A clever way to remember historical knowledge
Historical knowledge is complicated. For students, there is no way to start, and they feel headache. When it comes to studying history, students often express such feelings or complaints: "so many generations, so many children;" So many people, so many things; It's interesting to learn and difficult to remember. "It should be said that this road tells the true feelings of middle school students in learning history, and tells them the difficulties in learning history, but they are worried about the problem of memory. In fact, there are many ingenious methods. Using these methods well, we can not only distinguish some confusing knowledge, but also make it memorable, especially stimulate students' interest in learning, actively remember, think and create.
First, prefix homophonic method
Extract prefixes or core words, and use homophones to turn some abstract and boring knowledge into vivid story fragments.
1. During the Opium War, many national heroes fought against the invaders. Make these names and places into a sentence. Guan Tianpei heroically killed the enemy in Humen, simply called: close the door; Ge was called Ge Ding for short in Dinghai, and Chen Huacheng was called Chen Wu (Chen Sheng, Guangwu) for short in Wusong. Together, it is "the top of Chen Wu's closed pavilion".
2. The first unequal treaty in China's modern history, the five trading ports opened by China, Britain and treaty of nanking, are from south to north: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. Take out the prefix and write it like this: Guangsha Funing.
3. The leaders of Nanchang Uprising were Liu Bocheng, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai. Take the prefix of each person's name, and then connect them according to the homonym of Liu (staying overnight), He (lotus) and Ye Zhu (cooking), which means "Liu He leaves Zhu porridge", which means: leave lotus leaves to cook porridge.
4. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established a monarchy in Yong 'an, with Yang in the east, Xiao Chaogui in the west, Feng Yunshan in the south, Wei Changhui in the north and Shi Dakai in the wing. Take one word respectively, and then according to the homonym, connect Dongyang (Japanese devils) small (news) Yunnan (latitude) wing stone (one stone) together, which means: "Dongyang small west Yunnan one stone", which means: there is news of Japanese devils, and there is a small stone in the north latitude of Yunnan.
5. After Yuan Shikai's death, the northern warlords split into three factions, and Feng and Cao Kun formed direct warlords, supported by Britain and the United States; Duan faction formed Anhui warlord, which was supported by Japanese. Zhang in the northeast also relied on the support of the Japanese, forming a Feng warlord. Take out some words, which can be written as follows: Feng (every) Cao Zhi (Cao Zhi) Britain and the United States, Duan (end) Anhui (bowl) day, Lin (near) Feng (wind) day. I met Cao Zhi, who is very handsome and beautiful. (Today) is the day of serving bowls, and it is also the day of breezing. There is wine in the bowl, which welcomes the breeze and makes him happy. ).
6. The rulers of the Manchu Dynasty were Nurhachi, Huang Taiji, Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, Tongzhi, Guangxu, and recorded as "Anger, Gan, Jia Daoxian and Tongguang Xuan".
7. Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, and Kang, the six gentlemen of the 1898 Movement, are recorded as Tan Liulin and Yang Yangkang.
8. The agrarian revolutionary line of1931year: relying on poor peasants and farm labourers, uniting middle peasants, restricting rich peasants, protecting small and medium-sized industrialists and businessmen, eliminating the landlord class and changing feudal and semi-feudal land ownership into peasant land ownership. It can be recorded as "relying on poverty alliance to limit wealth and protect small and medium-sized landlords."
9. Eight representatives of the Westernization School in the central and local governments-Yi? , Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong, Shen Baozhen, and compiled as "New (? (Li) Sit in the (left) hole (Shen) Richang ".
Second, the strange Lenovo refining method
1, Marx was born on May 5, 2008. We can homonymize "18 18" as "a slap in the face" and "55" as "whoops". Let's say that Marx's birthday is a slap in the face. Marx's birth and death year is 18 18- 1883, which can be considered as homophonic "climbing, climbing, climbing (up) the mountain".
2. Chen Tianhua, a revolutionary thinker, has two works, Rushing Back and Alarm Bell, in which he wrote, "A man named Chen Tianhua ran back and sounded the alarm bell, while turning his head and ringing the bell."
