, it is easier to go back, so the idea of writing about returning home is completely logical. But there is a sharp turn in the sentence, saying that there is no need to desperately want to return to China, and Yixing will soon be full of trees. The poet's mind is: if you can't get involved in politics, you can only borrow mountains to hide; Yixing Mountain is also excellent, so why go back to Danyang? " Shi Ting's spring is full of branches ",which describes the imaginary scene, but not imaginary writing. It tells people that the mountains in winter are not all bitter and cold, but there are also days when spring blossoms; If there is nothing bitter in the heart, winter is also regarded as spring. It's really shallow, meaningful and intriguing.
(4) Thinking-related: association, imagination, etc. Judging from unrealistic (indirect) materials and rhetoric (metaphor, analogy, allusions, etc.). Past and distant materials, such as those used in metaphors, analogies and allusions, are mostly untrue and are imagined from one place to another. It forms a relationship between reality and reality. For example, Su Yan's Bodhisattva Taoist above? The word Yixing, from the perspective of Shangque, should be winter, so there are scenes of north wind, cold current, ice valley and flood return, which is the author's personal experience. But the last sentence of Xiaque said that "the stone pavilion is full of branches in spring". By comparing with Shangque, we know that this is an imaginary scene. Then Shangque is a real writing, this sentence is a virtual writing, and the whole word is from real to virtual.
(5) Related to material structure (poetic combination): Bi Xing (rising), contrast and contrast (reflecting the moon, reflecting the moon, etc. ), foil, symbol, personification, empathy (entrusting people's feelings to the object, such as "petals have shed tears, lonely birds have sang their grief", etc.) and displacement (expressing themselves from the perspective of others). The material structure mentioned here refers to the combination relationship between two or more substances. From article study's point of view, all articles are made of materials. It is impossible for an article to use only one material. Even in matter, there are differences in beginning, process and end, and feelings also change. These will form different combinations, and these combinations are expressions. If two or more materials with the same properties are combined together, it is analogy; If two or more materials with opposite properties are combined together, it is contrast, and the primary and secondary are contrast. Specific to poetry, because it can't be described and lyrical, it is often a poem, but more than a few poems are one material, so the material structure in poetry usually refers to the combination relationship between poems. This combination relationship mainly includes: 1. The relationship between two or more materials in a poem; 2. The relationship between the two poems; 3. The relationship between one poem and more than two poems; 4. The relationship between two groups of poems. Accordingly, the judgment of the above expressions should start with the analysis of the combination relationship between poems. For example, Meng's "Gongzi Xing": "Red clothes are better than colorful ones, and they invade the wild court. I don't know the hardships of farmers, I am arrogant and ruined. " Gongzixing is a poem describing the flashy life of dude in Tang Dynasty. The whole poem mainly uses the artistic techniques of contrast and contrast. First, there are two materials in the first sentence, that is, the magnificence of "Jinyi" contrasts with the color of rosy clouds, and the word "grab" in "Jinyi Red Grab" shows the bright color of Jinyi; Second, the flaming rosy clouds and bright spring scenery are in sharp contrast to the broken scene of horseshoes stepping on wheat fields and young wheat seedlings being trampled. Against the backdrop of rosy clouds and spring scenery, the broken scene behind is even more sad, which can arouse readers' hatred and indignation against the noble young master. Another example is Wuling's "Selling Pine Nuts as a Gift": "Although entering the market is beneficial, I pity Jun Cheng. Want to sell Lengxi tree to Cuilou people. It has snowed several times on thin leaves, and light flowers should be less spring. Chang' an peaches and plums are all over the world, only the dust of six streets! "Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was a place where nobles competed for each other. Buying flowers was a fashion in aristocratic society at that time. This poem, entitled "Give to Sell Pines", was written from the perspective of selling pines, lamenting that Chang 'an can only appreciate gorgeous peaches and plums, and the value of pine trees is certainly not recognized, which constitutes a contrast. In fact, behind this image, there is another substance-people, and pine trees are just a metaphor. Ironically, all people who are honest and talented like pine trees don't have to come to Chang 'an to seek a way out, and they will never get the attention of the authorities in this dynasty, because they need people who are fashionable and kitsch like peaches and plums. This poem is a satire on the society at that time, and it is an Oracle and advice to the pine sellers. But the feeling of not seeking fame and fortune is the poet's self-indulgence This is a typical thing to convey feelings, to express meaning with things.
Third, the text structure. The main contents involved are: conception (ingenious and novel), topic selection (problem solving at the beginning, topic selection at the end of the article), beginning (leading the full text, paving the way for the following, paving the way, contrasting with other poems, contrasting, setting off, setting off, suppressing, etc. ), transition (connecting the preceding with the following), thinking (connecting the preceding with the following), clues (people, people, foil, etc.). As Xin wishes, "Linjiang Xian? In Heshan Pavilion, only Uncle Qin and: "Tiger Head Peak knows the guest, and young people want to become famous. There is no way to get in touch with Qing officials. Under the rustling hut, an old scholar with white hair. Accidental encounter is wonderful for bed, and throwing a piece of paper is very shocking. In 2008, he joined hands with Peng Ying. Mo Wen is in love at this time. "Uncle Qin is Li Xian and Yuan Haowen, both of whom are willing to forget their best friends in the new year. The first sentence of the word uses a rhetorical question. Compared with the desolation of the old age of four or five sentences, the youthful heroism of one or two sentences highlights the grief and indignation that "there is no way to enter the official position in Manchu Dynasty". I first wrote about the joy of meeting my best friends and praised their amazing talents. "Another year" was written by spoken parts to express his encouragement and expectation. It means: In the future, when you enter imperial academy together, you will be valued by the court. You don't have to think about your friends, so forget today's party! From the real to the virtual, plus the ending sentence of Lotus Candle in the Spring Breeze, the word "question" is personified, which can be described as a surprise victory. The whole poem takes "parting" as the clue, chronologically, from youth to old age, from meeting to expectation, and from the generosity of "young people are interested in fame and fortune", it inherits the grief and indignation of becoming a "white-haired old scholar" because there is no way to reach the official position, and turns it into a surprise of "meeting each other late and being happy", which is in the same strain as "being together for another year". Spring breeze, lotus flowers and candle shadows, how Mo Wen feels at this time. ". The obscure "stay away", the content takes care of each other, and the next issue of "Meet in bed" answers the beginning "Who knows". The whole word is clear.
