Du Fu (712-770), courtesy name Zimei, was a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei, born in Gong County, Henan. The grandson of Du Shenyi, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Suzong of the Tang Dynasty, official Zuo collected the artifacts. After he entered Shu, his friend Yan Wu recommended him to be a staff officer of Jiannan Jiedu Mansion and a member of the school's Ministry of Industry. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu and Li Bai are equally famous, and are known as "Li Du" in the world. The core of his thoughts is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He had the grand ambition to "serve the emperors Yao and Shun, and then make customs pure". He loves life, loves the people, and loves the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hates evil and criticizes and exposes corruption in the court and dark phenomena in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized about being willing to make self-sacrifice to relieve their suffering.
Du Fu was a great realist poet who wrote more than 1,400 poems in his life. His experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods.
1. The period of reading and wandering (before the age of thirty-five)
During this period, he traveled to Wu, Yue (today’s Jiangsu and Zhejiang) and Qi and Zhao (today’s northeastern Shandong and Zhejiang). Southern Hebei Province), during which he went to Luoyang to take the exam, but failed. Later, he met Li Bai in Luoyang, and the two formed a profound friendship. Then they met Gao Shi, and the three of them traveled together in Liang and Song Dynasties (today's Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Li Du went to Qizhou again and met Donglu again after breaking up. They separated again and there was no chance to meet again.
2. The period of being trapped in Chang'an (thirty-five to forty-four years old)
During this period, Du Fu first took the exam in Chang'an and failed. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and gave gifts to the nobles, and lived a life of "taking care of the rich in the morning, following the fat horse in the evening, leaving cups and cold dishes, and hiding sorrow everywhere". Finally, he was led by the right guard to join the army. The petty official. During this period, he wrote poems such as "The Journey of Military Chariots" and "The Journey of Beauties" that criticized current affairs and satirized the powerful. "Five Hundred Words on Empathy from Beijing to Fengxian County" is particularly famous, marking that he reached a new height in his understanding of court politics and social reality after experiencing ten years of hard life in Chang'an.
3. The period of being trapped by thieves and serving as an official (forty-five to forty-eight years old).
The Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell. Du Fu settled his family in Yanzhou and went to Suzong alone. On the way, he was captured by the Anshi rebels and taken to Chang'an. Facing the chaotic Chang'an and hearing the news of the repeated defeats of the army, he wrote poems such as "Moonlight Night", "Spring View", "Aijiangtou", "Sadness of Chen Tao" and other poems. Later he absconded to Fengxiangxingzai and worked as Zuo Shiyi. Because of his loyal words and outspoken advice, Shangshu was demoted to Huazhou Si Gong and joined the army as prime minister Fang Guanshi. Later, he truly recorded his experiences in the form of poetry, which became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
4. The wandering period in the southwest (forty-eight to fifty-eight years old).
With the defeat of the army in Xiangzhou in the ninth quarter and the famine in Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official position and fled with his family and people. He passed through Qinzhou, Tonggu and other places, and arrived in Chengdu. After a period of stability, he life. When Yan Wu entered the dynasty, the warlords in Sichuan rebelled, and he drifted to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then return to Chengdu. After Yan Wu died, he wandered again, living in Kuizhou for two years, and then drifted to Hubei and Hunan, where he died of illness on the Xiangjiang River. During this period, his works include "The Water Threshold Reminds the Heart", "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind", "Sick Orange", "Climbing the Tower", "The Prime Minister of Shu", "Wearing that the Government Army Takes Henan and Hebei", There are a large number of famous works such as "Wu Lang Again", "Deng Gao", "Qiu Xing", "Three Quatrains", "Sui Yan Xing" and so on.