3. During the warlord regime, the territory controlled by Feng, Cao Kun, Duan and their supporters can be associated with "Cao Kun leans against a Japanese pear tree (Zhili, Jiangsu), is hungry (Hubei), and Duan carries a large bowl of noodles (Anhui) (Shandong), which (Zhejiang) should be (Britain) beautiful."
4. Several major events during the Anti-Japanese War, namely 1937 Pingxingguan victory, 1938 Taierzhuang campaign, 1940 Hundred Regiments War, 194 1 Wang Jingwei's establishment of the puppet national government and the Southern Anhui Incident. It can be compiled as "37, 9 Lin Biao Roar, 38, 9 Tug-of-War, 40 Spring Wang Feicheng, 40 Second Half Hundred Regiments War, 465, 438+0 Nine Thousand Southern Anhui Incident" respectively.
5. 1858 During the Second Opium War, the great powers forced the Qing government to sign the Tianjin Treaty respectively, with five main contents, which can be summarized as "Sanyo loses one and opens another".
Indemnity and port opening are the contents of most unequal treaties in modern times.
"Three foreigners" refers to foreigners (who can travel, do business and preach in the mainland), foreign ministers (stationed in Beijing) and foreign ships (warships and merchant ships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port).
6. Yuan Shikai's activities of restoring monarchy can be summarized as "one right change, two dissolution and three modification".
One turned positive: 19 13 forced Congress to elect him as the official president.
Dissolution: The Kuomintang was dissolved in 19 13, and the National Assembly was dissolved the following year.
Three. Amendment: Abolish the Provisional Constitution and change it to the Constitution of the Republic of China; Change cabinet system into presidential system; Amend the presidential election law (change the election to recommendation and change the limited term to re-election).
7. The basic content of the New Culture Movement can be summarized as "four propositions and four oppositions".
8. After the Revolution of 1911, the representative figures of the ideological trend of "saving the country through industry" can be summarized as "Southern Zhang, Northern Zhou," and similarly, the pioneer of China's party building, "Southern Li" (Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao).
9. 1927 The significance of the three uprisings can be summarized as "three firsts".
The Nanchang Uprising started the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang.
The Autumn Harvest Uprising established the first army under the leadership of the Party.
The Guangzhou Uprising established the first Soviet government in China.
10 and the great achievements of the first five-year planned economic construction can be summarized as "one bridge, two railways, three public facilities and four factories".
Namely Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge; Baocheng and yingtan-Xiamen Railway; Kangzang, Qinghai-Tibet and Xinzang highways; Angang Seamless Steel Tube Factory, FAW, Shenyang Aircraft Factory, Shenyang Machine Tool Factory.
1 1. When China, Britain and France signed the Beijing Treaty, I only summarized that "the Qing government recognized that the Tianjin Treaty continued to be valid through the words" accompany (compensate) the wine for nine days "; Open Tianjin as a commercial port; Distribute Kowloon to Britain; Compensate Britain and France for a large amount of military expenses. "
12. 1924 When the Soviet Union was founded, it joined the Republic of China, which can be recorded as "the white goose outside Ukraine".
Namely Ukraine, Belarus, Russia and Transcaucasia. This is interesting. Remember quickly and remember firmly.
Third, folk songs
According to the needs of teaching materials and memory, you can create your own songs, one paragraph and two paragraphs, one sentence and two sentences, which are flexible, free, convenient and practical.
1 and1in June 1950, Mao Zedong put forward three conditions for basically improving national finance, which can be compiled as: "completing land reform, adjusting industry and commerce, and saving funds".
2. The main construction achievements in the project can be summarized as "Cheng Kun Xiang Qian, Erqi Shiyan, Nanjing Yangtze River and Shengli Oilfield". Namely chengdu-kunming railway-Hunan-Guizhou Railway, Shiyan-Erqi, Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and Shandong Dongying Shengli Oilfield.
