on Japanese culture
Japanese culture refers to the cultural things formed in Japan. Especially in the early ancient times (to the early heian period), it was strongly influenced by China. Later, in heian period, due to the cessation of sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty (894) and the implementation of the national lock-up order in the Edo period (1633), a unique national culture was developed. After the Meiji Restoration, Japan rapidly westernized, and its traditional culture was restrained to some extent. Japan quickly absorbed European and American cultures, and its cities were also rapidly westernized, which brought great changes to the lives of ordinary people. Because of the economic boom in Taisho period, Japan absorbed American popular culture such as sports, movies and other hedonic cultures. However, after the 192s, due to the policies of the army, European and American cultures were strictly controlled under the wartime system of World War II. After Japan's defeat, the US military promoted American culture while promoting * * *, and there were voices denying Japanese traditional culture during this period. In the period of rapid economic growth, living habits have changed greatly and many traditional habits have been lost. On the other hand, Japanese people are increasingly confident and re-examine their own culture. In recent years, Japanese culture has gone international, and animation and video games have great influence overseas. At present, there are 14 world heritages in Japan, of which 11 are cultural heritages and 3 are natural heritages.
Although modern Japanese culture is greatly influenced by Europe and America, traditional culture is still protected, and people wearing kimonos are seen shopping in the street from time to time. Because Confucianism has a deep influence on society, the etiquette culture is developed, and the strong concept of loyalty to the group is a feature of Japanese culture. There are many traces of ancient Chinese culture in Japanese culture. Compared with China, Manchu, the ruler of Qing Dynasty, was the first and last minority ruler who could completely change Chinese culture. For example, foreigners' stereotype of China is: Manchu costumes such as Tang suit and cheongsam (originally evolved from Manchu riding mandarin jackets), while men in Qing dynasty wore braids (related to the promulgation and strict implementation of the decree); The melody of China's musical instruments has changed from elegant and quiet to festive and lively. Before that, guzheng, pipa and other national orchestral instruments were used, but in the Qing Dynasty, suona, gongs and drums and other loud-sounding playing and percussion instruments were used extensively. Similarly, the architectural style has also undergone tremendous changes. The original cornices have become more elevated, the eaves have become more inward, the twists and turns have increased, and the straightness has been shortened, changing from the original natural freehand brushwork style to grandeur; Decorations from the original use of natural textures and plants, become more inclined to diaolong diaofeng, or historical allusions. Therefore, the Qing dynasty caused great changes in traditional Chinese costumes, music and architectural culture, and it has influenced it to this day; Relatively speaking, Chinese culture has more reservations in Japan, such as kimono evolved from Hanfu; Japanese Dao is a famous Dao improved from China's ancient combat knives. Ancient Japanese music and architecture retain a lot of essence of Chinese culture (especially in the Tang Dynasty), but these early Han cultural features are rarely seen in China.
Japan's unique geographical conditions and long history have given birth to a unique Japanese culture. Sakura, kimono, haiku, samurai, sake and Shinto constitute two aspects of traditional Japan? Chrysanthemum and knife. There are famous "three paths" in Japan, namely, Japanese folk tea ceremony, flower path and book path.
literature
influences the types of Japanese literature, such as songs, short songs, haiku, Sichuan willows, couplets and poems, and kabuki has a profound influence on literature. The earliest Japanese classics, such as historical records and Japanese calligraphy, are written in Chinese characters. It was not until heian period that the Japanese unique writing ── pseudonym appeared. Murasaki shikibu's Tale of Genji is regarded as the first novel in the world. Wakayama is a unique Japanese poem written under a pseudonym, which usually consists of 5 rhymes and 31 pseudonyms. Wan Ye Ji is the most famous book of chorus. Haiku is also a unique Japanese literary genre. Matsuo Bashō, a well-known Lisu, is known as "Lisu Saint", and his The Fine Road of Austria is famous all over the world. After Meiji, Japanese literature was influenced by the West, and there appeared some famous writers such as Natsume Soseki, Mori ōgai, Akutagawa Ryunosuke, Junichiro Tanizaki, Yukio Mishima, Kawabata Yasunari, Osamu Dazai, Haruki Murakami and Ry? Murakami, who are known as "two villages". At present, light novels have also attracted considerable attention in Japan.
there are two Japanese Nobel Prize in Literature winners, Yasunari Kawabata (1968) and Kenzaburo Oe (1994).