Overall, Du Fu’s thoughts throughout his life were “worrying about Li Yuan in his poor years” and “dedicated to the emperors Yao and Shun”. Therefore, his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people. This shows Du Fu’s greatness. . His poems have rich social content, strong color of the times and distinct political tendencies. They truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and the broad picture of social life in a historical era before and after the Anshi Rebellion. Therefore, they are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du's poetry is basically "contemplative and melancholy", the language and chapter structure are full of changes, and it pays attention to the precise words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have all kinds of styles. In addition to Wugu, Qigu, Wulu and Qilu, he also wrote a lot of arranged rhymes and different styles. There are also various artistic techniques, and it is the master of Tang poetry thought and art. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Han and Wei Yuefu's "feeling of sorrow and music, and inspired by events". He got rid of the constraints of the ancient Yuefu inscriptions and created many new Yuefu inscriptions that are "famous pieces for immediate events and will never be relied upon again", such as the famous "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", etc. had a positive impact on the "New Yuefu Movement" of Yuan and Bai Dynasties. For details of his life, see Volume 190 of "Old Tang Book". There is "Du Gongbu Collection".
Wang Yue
Explanation
Du Fu's poem "Wang Yue" has three poems, which are divided into Dongyue (Taishan), Nanyue (Hengshan), Xiyue (Huashan). This song is about looking at Dongyue Mount Tai. In the twenty-fourth year of Kaiyuan (736), the 24-year-old poet began to live a wandering life of "Qiu Ma Qing Kuang". This poem was written when he traveled to Qi and Zhao (today's Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places in the north). It is the earliest existing poem by Du Fu. The lines are filled with the vigorous vitality of young Du Fu.
Original text
How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu is still young.
The clock of creation is beautiful, and the yin and yang cut off the dawn.
The clouds grow in the chest, and the returning birds enter the canthus.
You will be at the top of the mountain, and you will have a panoramic view of the mountains.
Military Chariots
Explanation
See "Du Gongbu Collection", which was written about the tenth year of Tianbao by Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (751).
In that year, the Tang Dynasty launched conquests and conscripts, causing the people to have no peace. Du Fu felt this and wrote "Army Chariots" to express his anger.
Original text
The carriages are rolling, the horses are rustling, and the pedestrians are carrying bows and arrows at their waists.
Ye Niang and his wife saw each other off, but Xianyang Bridge was nowhere to be seen.
I held my clothes, stamped my feet, and blocked the road to cry, and my cry went up to the sky.
People passing by the road asked pedestrians, but the pedestrians were confused.
Or from Fanghe in the north of Fifteenth, to Yingtian in the west of Fortyth.
When I left, my head was straight and wrapped, but when I came back, my hair was still white.
The side court bleeds into sea water, and Emperor Wu has no intention of opening the side court.
Don’t you know that in the two hundred states of Han Dynasty in Shandong, Jingqi grows in thousands of villages.
Even if there is a strong woman with a hoe and a plow, there will be no crops in the long acres.
Kang Fu Qin soldiers fought hard and were driven away like dogs and chickens.
Although the elders ask, the servant dares to express his hatred?
And now this winter, there are still many deaths in Kansai.
The county magistrate is urgently asking for rent, where will the rent and taxes come from?
I believe it is bad to have a boy, but it is good to have a girl.
If you give birth to a girl, you still have to marry your neighbor, but if you give birth to a boy, you have to marry her neighbor.
Don’t you see, Qinghai Tou has no one to collect the bones from ancient times.
New ghosts are annoying and old ghosts are crying, and the sky is cloudy, rainy and wet, chirping.
Spring Hope
Explanation
In July of the first year of Emperor Xiaozong’s reign in Tang Dynasty (756), Du Fu learned that Suzong was in Lingwu (now Lingwu, Ningxia). Wu County) became the emperor, so he settled his family in Qiang Village in Yanzhou (now Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) and fled alone. On the way, he was captured by the Anshi rebels and taken to Chang'an. He escaped only in the spring of the following year. During the days when he was forced to stay in Chang'an, he wrote many poems reflecting life in the occupied areas, either feeling worried about the country or missing his family. "Spring View" is a representative work written at this time.
Original text
The country is broken by mountains and rivers, and the city is full of spring vegetation.
I am moved to tears by the flowers in my heart, and I am frightened by the hatred of other birds.
The war rages on for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold.
The white-headed scratches are shorter, and the lust is overwhelming.
Shi Hao Li
Explanation of the problem
See "Du Gongbu Ji". It is one of the "Three Officials" and was written in 759 AD. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty went from prosperity to decline, the country was in ruins, and the people had no peace. In that year, the author moved through Xin'an, Shihao and other places, and wrote with his feelings after witnessing the officials' conquests. The "Three Officials" are respectively "Xin'an Officials", "Shihao Officials" and "Tongguan Officials". Shihao, southeast of present-day Sanmenxia City, Henan Province.