3. Some major scientific and technological achievements since the founding of New China:1957-Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, 1964 and1967-the first atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, 1965, the world's first synthetic protein-bovine insulin,/kloc-. Can be compiled as "57 Wuhan, the bridge is connected with natural hazards; 64, 67, shocking two bombs; 1965, bovine insulin; 1970, satellite. "
4, "Seven Heroes of the Warring States", in order to let students remember the positions and names of the seven countries, use the sentence "East, West, North and South, Chyi Chin Chu Hanwei" (Zhao Hanwei, north and south) to make students easy to remember and read.
5. When "Sui and Tang Dynasties Culture-the Peak of Feudal Culture", it was compiled as "Feudal culture has a peak, Sui and Tang Dynasties technology is very prosperous: the construction industry is the most prosperous, and Tang Dou Chang' an has Daming; Zhaozhou stone bridge arch is peculiar, which was designed by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty. Engraving printing began to come out, and precious diamond sutra was handed down from generation to generation; Gunpowder was made in the late and middle Tang Dynasty. For the first time, the method of Da Yan Li is the most accurate; The second merit, astronomer monk and his party should still remember it. "Summarize the rich and complex content, and you will get an effect that is easy to remember. By using the poetry memory method, you can create your own songs according to the needs of teaching materials and memory. One or two paragraphs, one or two sentences can be used, which is flexible, free, convenient and practical.
6. When I was studying the Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period, I asked my students to recite the Five Overlords. In order to prevent them from reversing the order, they used the ballad "Song Qichu, Huan Muzhuang; Is that what all countries call it? Public? , but chu said? King? " .
7. During the period from1927 to 1930, many revolutionary base areas were established under the leadership of * * * *. It is difficult to remember the name and founder of the base area. It is much easier to remember by the following two sentences: Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangxi; Xu, a native of Henan and Anhui. Honghu Lake, He Long, Hubei, Hunan; Deng () and Zhang () turn around.
Using this mnemonic method, sometimes prefixes can be linked together, and sometimes the order and phoneme of words need to be adjusted to facilitate reading.
Fourth, the memory method of counting
1, about the content of the reform movement of 1898, you can remember this:
Politics, economy, culture, education and military affairs.
Fifteen points: There are three, four, five and three main points in four aspects.
The economic content can be remembered as follows:
"Three Bureaus": Shi Jing established the Railway Mining Bureau and the General Administration of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and set up a post office.
"Two calculations": financial reform and preparation of national budget final accounts.
"First Prize": Invention Award.
2, about the content of the old democratic revolution can be recalled like this:
Five major imperialist wars of aggression against China: the Opium War, the Second Opium War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.
Four People's Revolutionary Movements: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Reform and Reform Movement, Boxer Movement and Xinhai Revolution.
The social nature of China has undergone three major changes: the Opium War-it began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, treaty of shimonoseki-the degree of semi-colonialism was greatly deepened, and the humiliating treaty-the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was fully formed.
The birth of two classes: proletariat and national bourgeoisie.
The fate of a China: the fate of a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society cannot be changed.
This "five, four, three, two, one" basically summarizes the main contents of the old democratic revolution period.
3. The main content of China's modern history can be "12345":
A change-a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society;
Two contradictions-the peasant class and the landlord class, the Chinese nation and foreign capitalism;
Three lines-history of humiliation, history of resistance and history of exploration;
Four climaxes-Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911 and the Boxer Movement;
Five wars-the Opium War, the Second Opium War, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China;
Six unequal treaties ── treaty of nanking, treaty of nanking Annex, Beijing Treaty, Tianjin Treaty, treaty of shimonoseki Treaty and Xin Chou Treaty.
