Format of scientific papers in the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition
The topic of 1 is the center and general outline of scientific papers.
Requirements are accurate and appropriate, concise, eye-catching and standardized, and easy to retrieve. The title of the paper should not exceed 20 words. Bold is small bold type 2, centered.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
2 signature
Signature means that the author declares that he owns the copyright of the paper and is willing to take responsibility for it, so that readers can contact the author conveniently. Signature includes work unit and contact information. The work unit should write the full name, including the city name and postal code. Sometimes, for literature analysis, the author is required to provide information such as gender, date of birth, professional title, telephone number and email address.
Song style in small four.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
3 abstract
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations, and it is a high summary of the content of the article. The main contents include:
1) The content, purpose and importance of this research work.
2) Experimental methods used.
3) Summarize the research results and highlight the author's new viewpoints.
4) Research conclusion and its significance.
Chinese abstract is about 200 words, with Chinese name? Content summary? Bold with a small two bold, centered, and the other line content with a small four song style (1.5 times the line spacing), with two spaces at the beginning of each paragraph, back to the top.
English? Executive summary? What is the name of the project? Abstract? , bold, with No.2 small new Roman font in the center and No.4 small new Roman font in the other line, and its content and punctuation are in English.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
Four key words
Keywords are words, phrases or terms extracted from papers to meet the needs of document indexing or retrieval, which represent the information items of the full text theme. Generally, 3 ~ 8 keywords will be listed.
Papers with English abstracts should record English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords under the English abstracts.
Chinese name? Key words? The other line is bold in small four, and the content is bold in small four, generally no more than 8 words, leaving a space between words.
English? Key words? Starting from another line, the project name is specified as? Key words? , bold with a new Roman font four times smaller, top grid, its content? Key words? Leave a space behind, bold with a small No.4 Times New Roman font, and use semicolons between words? ; ? Separate.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
5 Introduction
Introduction, also known as preface, introduction, preface and introduction, is the preface of a scientific paper, which leads to the article, so it is written before the text. Introduction is also called introduction and introduction.
Writing requirements of introduction
(l) The introduction should be concise, the content should not be lengthy, and the text should not be lengthy, and it should attract readers. The introduction of academic papers depends on the size and content of the papers, generally 200-600 words, the short one is no more than 100 words, and the long one is about 1000 words.
(2) Can shorter papers not be listed separately? Introduction? In the first section, just write a short paragraph before the text of the paper to play the role of introduction.
(3) The introduction should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be written as a note of the abstract. Some knowledge in general textbooks need not be described in the introduction.
(4) In order to show that the author has a solid theoretical foundation and systematic professional knowledge, and has a broad scientific research vision, the paper fully demonstrates the research scheme. Therefore, if there is a historical review, a comprehensive review of predecessors' work and theoretical analysis, the introduction can be written in a separate chapter and described in detail with enough words.
(5) The purpose of introduction should be to provide readers with enough background knowledge, not to give them suspense. In the introduction, the author doesn't have to be too modest about his research work or his own ability, but he can't brag, raise himself and belittle others.
Format requirements of introduction
The project name is in bold, centered with small 2 bold; The content begins with the new line of Xiaosi Qufeng. Leave two spaces at the beginning of each paragraph and go back to the top space.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
6 text
Text is the main body of scientific papers and the core part of proving arguments and expressing scientific research results. Justice accounts for the main length of the paper, which can include the following parts or contents: the object of investigation, basic principles, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, and raw materials. Experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, formed arguments and conclusions, etc.
The text can be divided into several paragraphs, and the title of each paragraph has no fixed format, but it can be divided into the following parts (taking the experimental research report paper as an example).
1) theoretical analysis.
2) experimental materials and methods
3) Experimental results and analysis.