Original text
In Shihao Village at dusk, there were officials arresting people at night.
The old man walked over the wall, and the old woman went out to see.
Why are the officials so angry? Why does a woman cry?
Listen to the woman's speech before her: "Three men are in Yechengxu."
One man sent a letter, and the second man died in the battle.
The survivors live in vain, but the dead are long gone!
There is no one in the room except for the grandson.
My grandson is still here, so she goes in and out without undressing.
Although the old woman's strength is declining, please return from the official position at night.
In case of emergency in Heyang, you still have to prepare morning meals.
The sound of speech has been silent for a long time, just like hearing weeping and swallowing.
The future is coming in the morning, and I say goodbye to the old man alone.
Farewell to the Newlyweds
Explanation of the Problem
The "Farewell to the Newlyweds" in Du Fu's "Three Columns" carefully creates the image of a young woman who understands righteousness. This poem is in the form of a monologue, and the word "Jun" is used seven times throughout the poem. They are all the heartfelt words expressed by the bride to the groom. It is deeply touching to read.
Original text
The rabbit silk is attached with fluffy hemp and leads to vines, so it does not grow.
It is better to abandon a daughter by the roadside than to recruit a husband.
The knotted hair is your wife, but the mat does not warm your bed.
Wedding in the evening and farewell in the morning, but we are too busy!
Although you are not far away, you will guard the border and go to Heyang.
How can I worship my concubine if I don’t know her identity clearly?
When my parents raised me, they made me hide day and night.
Giving a daughter will be rewarded, and so will the chicken and the dog.
Now that you are going to the place of death, heavy pain is pressing into your intestines.
I vowed to follow you, but the situation turned pale.
Don’t think about your wedding, work hard to serve in the army!
If a woman is in the army, her morale may not be high.
Bai is a poor girl who has been wearing a sarong for a long time.
Luo Ru no longer applies it and washes off the red makeup on you.
Looking up at the birds flying, both big and small will fly.
There are many mistakes in people's affairs, but I will always look at you!
Prime Minister of Shu
Explanation of the problem
See "Collection of Du Gongbu". It was probably made in the first year of Shangyuan (760). In the late spring of that year, Du Fu moved to Huanhuaxi Thatched Cottage and had time to visit and pay homage to the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu. He composed this poem "The Prime Minister of Shu" to express his feelings of regret.
Original text
Where can I find the Prime Minister’s Ancestral Hall? There is a lot of people outside Jinguan City.
The green grass reflects the spring color on the steps, and the oriole sounds good in the sky through the leaves.
Three visits to trouble the world, two dynasties to open the hearts of old ministers.
He died before leaving the army, which made the hero burst into tears.
Spring Night Happy Rain
Explanation
See "Du Gongbu Ji", written in the spring of the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (761 AD), which is Du Fu's later years. Written in Chengdu when "Wandering in the Southwest". In his description of the spring rain, the poet reveals his joy for the spring rain.
Original text
Good rain knows the season, and spring will happen.
Sneak into the night with the wind, moisturizing things silently.
The wild paths are dark with clouds, and the boats on the river are lit by candles.
Looking at the red and wet place at dawn, the flowers are heavy on the official city.
Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind
Explanation of the title
See "Du Gongbu Ji", written in 761 AD, when the Anshi Rebellion had not yet been settled. In the spring of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (760), Du Fu got help from relatives and friends to build a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua Creek outside Xiguo, Chengdu, to settle his family. In August of the following year, the thatched cottage was torn apart by the autumn wind. Du Fu had mixed feelings and wrote the poem "Song of Thatched Cottage Being Broken by the Autumn Wind" to record it.
Original text
The high autumn wind howls in August,
It rolls up the three layers of thatch on my house,
The thatch flies across the river and scatters on the outskirts of the river.
The tall ones hang on the tree branches,
The lower ones float around and sink into the pond.
The group of children in Nancun deceived me because I was old and weak.
I was a thief who could not endure it.
I openly hugged the grass into the bamboo.