Japanese architecture mainly focuses on shrines, Buddhist temples and detached palaces, which are strongly influenced by China. In the Middle Ages, castles symbolizing urban prosperity also appeared. After the Meiji era, because foreigners began to live in Japan, many buildings were designed in western style, and now, like the Tokyo Tower, they have become a landmark in Tokyo.
Horyuji, located in Nara Prefecture, is the earliest existing Japanese building. It is considered as the core representative of asuka period architecture and the oldest wooden building in the world. Horyuji was built in the 7th century. As a private temple in Shoto Kutaishi, it contains 41 independent buildings. The most important ones are the "Golden Hall" and the "Five Towers", which are located in the center of the open space surrounded by cloisters. Jintang, with the color of Han Buddhism, is a two-story building with beam-column structure, and the roof is built in the form of a mother house (resting on the top of a mountain).
Toda Temple in Nara is a representative building of temples in the 8th century. As the general temple of all 68 Kokubuji in various countries (administrative divisions of ancient Japan), Toda Temple is the largest religious building in the early history of Japanese Han Buddhism. Located in the golden hall, the Lushena Buddha is about 16.2 meters (53 feet) high. This Buddha statue represents the Buddhist spirit, just as Toda Temple represents the centers of all Buddhist temples in Japan and its contribution to the spread of Buddhism. However, only a few of the original Buddha statues have been preserved, and the current Jintang and Giant Buddha statues were rebuilt in heian period.
Art The traditional performing arts in Japan include kabuki, able drama, raving, literary music, rambling, dropping words and so on. Neng is a unique classical musical in Japan, and the actors have to wear masks. Kabuki originated in the late Warring States period, and the actors must be male, which is a more popular art than Neng. Wenle, also known as humanoid clear glass, is a puppet show.
The ukiyo-e painting "Surfing in Kanagawa" by Kasai Kitai
Japanese painting can be divided into monochrome painting and bicolor painting. Ukiyo-e painting is one of the most well-known Japanese paintings, which has had a great influence on western impressionist art.
japanese lacquerware technology is well-known in the world, and the word "Japan" means lacquerware as well as "Japan". Japanese lacquerware features gold and silver as decorative patterns, that is, so-called "painting", in which gold and silver scraps are embedded in the lacquer solution, and then polished after drying, showing extremely luxurious gold and silver colors, and sometimes flowers, birds, insects or auspicious patterns are embedded with mother-of-pearl, silver wire and Shen Jin, which has high artistic value.
Flower path, tea ceremony and incense path all came into Japan with Buddhism, and now they have taken root in Japan and become an important part of Japanese art..
Religion The Japanese people's religious consciousness is complicated, and many people believe in most religions (such as Shinto and Buddhism). But it is generally believed that the most people in Japan believe in Shinto. There are thousands of shrines all over Japan, and some of them attract tourists from all over the world. In the Book of Japan, Buddhism was introduced to Japan in 552 AD. At the beginning of the 7th century, Shoto Kutaishi built the Horyuji, devoted itself to popularizing Buddhism, and built many Buddhist temples. In addition, _ _ _ _ was introduced to Japan in the 16th century. Although religion was banned in the Edo era, there are still many believers and some Japanese believe in various emerging religions since the lifting of the ban in the Meiji era.