4) Discussion on the results
The specific requirements are as follows:
1) The argument is clear, the argument is sufficient and the argument is reasonable;
2) Accurate facts, accurate data, accurate calculation and accurate language;
3) Rich in content and concise, avoiding repetition and triviality;
4) Clear organization, strict logic, and the expression form is suitable for the content;
5) Do not divulge secrets, and carry out technical treatment on information that needs to be kept secret.
Specific format requirements:
1) The text adopts No.5 Song style, with two spaces at the beginning of each paragraph, a back row with multiple line spacing, and the setting value is1.25;
2) Title of the text:
First-class title: What is the title serial number? First,? , bold with small number 4, exclusive line, no punctuation at the end;
Secondary title: What is the title serial number? ( 1)? , bold with No.5 Song style, exclusive lines, no punctuation at the end;
Third-level title: What is the title serial number? 1、? , bold with No.5 Song, if it is exclusive, no punctuation at the end, if it is not exclusive, a period must be added after the title;
Level 4 Title: What is the title serial number? ( 1)? , with No.5 Song style, the rest requirements are the same as the third-level title;
Five-level title: What is the title serial number? ①? , with No.5 song style, the rest requirements are the same as the third-level title.
Note: The titles at the next level of each level should be numbered consecutively.
Format requirements and writing skills of scientific papers
7 conclusion
Scientific papers usually have conclusions at the back of the text. Conclusion is the logical development of experiments, observation results and theoretical analysis, and the understanding of the nature and laws of things obtained by judging, reasoning and summarizing the data and results obtained from experiments and observations, which is the general argument of the whole paper. The contents of the conclusion mainly include: what problems are explained by the research results, what laws are drawn, and what practical or theoretical problems are solved; What supplements, modifications and confirmations have been made to the previous research results, and what innovations have been made; What problems remain to be solved in the field studied in this paper, and the basic ideas and keys to solve these problems. The requirements for writing a conclusion are:
1) should be accurate, complete, clear and concise. The conclusion should be realistic and well-founded, the language should be firm, the data should be accurate and reliable, and it should not be vague or ambiguous.
2) When judging and reasoning, you can't leave the experiment and observation results, and don't make unfounded or illogical reasoning and conclusions.
3) The conclusion is not the reappearance of the experimental and observation results, nor the simple repetition of the summary of each paragraph in the paper.
4) The evaluation of the results should be fair and proper, and should not be complacent. When the evidence is insufficient, don't rashly deny or criticize other people's conclusions, let alone use excuses to belittle others.
5) Be very careful when writing conclusions. If the research is innovative but not enough to draw a conclusion, you would rather not write it or jump to conclusions, and you can have some discussions based on the experimental and observation results.
Requirements:
The project name is bold, centered in small bold No.2; The content begins with the new line of Xiaosi Qufeng. Leave two spaces at the beginning of each paragraph and go back to the top space.
8 references
In scientific papers, all opinions, data and materials quoted from previously published documents (including the author's own past) should be marked where they appear in the paper, and a list of references should be listed at the end (after the thank-you paragraph). This work is called reference record.
Principle of reference record
1) only records the most needed and latest documents.
2) Usually only published documents are recorded.
3) Adopt standardized description format.
Format requirements of references:
The type of reference (that is, the source of citation) is identified by a single letter: m? Monographs, c? Articles, newspaper articles, j? Journal articles, d? Dissertation, r? Report, s? Standard, p? Patents; For documents that do not belong to the above types, use letters? z？ Signs; emblem
All references are placed at the end of the article. Its format is:
(1) monograph
Example [1] Zhang Zhijian. Research on Yan Fu's Thought [M]. Guilin: Guangxi Normal University Press, 1989. (49).
[2] Alice. Sexual psychology [M]. Pan Guangdan translation. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1997.
(2) Prose
Example [1] Wu Yifu. Selected western literary theories [C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979.
[2][ Russian] belinsky. On Russian novellas and Nikolai Gogol Jun's novellas [A]. Wu Yifu. Selected Works of Western Literary Theories: Volume II [C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1979.