My lips are burnt and my mouth is dry and I can’t breathe.
I sigh when I return home.
The wind in Russia makes the clouds dark,
The desert turns dark in autumn.
The quilt has been as cold as iron for many years,
Jiaoer is lying on it and is cracked inside.
The leakage at the bedside has nowhere to dry,
The rain has not stopped.
My menstrual flow is disordered and I have little sleep.
Why do I get wet all night long?
There are tens of thousands of mansions,
The poor people in the world are all happy,
It is as safe as a mountain even if the wind and rain do not move!
Woohoo!
Whenever I suddenly see this house in front of me,
It is enough for my house to be broken down and freeze to death!
Wen Guanjun regained Henan and Hebei
Explanation of the problem
See "Du Gongbu Ji". In the first month of the first year of Daizong Guangde (763), Shi Chaoyi (son of Shi Siming) was defeated and hanged himself in the forest. His generals Tian Chengsi and Li Huaixian surrendered. At this point, Henan and Hebei areas were recovered one after another. Du Fu wrote this poem when he lived in Zizhou (today's Santai, Sichuan). Henan and Hebei refer to the present-day Luoyang area and northern Hebei.
Original text
Suddenly there was a message coming from Jibei outside the sword. When I first heard it, my clothes were filled with tears.
But seeing where his wife is worried, she is filled with poems and books and is filled with joy.
It is necessary to indulge in drinking while singing during the day, and it is better to return home with youth as a companion.
That is, pass through Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge, then go down to Xiangyang towards Luoyang.
Four Quatrains (Part 1)
Explanation
Du Fu does not have many seven-character quatrains, but this one is one of the most popular short poems in China. one. It is easy to understand and plain as words, but it also deeply contains the poet's aesthetic ideals. It is highly praised by literati and scholars. It can be said that the vulgar is regarded as elegant and the elegance is appreciated.
Original text
Two orioles sang in the green willows, and a row of egrets climbed into the blue sky.
The window contains Qianqiu snow of Xiling, and the door is docked with a ship thousands of miles away from Dongwu.
The Book of Traveling at Night
Explanation of the Problem
"The Book of Traveling at Night" tells the story of Du Fu leaving Chengdu and taking his family by boat eastward, passing through Yuzhou (Sichuan) Chongqing) and Zhongzhou (Zhongxian County, Sichuan) (765).
Although he had an ideal in his early years to "serve kings, Yao and Shun, and make customs pure", in the end he failed to achieve anything. He only ended up old and sick, with relatives and friends scattered, and he was wandering alone in such a situation. On the vast river, I seemed to be a sand gull between heaven and earth. Where should I fly to? Loneliness, loneliness! The author's emotion is very deep.
Original text
The shore is covered with thin grass and the breeze blows, and the boat is carrying a dangerous boat at night.
The stars hang down over the vast plains, and the moon surges across the river.
It is not famous to write articles. Officials should retire due to old age and illness.
What does Piao Piao look like? The sky and the earth are like sand gulls.
Climbing high
Explanation
See "Du Gongbu Collection", which was written in the autumn of the second year of Dali (767) of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty, when he was living in Kuizhou (today's Sichuan Fengjie). In ancient times, there was a custom of climbing on September 9th. This poem was written by Du Fu after he climbed high, expressing his feelings of wandering around for many years, being old, sick and lonely.
Original text
The wind is strong, the sky is high, the ape is howling in mourning, and the white bird is flying back from the clear sand in the desert.
Boundless falling trees rustle, and the endless Yangtze River rolls by.
Wanli is always a guest in the sad autumn, and he has been sick for hundreds of years and only appears on the stage.
Hard and bitter, I hate the frost on my temples, and my new wine glass becomes turbid.
Meet Li Guinian in Jiangnan
Explanation
Li Guinian was a famous musician during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu once heard his singing in Luoyang when he was young. After drifting to the south of the Yangtze River in his later years, Du Fu unexpectedly reunited with the musician in a different place. At this time, it had been more than ten years since the "prosperity of the Tang Dynasty" before the "Anshi Rebellion". The poet and Li Guinian were both in their later years. They met in such a situation, with memories and sadness. Therefore, the poet expressed his emotions about the past and present decline in very implicit language.