Ancient Inscription: Ancient words carved on objects to warn themselves or state their achievements are called "inscriptions". Inscriptions carved on the writing board and placed on the right side of the bookcase to protect themselves are called "mottos"
Such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory.
Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou. Travel notes: Travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences.
Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, which gives people rich social knowledge and a good feeling.
Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; There are also those with * * * colors, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond. Foreword: Stylistic name.
In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud.
After that, all articles that bid farewell to others without poems are also called preface, and the content is often praise, praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.
Say: the floorboard of a kind of ancient articles. It is not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as essays on reasoning and analysis.
Preface of article analysis: "Speaker, interpreter, explain meaning, and explain with your own meaning." We have studied this genre of articles: teacher's comments, horse's comments, young chinese's comments, snake catching comments and Huang Sheng's comments on borrowing books.
Inscription of proverbs: an ancient article carved on a vessel to warn yourself and others, or to praise merit and encourage yourself. This kind of article contains profound and accurate warnings, which can enlighten and awaken people.
The language is finely crafted. For example, the humble epitaph, Liu Zihou's epitaph, etc.
Parallel prose: Also known as Liu Siwen, it uses four words and six sentences to determine sentences alternately, emphasizing gorgeous words, neat sentence patterns and harmonious phonology, but its content is empty and far from social life, which is of little value. Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous is Wu Yun's Book with Zhu.
Poetry: The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the labor sound of primitive people, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing. Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty.
There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement. In ancient China, happy poems were called songs and unhappy poems were called poems.
Whether it is harmonious or not, it has a strong musical beauty. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry.
1. Classical poetry, also known as "ancient poetry" and "ancient style", refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and works that imitate the poems created before the Tang Dynasty. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom.
Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen in the middle Tang Dynasty used Yuefu to create new poems, which still belong to the category of classical poetry. 2. Compared with classical poetry, modern poetry is also called "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry", which has strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences.
There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains. 3. Rhyme, a style of modern poetry, is divided into five laws and seven laws.
There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet.
Quatrains are a style of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, which are generally considered as "half of a metrical poem". 5. Chuci, a poetic style, is named after it originated in the southern Chu area during the Warring States Period, and is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style".
Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used. 6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement.
Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness.
7. Gexing style, a style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune".
Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most of them have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, colloquial, popular and visual; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images. Ci: also known as the unique style of poetry, long and short sentences, and writing ci is also called filling words by sound.
Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment.
Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry. For example, words have epigrams; "Xijiang Moon", "Broken Array", "Qinyuanchun" and so on, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme.
A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all. Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on.
Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time. Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words).
It's a small order of less than 50 words, not segmented. Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections.
The word above 9 1 is a long tune, which can be divided into three folds and four folds ... except for the strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, so what feelings should be expressed.
2. What kinds of stylistic knowledge does the article genre include: narrative, argumentative, expository and practical.
(A), narrative
It is a style with the narration and description of E799Be5BaA6E59B9EE7AD 94313332643231as the main form of expression, and the main contents are remembering people, narrating and describing scenery and things.
1, the classification of narrative
(1) In terms of content and expression:
① Simple narration
② Complex narration
(2) From the perspective of different writing objects:
(1) the narrative is mainly written by people.
(2) Narrative narrative.
(3) Narrative mainly writes about scenery:
(4) Narration based on things.
(2) Description text
Description is the main form of expression, which is used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process and reasons of things.
The formation, advantages and disadvantages of a style.
1, classification of descriptive text
From the description object (content)
(1) Entity Description
(2) explanation
③ Scientific papers
From the perspective of language expression
(1) Simple explanation
(2) Literary exposition
2. Explain the characteristics of the text.
(1) is very scientific in content.
(2) The structure is clear and organized.
(3) There is strict accuracy in language.
(3) Practical writing
Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, and has a certain format, short length, simplicity and popularity.
1, types of practical writing
(1) letters
General letters and special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal,
Invitation letter), telegram, remittance
(2) Precautions
Diary, reading notes
(3) Official documents
Notice, bulletin, report (investigation report, scientific report), request, plan, summary, meeting minutes.
(4) Propaganda category
Advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, newsletter, product manual.