When quoting the page number of the monograph, brackets should be added after the serial number of the text.
(3) newspaper articles
Example [1] Li Dalun. The importance of economic globalization [N]. Guangming Daily, 1998- 12-27, (3)
(4) Journal articles
Example [1] Guo Yingde. On the view of literary history in Yuan and Ming Dynasties [J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition), 1995(3).
(5) Dissertation
Example [1] Liu Wei. Theoretical and Empirical Research on Different Visual Recognition Methods of Chinese Characters [D]. Beijing: Department of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, 1998.
(6) Report
Example [1] Bai Xiushui, Liu Gan, Ren Baoping. Xi Research on the Cultivation and Development of Finance, Talents and Technology Market [R].Xi 'an: Northwest Economic Development Research Center of Shaanxi Normal University, 1998.
Scientific papers of the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition
Overview of Underwater Vehicle and Its Development and Application Prospect
Abstract: The application fields of underwater robots are constantly expanding, such as ocean research, ocean development and underwater engineering. Developed military powers attach great importance to the application of underwater robots in future wars.
Keywords: present situation and application of underwater robots
First, the types and domestic status of underwater robots
1 Types of underwater robots
Underwater robot is a kind of intelligent underwater robot. According to their intelligence and application requirements, underwater robots can be divided into four categories: towed underwater robot TUV, remotely controlled underwater robot ROV (Vehilce), unmanned cableless underwater robot UUV and intelligent underwater robot AUV. The first two kinds of underwater robots are controlled manually by the mother ship. The latter two underwater machines are unmanned and cableless, sailing autonomously, and controlled by pre-programming and intelligent control respectively.
2. Domestic situation
At present, there are many research units and diverse contents of underwater robots in China, but only a few of them really represent the domestic advanced level and enter the substantive test stage. They are AUV developed by Harbin Engineering University, UUV developed by Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROV developed by Shanghai Jiaotong University and TUV developed by CSIC 7 15.
Second, the application prospect of underwater robot
The application fields of underwater robots are constantly expanding, such as marine research, marine development, underwater engineering and so on. Developed military powers attach great importance to the application of underwater robots in future wars. Underwater robot will become one of the important equipment to compete for information superiority, carry out precision strike and intelligent attack and complete special combat tasks in the future battlefield.
At present, it is in the stage of rapid development.
1, research and development of marine resources
The ocean, which accounts for 7 1% of the earth's surface area, is a rich treasure house of undeveloped resources and a battlefield for mutual struggle. 2 1 century, human beings are faced with three contradictory challenges: population expansion and living space, land resource depletion and social production growth, ecological environment deterioration and human development. In order to maintain our own survival, reproduction and development, we must make full use of marine resources, which is an inevitable choice. For China, where per capita resources are scarce, marine development is of special significance. Therefore, underwater robots will play an important role in marine environmental monitoring, marine resources exploration and marine scientific research.
2, the role in the future war
Zero casualties is the choice of future war, so the position of unmanned weapon system in future war is paid more attention, and its potential operational effectiveness is becoming more and more obvious. As an important part of unmanned weapon system, underwater robot can accomplish tasks such as environmental detection, target recognition, intelligence collection and data communication in tens or hundreds of miles of underwater space based on surface ships or submarines, which will greatly expand the combat space of surface ships or submarines. In particular, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) can enter the dangerous area controlled by the enemy more safely and stay in the war zone for a long time in an autonomous way, which is an effective force multiplier. More importantly, in the future war, take the network as the center? Will operational thinking take its place? Platform-centric? Underwater robot will become an important node of the network central station and play an increasingly important role in the war. At present, the key research applications in various countries include: mine countermeasures, anti-submarine warfare, intelligence collection, surveillance and reconnaissance, target detection and environmental data collection.