the staple food of traditional Japanese cuisine is rice, and then it is served with other dishes? Fish, meat, vegetables, pickles and soup. The names of dishes are named after the number of these dishes. The simplest Japanese meal is a "one-dish meal" (Japanese: one juice and one dish/ぃちじゅぅぃっさぃぃぃū-issai *), which consists of a dish of pickles (usually pickled radish) The traditional Japanese breakfast is usually miso soup, rice and a dish of pickles. And the most common dish is called "three-course meal" (Japanese: one juice, three courses/ぃちじゅぅさんさぃぃぃか-sansai)? Soup, rice, and three dishes cooked in different ways. These three dishes are usually a dish of sashimi, a dish of roasted vegetables, and a dish of boiled vegetables, while some are steamed vegetables, fried vegetables, vinegar vegetables, or vegetables covered with sauce. "Three-course meal" often includes pickles and green tea. A popular pickles is prunes.
as Japan is an island country, Japanese people are quite fond of seafood? Contains fish, shellfish, octopus, shrimps and crabs, and seaweed. Although Japan is not a carnivorous nation compared with other countries (Japan did not eat meat for a long time before the Meiji era), few Japanese people will think that they are vegetarian. Japanese people often eat beef and chicken now, and these two kinds of meat are also common ingredients in daily cooking.
Although noodles are from China, noodles are already an important part of Japanese cuisine. Two kinds of traditional noodles, buckwheat noodles and oolong noodles, the soup head is usually a stock made of fish, seasoned with soy sauce and different kinds of vegetables. Another popular noodle is Lamian Noodles introduced from China in the early 2th century. There are many kinds of soups used in Lamian Noodles, such as fish and soy sauce, or pork and cream.
Japanese cuisine's specialty: sushi
One of the characteristics of Japanese cuisine is raw food. Any food such as tuna, salmon, puffer fish, octopus, beef, chicken and eggs can be eaten raw.
Japanese food is characterized by sushi, sashimi, sake, bento (box lunch), natto, tempura, octopus, bamboo wheel, buckwheat noodles, sukiyaki, beef brisket and so on.
Japanese tableware uses small bowls and modified chopsticks.
Comics
The highly developed Japanese comics have become a genre with unique style and great influence in the world comics.
Japanese manga readers include all ages, so Japanese manga has a wide range of subjects. After 195s, comics gradually became the main part of Japanese publishing industry. In 26, the market value of comics reached 481 billion yen. Most Japanese comics are printed in black and white, except a small number of them are in color.
In Japan, comics are generally serialized in comic magazines. A comic magazine can contain multiple comic series, but only one chapter in each series is published for the next issue. If a comic series has been serialized for a period of time and is popular with readers, that series will usually be published in the form of a separate book. Multiple comic chapters can be collected in a single book (unlike comic magazines, a single book is limited to one comic series).
Japan has a large number of comic readers. In order to meet the needs of readers, Japan has a special comic cafe (comic tea), where readers can read comics while drinking coffee, and many people spend the night in the comic cafe.
The export of Japanese comics to overseas countries began in the late 197s. In recent years, the Japanese cartoon industry has expanded globally; In the world, Japanese comics are becoming more and more popular. Many foreign publishers have been authorized to translate and distribute Japanese manga in foreign languages.
Most Japanese manga have some features in common: the characters' bodies and limbs are closer to real people, their heads and eyes are bigger, and their noses and mouths are smaller than real people. Japanese cartoons never deliberately depict ethnic characteristics, and sometimes it is difficult to tell the gender. Most of the age is set in adolescence, so there are relatively few contours and wrinkles on the face. In addition, the characters in Japanese cartoons usually have different personalities and emotional expressions from ordinary people.
video games
video games, also called video games, are an extension of animation. Different from American games, Japanese games pay more attention to the performance of game details. Small games are simple and easy to play, and big games are mixed with many small games to increase entertainment. Of course, there are also works with Japanese and American elements. Japanese game console manufacturers account for two of the three major game console manufacturers, including SONY and Nintendo, as well as SEGA, which has withdrawn.