There are too many contents in the whole modern history of China. We can summarize it by conciseness and skillfully remember its knowledge framework:
A nature (semi-colonial and semi-feudal society);
Two pairs of contradictions (contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people);
Three lines (history of humiliation, history of resistance and history of exploration);
Four classes (peasant class, landlord class, proletariat and bourgeoisie);
Five ideological trends (feudal autocracy, egalitarianism, constitutional monarchy, democracy and harmony, socialism);
Six big countries (Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany);
Seven treaties (treaty of nanking, Tianjin Treaty, Beijing Treaty, Sino-French New Testament, treaty of shimonoseki, Xin Chou Treaty and Article 21);
Eight great figures (Lin Zexu, Hong Xiuquan, Li Hongzhang, Kang Youwei, Sun Yat-sen, Yuan Shikai, Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek);
Nine major movements (Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, Westernization Movement, Reform Movement, Boxer Movement, Revolution of 1911, New Culture Movement, May 4th Movement, May 30th Movement, "December 12th"? 9 "sports);
Ten wars (Opium War, Second Opium War, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War in Sino-Japanese War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, National Protection War, First Revolutionary Civil War, Second Civil War, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Liberation War).
The advantage of centralized memory method is to increase the capacity of the brain for knowledge and information, reduce the learning burden, and have a wide range of applications. But the concentrated part should be the essence
4, about the general situation of the French bourgeois revolution, you can remember this:
Five years: 1789 ~ 1794.
Four bourgeois factions: Constitutional Monarchy, Gironde, jacobins and Zeyo Party.
Three stages:1789 ~1792; 1792 ~ 1793; 1793 ~ 1794.
5. The general line of China's * * * production party during the transitional period can be summarized as "one modernization and three reforms", namely, industrialization and socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce.
6. The process of Latin American revolution can be summarized as follows:
A revolution,
Two stages (18 10? 18 15; 18 16? 1826)、
Three centers (Mexico, Venezuela, Argentina),
Three leaders (Hidalgo, Bolí var, San Martin),
Against two colonists (Portugal and Spain),
Decisive Battle (Battle of Ayacucho)
That is, "12332 1" can fully grasp the whole Latin American revolutionary process.
7. The Anti-Japanese Situation in the Early Period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression:
Two different parties: the Kuomintang and the * * * production party.
Two different battlefields: the frontal battlefield of the Kuomintang and the enemy's rear battlefield of the * * * production party.
Two different routes: the Kuomintang's one-sided anti-Japanese war route and the * * * producer's all-round anti-Japanese war route.
Two different results: the Kuomintang was defeated and lost a large area of land; * * * The production party opened up a large anti-Japanese base area and threatened the enemy's rear.
8, 185 1 year 1 month1day, Jintian village uprising. There are five 1( 185 1) this time.
9. July 7th, 1937, July 7th Incident. There are three 7s this time (1937).
Five, the associated time memory method
Many events in history happened in the same year or even the same month. We only need to remember the time of one event, so we can remember the time of several other events. There are many historical events that look alike and are easily confused in memory. If we put these similar times together and remember them in comparison and difference, we can improve the efficiency of memory.
1 The following historical events occurred in1861:1861The Qing government set up the Prime Minister's yamen, Zeng Guofan founded the Anqing Ordnance Institute, Nala launched a palace coup, the Russian serfdom reform, the American Civil War broke out and the Italian kingdom was established. Another example is the historical event that happened in 1804:? Haiti declared independence. ? Napoleon was crowned emperor. These are different historical events that happened at the same time (the same year). When we summarize them, we can easily remember the time of these historical events.
In 2.676, Silla unified the Korean peninsula; In 646, Japan was transformed into a new country. These two times are very similar, but the numbers in the middle are different.
From 65438 to 0689, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights; From 65438 to 0789, the French bourgeois revolution broke out and the Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. 1889, the second international was established. These three times are about the same, but the second number is different.
4. Some major revolutionary activities of Sun Yat-sen, such as the Revolution of 1911 led by 19 1 1; 19 13 led the second revolution; The national protection movement led by 19 15; 19 17 led the protection movement. Time has a rule: 1, 3, 5, 7.
5, China * * * production party's first three national congress also has this provision, the party's first congress is in 192 1 year in July, the location is Shanghai; The second party congress was held in July 1922 in Shanghai. The third Party Congress was held in Guangzhou on 1923. This makes it very easy to remember related events and times together.