Third, the key technology of underwater robot
1, overall technology
Underwater robot is a highly technology-intensive and systematic project, involving dozens of professional disciplines, which restrict each other. Simply pursuing a single technical index will lose sight of one thing and lose sight of another. To solve these contradictions, we need to strengthen coordination in addition to a strong system concept. On the premise of meeting the overall technical requirements, the determination of each individual technical index should take into account each other.
In order to adapt to large-scale navigation, from the point of view of fluid dynamics, the shape of underwater robot adopts a streamlined fuselage with low resistance. As far as possible, the structure adopts lightweight composite materials with light weight, high buoyancy, high strength, corrosion resistance and noise reduction.
2. Simulation technology
Underwater robot works in a complex marine environment, and its task is accomplished by intelligent control. Due to the inaccessibility of the work area, it is difficult to study and test real hardware and software systems. Therefore, in the scheme design stage of underwater vehicle, it is necessary to study the simulation technology, including two parts:
(1) platform motion simulation
According to the given technical indicators and the working mode of the underwater robot, the shape of the robot platform is designed, and the hydrodynamic test is carried out, and the hydrodynamic parameters required for simulation are obtained. The mathematical model of motion is established, and after the boundary conditions are determined, the dynamic response of the platform under various working conditions is calculated by using hydrodynamic parameters and working conditions for motion simulation. Evaluate the motion state of the platform according to the technical indicators. If there are differences, the simulation will be re-conducted by adjusting the platform size, center of gravity and other technical parameters. Until the requirements are met.
(2) Simulation of control hardware and software.
There are great risks in debugging and testing the control system in water, so before loading the control hardware and software into the platform, it is necessary to test the performance of the single machine in the laboratory, and then carry out land simulation test on the simulator, and evaluate the performance after simulation. The contents include dynamic sealing, anti-interference, electromechanical matching and software debugging. According to the results, make modifications and improvements. Therefore, it is necessary to research and develop a simulator for control system simulation. The simulator is mainly composed of simulation platform, equivalent load, simulation communication interface and simulation workstation. Simulating the control system on the simulator can reduce the debugging workload during lake trial and sea trial, and avoid the trouble caused by uncertain factors at sea.
3. Underwater target detection and identification technology
At present, the equipment used by underwater robots to detect and identify underwater targets is limited to underwater acoustic equipment such as synthetic aperture sonar, forward-looking sonar and three-dimensional imaging sonar.
(1) synthetic aperture sonar
Large aperture acoustic array synthetic aperture sonar is obtained by converting time into small aperture space, which is very suitable for small underwater robots and can be used for reconnaissance, detection, high-resolution imaging, large-area topography measurement and so on. It provides a good detection means for underwater robots.
(2) Autonomous detection system composed of forward-looking sonar.
The image acquisition and processing system of forward-looking sonar, under the management of underwater computer network, independently collects and identifies the image information of the target, realizing the tracking of the target and guiding the underwater robot. Through experiments, the feature extraction and matching methods of underwater target images are found out, and multiple target databases are established, which can better solve the classification and recognition of multiple targets when there are few pixels in the target images. The detection results of the system can provide the distance and orientation between the target and the robot, and provide the basis for the underwater robot to avoid collision and operate.
(3) Three-dimensional imaging sonar
Three-dimensional imaging sonar for underwater target recognition is a fully digital, programmable, flexible and easily modified modular system. The shape information of underwater target can be obtained, which provides a favorable tool for underwater target recognition.
4. Intelligent control technology
Intelligent control technology is to improve the autonomy of underwater robot and complete various tasks in complex marine environment, so it is very important to study the software system, hardware system and control technology of underwater robot control system.