(5) Notice
Apocalypse, poster
(6) etiquette
Invitation, greeting (congratulatory letter, telegram), condolence letter,
(7) contract
Articles (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, message notes, etc.). ), contracts (agreements), conventions,
(8) Yearbook
Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history)
(4) Argumentative essay
Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way and directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and reasoning.
(1), the classification of argumentative papers
By content use:
① General political papers
② comments
(3) Prose (essays, essays, notes)
④ Post-reading feeling
According to the way of argument:
(1) Make a piece of paper
(2) refute the thesis
Second, literary genre (also known as literary style)
Literary genre refers to four main literary styles: poetry, prose, drama and novel.
(1) Poetry
It is the earliest literary style in human society.
(2) Prose
It refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, drama and novel.
(1), the type of prose
(1) Narrative Prose: Prose that focuses on remembering people and narrating (narrative-oriented, supplemented by lyricism).
Lyric prose: prose that mainly expresses the author's feelings.
(3) Argumentative essay: an essay based on reasoning.
(3) Novel
Novel is a literary genre that focuses on portraying characters and reflects social life through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions.
(4) Other styles
Fairy Tales: A Type of Children's Literature
(2) Fable: A persuasive or ironic story.
(3) Fairy tales
(4) Folk stories
(5) Legend
(6) Memoirs
(5) Drama
3. What are the genres of China's ancient prose? They are divided into article genre and literary genre. Article genre: narrative, explanatory and argumentative. Literary genre: poetry, novel, drama, prose.
Article type
Open classification: literature, genre
It can be divided into narrative, expository, argumentative and practical writing.
Narrative includes prose, essays, novels, etc.
Explanatory articles include expository articles (introducing scientific research achievements, the truth of the matter, etc.). ) and explanatory text (introducing an object, thing, etc. ).
Argumentative essays are mainly articles that argue right and wrong and express opinions.
Fiction belongs to narrative literature genre, mainly portraying characters, and reflecting reality through complete stories and specific environmental descriptions!
Category: content (history, science fiction, love, satire, etc. )
Length (novels, short stories, etc. )
Practical writing refers to resumes, investigation reports, internship reports, ideological reports, work summaries, job-seeking speeches, contract samples, application forms, etc. Often used in daily life or work.
Genre of ancient poetry:
(1) Ancient poems, including ancient poems (poems before the Tang Dynasty), songs of Chu and Yuefu poems. Pay attention to the styles of ancient poetry such as Song, Song Xing, Quotations, Qu and Ling, which also belong to ancient poetry. Classical poetry does not talk about antithesis and rhymes freely. The development track of classical poetry: The Book of Songs → Chu Ci → Han Fu → Han Yuefu → Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties Folk Songs → Jian 'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati five-character poems → Tang Dynasty Ancient Style New Yuefu.
② Modern poetry, including metrical poems and quatrains.
③ Ci, also known as Yu Shi, long and short sentences, Qu Zi, Qu Zi, Yuefu, etc. Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number and the word has a fixed tone. According to different words, it can be divided into long tone (9 1 word or more), middle tone (59-90 words) and short tone (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monosyllabic and disyllabic, and disyllabic is divided into two paragraphs, in which the level and number of words are equal or roughly equal, and monosyllabic is only one paragraph. A paragraph of a word is called a que or an article, the first paragraph is called Qianque, Shangque and Shangpian, and the second paragraph is called Houque, Xiaque and Xiapian.
④ Qu, also known as Yuefu. Yuanqu includes Sanqu and Zaju. Sanqu rose in the Jin Dynasty and flourished in the Yuan Dynasty, and its style was similar to that of Ci. Features: the number of words can be added with interlining, and more oral English is used. Sanqu includes poems and songs. The number of songs is a coherent set of songs, ranging from two to dozens. Each group number takes the song of the first song as the name of the whole set of songs, and the whole set of songs must be in the same palace tune. It has no guests, but only oratorios.
Smile. I wish I could help you. Have a nice day!
Y (_) y thank you,
O(∩_∩)o Welcome,
~(⊙_⊙; ) I wish you an early solution to the problem!
↖ (ω) ↗ Come on! `~