6. The two periods of1640 and 1840 have the same meaning, marking the beginning of a new historical period. From 65438 to 0640, the bourgeois revolution broke out in Britain, marking the entry of world history into a modern historical period. From 65438 to 0840, Britain launched the Opium War, which was a turning point in China's history and the beginning of China's modern history. From this perspective, the historical development of China is 200 years behind that of western countries. This has to make us think more deeply about this. Although the two events are 200 years apart, they are closely related. It was the outbreak of the bourgeois revolution and the development of the industrial revolution in 1640 that Britain finally established the capitalist system and became the country with the highest level of industrial development in the world at that time. In order to open up foreign markets, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, Britain aimed its aggression at China. 1840 launched the opium war. Perhaps we can simply sum up this result in one sentence, that is, we will be beaten if we fall behind.
Six, contrast type
Memorize the historical era by comparing ancient and modern photos at home and abroad.
1, ancient and modern comparison method: also known as near-far comparison method, taking the year of A.D. as the symmetry axis, make a comparison before and after. For example, in 2265438 BC, Shu was founded in 22 1 year after the unification of Qin. Another example is the end of slavery in China in 475 BC and in Western Europe in 476 AD.
2. Comparative method between China and foreign countries: compare the ages of world history and China history. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period in China, the first tax mu in Shandong was implemented in 594 BC, and Solon reform in Athens was also in 594 BC in world history. For example, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894 started from 1894, and the Korean Sino-Japanese Peasant War also started from 1894.
Seven, comparative memory method
Recall the historical era by comparing with each other. Knowing that one historical era is compared with another, a few years earlier or later, we can compare one era with another.
1, early method:
If the modern history of the world is 200 years earlier than that of China, and the modern history of China started in 1840, then the modern history of the world is 1640.
For example, the modern history of the world is two years earlier than that of China, the modern history of China started at 19 19, and the modern history of the world is 19 17.
2. The latter method:
For example, World War II was 25 years later than World War I, and it was 19 14, and World War II was 1939.
Another example is that the second opium war was later than the first opium war 16 years, the first opium war was 1840, and the second opium war was 1856.
Eight, deductive memory method
According to the historical age of memory, one or more historical ages can be accurately recorded through deduction. As long as there is a basic figure, we can infer the historical age through the historical relationship between people and things. You can push forward and backward from the basic point, push forward at the same time, or push each other.
1, forward deduction method: forward deduction from base points. For example, we know that Guo Moruo's "Three Centennial Sacrifice to Shen Jia" is 1944, which goes forward for 300 years, that is, 1644. The Dashun regime was established in Li Zicheng, the peasant army captured Beijing, the Ming Dynasty died, and the Qing army entered the customs.
2. Reverse Deduction Method: Reverse Deduction Based on Basic Points. For example, knowing that Marx was born in 18 18, and segars was two years younger than Max, that is, he was born in1820; Lenin was 50 years younger than Engels, namely 1870 was born.
3. Double deduction: Deduction from the basic point forward and backward. If you remember that War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression started at 1937, push forward, the ten-year civil war began at 1927, push back, and the eight-year war of resistance ended at 1945.
4. Mutual deduction: Several closely related eras can infer each other. For example, the difference between the founding years of the three countries is one year, Wei Jianguo is 220 years, Shu is 22 1 year, and Wu Jianguo is 222 years. As long as you remember one of them, you can deduce the other two.
5. Derivation method of trunk and branch: The first generation BC was calculated by the chronology of trunk and branch. In ancient China, Jiazi was generally used for chronology. It is also often used in modern history. Jiazi Law represents historical events, such as the Sino-Japanese War and the Reform Movement of 1898. Boxer indemnity, the Xin Chou Treaty and the Xinhai Revolution were191year, and the Xin Chou Treaty was reversed by ten branches, which should be 190 1 year. Boxer indemnity then reversed a heavenly stems and earthly branches, which should be 1900.
Complex historical content, these methods not only simplify the memory content, but also close to real life, easy to understand the image, so that knowledge can be remembered more firmly.