The architecture of intelligent control technology is the integration of artificial intelligence technology and various control technologies, which is equivalent to human brain and nervous system. Software architecture is the overall integration and system scheduling of underwater robots, which directly affects the intelligence level. It involves the selection of basic modules, the relationship between modules, data (information) and control flow, communication interface protocol, global information resource management and overall scheduling mechanism. The goal of architecture should be consistent with the research task of underwater vehicle, and it is also one of the key technologies to improve the intelligence level (autonomy and adaptability). Continuously improve and perfect the system structure, strengthen the ability to predict the future, and make the system more forward-looking and self-learning. A complete set of documents
5, planning and decision-making technology
Planning decision-making refers to the attitude and path planning decision-making of autonomous underwater vehicle when it is working in the area with current, mainly to ensure that the course of underwater vehicle is strictly upwelling. There are two methods for path planning, one is coordinate system rotation method. The basic idea is to rotate the coordinate system around the Z axis until the X positive semi-axis direction points to the incoming flow direction, so as to ensure that the robot's posture is always consistent with the X positive semi-axis direction when working. The other is the grid-based activation value propagation method in configuration space. This method can easily realize all kinds of optimization conditions, is suitable for all kinds of complex environments, has good ability to control the generation path and scalability, and the algorithm itself has inherent parallelism, which well meets the requirements of the robot as far as possible.
6. Underwater navigation (positioning) technology
There are many kinds of navigation systems for autonomous underwater vehicles, such as inertial navigation system, gravity navigation system, seabed terrain navigation system, geomagnetic navigation system, gravity navigation system, long baseline, short baseline and estimation system composed of fiber optic gyro and Doppler log. Because of the price and technology, the estimation system composed of fiber optic gyro and Doppler log is generally optimistic at present, which can meet the requirements of underwater robots in price, scale and accuracy, and efforts are being made at home and abroad.
7. Communication technology
In order to effectively monitor and transmit data? Coordination and recovery, etc. AUV needs communication. At present, the main communication modes are optical fiber communication and underwater acoustic communication.
(1) optical fiber communication
Through the optical transceiver (surface)? Underwater optical transceiver? Optical cable composition. Its advantages are high data rate (100Mbit/s) and strong anti-interference ability. The disadvantages of underwater robots TUV and ROV with cables generally limit the working distance and maneuverability of underwater robots.
(2) Underwater acoustic communication
Due to the slow speed of sound waves in water, underwater acoustic communication is the only and ideal way for underwater robots that need long-distance communication. The main obstacle to realize underwater acoustic communication is random multipath interference. To meet the requirements of large-scale and high data rate transmission, many technical difficulties need to be solved. There is still a lot of work to be done to reach the practical level.
8, energy system technology
Underwater robots, especially autonomous underwater robots with strong endurance, need energy systems with small volume, light weight, high energy density, reusability, safety and low cost.
(1) thermal system
Thermal system is to convert the energy of underwater robot into thermal energy and mechanical energy, including closed cycle, chemical and nuclear systems. Among them, it is a practical method to use chemical reactions (lead-acid battery, silver-zinc battery and lithium battery) to provide energy for underwater robots.
(2) Electrochemical energy system
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell has the performance required by underwater robot power plant. The battery is characterized by high energy density, high efficiency of generating electric energy, less heat generation during operation and fast start-up and shut-down speed. The technical difficulties of the battery are proper silent pump, gas pipeline layout, heat dissipation, solid electrolyte and effective storage of fuel and oxidant. Fuel cell will greatly change people's life and enterprise environment in 2 1 century. With the solution of production cost and stability, fuel cell is expected to become the dominant energy system of underwater robot. A complete set of documents
Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion
Undoubtedly, underwater robots play an important role in ocean development and future wars. At present, domestic underwater robots (mainly AUV and UUV) are still in the development and test stage, and many key technologies have not been broken, which is far from practical use. We should aim at the target, seize the opportunity, innovate and strive for more independent technologies in the field of underwater robots.
Did you get a look at him? What is the format of scientific papers in the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition? People still see:
1. Youth Science and Technology Activities Planning Plan
2. Model essay on science and technology innovation education
3. Innovative scientific papers (2)
4. Speech by the leaders of the Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition
5. Format of scientific and technological academic papers