In addition to the above points, the following three points are also worth noting:
Fourth, genre. Such as: Chuci, Yuefu, Gexing style, classical poetry, modern poetry, lyrics; Metric poems and free poems; Four-character poems, five-character poems, seven-character poems and miscellaneous poems. Modern poetry is divided into metrical poems (five laws and seven laws) and quatrains (five sentences and seven laws). The fluency, antithesis and rhyme of this poem. Ci's epigraph, level tone, rhyme, poem, tenor and long tune. Gongdiao, Qupai, Pingyi, rhyme, poetry, divertimento and so on.
5. Artistic style. Refers to the artistic characteristics formed in the aspects of material selection, expression and language for a long time. You can also evaluate the artistic characteristics of a work. Such as bold, broad-minded, bold, elegant, diluted, depressed, sad and graceful.
Sixth, artistic conception. Refers to the artistic realm formed by the harmonious unity of emotion, scenery, meaning and speech. For example, Liu Yong's Lin Yuling is elegant and beautiful.
Seven, the expression skills appreciation questions organize the answering ideas.
When writing the topic of expression skills, you must carefully examine the topic, that is, find out how the topic is asked and what concepts are used.
If it is "artistic" and has a wide range of knowledge, we can consider organizing the answer from the aspects of expression, expression, rhetoric, language characteristics and text structure. If it is "expression skill", it is mainly considered to organize the answer from the aspects of expression method and rhetoric method, and it can also involve the text structure. If it is "expression method (expression skills, writing skills), we should consider organizing the answer mainly from expression methods and rhetorical methods." If it is a "characteristic in conception", it is mainly from the aspect of text structure to organize the answer, which may involve related expressions. But in either case, we must grasp the characteristics and make an answer.
When organizing skills to appreciate the answers to questions, it should include two aspects:
(1) evaluation (qualitative): that is, "how to write", that is, what kind of expression skills and rhetorical methods are used, and what are the characteristics of language and text structure.
(2) Analysis: that is, "what is it", that is, how the content of poetry embodies this expression skill or this writing feature. The material composition and expression effect of answering expression skills.
For example, Li Bai's "Snow at Night": "I have been shocked and the window is bright. I know it snows heavily at night, and I hear the sound of bamboo folding. " If the requirement is "appreciate the main expression of this poem." The reference answer can be: This poem mainly uses the expression method of side contrast. The poem is about "snow at night", but the author does not directly describe how big the snow is, but writes "cold weather", "bright windows" and "bamboo folding sound" to express the thick, bright and vivid snow. The first sentence is evaluation, and the following "night snow", "cold quilt", "bright window" and "bamboo folding sound" are material components, and "to show that the snow is heavy, vivid and vivid" is to express the effect. The performance effect can be divided into two aspects, one is the specific content of performance, such as "it is snowing heavily", and the other is the artistic effect of performance skills (as shown in the figure below), such as "striking and vivid". Artistic effects can sometimes be omitted, but the specific content of expression must be appropriate and specific.
When organizing answers, pay attention to evaluating the artistic effect of expression skills;
First, the direct expression, contrast, contrast, rendering and contrast in rhetoric, as well as exaggeration, repetition, rhetorical questions and parallelism-stand out clearly.
Second, displacement, empathy (a special form of synaesthesia), metaphor, analogy, synaesthesia and metonymy in rhetoric-vivid images.
Third, borrowing scenery to express emotion, blending scenes, combining dynamic and static, combining reality with reality, comparing happiness, symbolizing, expressing ambition by holding things, satirizing the present by borrowing the past, cherishing the past and hurting the body, and using allusions, puns and intertextuality in rhetoric-implicit implication.
Fourth, suspense, cadence, foreshadowing, resignation and ambition, thimble and doubt in rhetoric-ups and downs.
For example, Jin Deshu's "Looking at Jiangnan": "In the spring sleep, the snow is full of Yanshan Mountain. At the peak of the Great Wall in Wan Li, six street lamps have faded. People stand in the jade building. " Jin Deshu belongs to the old palace in the Southern Song Dynasty. Metaphor and contrast are used in words. The author compares the Great Wall of Wan Li to a mourning dress, which is one of the important mourning dresses in traditional funerals. This is also a metaphor of snow, which vividly expresses the pain of the country's destruction and the sorrow of the mountains and rivers. "The lights on Sixth Street have dimmed." Sixth Street refers to Dadoucheng. The light is dim, but the light is sparse. The author sets off a gloomy night with dim light. Highlighting the bleak status quo and revealing the poet's gloomy mentality also means the same gloomy reality. The artistic conception of words can be described as heavy, clumsy and big. It is not too heavy to write the funeral of national subjugation with a pen. The pen is plain and unpretentious, which is called clumsy. The snow-capped Yanshan Mountain and the Great Wall of Wan Li are extremely tragic and wonderful. Poetry is written to mourn the Southern Song Dynasty, which has the special meaning of "looking at the south of the Yangtze River". This word is of high value and can be called an elegy in the Song Dynasty. In this analysis, "vivid and outstanding" is the artistic effect of expressing skills.