What are the characteristics of ancient poetry? Poetry 1 is a literary theme and expression of reciting and expressing ambition. After the Han Dynasty, poetry specifically refers to China's earliest poetry collection-The Book of Songs. There are many themes in poetry, which are generally divided into ancient poetry and new poetry, such as four-character, five-character, seven-character, five-character, seven-character, Yuefu, interesting poetry, lyric poetry and vague poetry. Poetry creation generally requires rhyming and antithesis, which meets the basic requirements of germination, inheritance, transformation and combination.
From the perspective of meter, ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry. Taking the Tang Dynasty as the boundary, the previous poems were all ancient poems, and later, the ancient poems gradually declined and died out. Ancient poetry is also called ancient poetry or ancient style; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry. From the Book of Songs to Yu Xin in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, they are all ancient poems, but the poems after the Tang Dynasty are not necessarily modern poems, but they are distinguished according to rhyme. There are differences between ancient style and modern style in syntax, rhyme and level tone;
Syntax: The number of words in each sentence in ancient style is uncertain, including four words, five words, six words, seven words and even miscellaneous words (uneven sentences), and the number of sentences in each song is also uncertain, ranging from two to dozens and hundreds. There are only five words and seven sentences in modern poetry, eight in metrical poetry, four in quatrains and more than eight in quatrains, which is also called long-style poetry.
Rhyme: each song in ancient style can use one rhyme, or two or more rhymes, and it is allowed to change rhymes; Each song can only use one rhyme, and even the arrangement of dozens of sentences cannot be changed. Antique can rhyme in even sentences, or even sentences can rhyme in odd sentences. The near aspect rhymes only in even sentences, except for the first sentence, which rhymes with a flat voice and does not rhyme. Five words don't gamble more, seven words gamble more), and the rest of the odd sentences don't rhyme; Antique can rhyme smoothly; Generally, only flat rhyme is used in the near body.
Smoothness: The biggest difference between ancient and modern styles is that ancient styles don't talk about flatness, while modern styles pay attention to flatness. After the Tang dynasty, the ancient style also pays attention to flatness, but it is irregular and can be ignored.
What are the characteristics of ancient poetry? Chapter II Characteristics of Ancient Poetry
Ancient poetry is concise and has the characteristics of conciseness and jumping. It expresses as many meanings as possible in extremely limited poems. Its greatest feature can be summed up in one word: beauty in meaning, beauty in language, beauty in sound and beauty in form.
The beauty of artistic conception refers to the beauty of artistic realm formed by the combination of the life picture depicted in the poem and the author's thoughts and feelings. As people often say, "there is a picture in poetry, and there is love in painting." The author chooses the most distinctive concrete things, or the most meaningful scenes, or the most typical feelings to express his feelings, so as to inspire readers to expand their rich imagination, understand artistic conception and emotions, and get edified from them.
The beauty of language refers to the concise language and vivid images of ancient poems, and often uses exaggeration, metaphor, symbolism and other means to reproduce the beauty of nature, society and art, such as "flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days." "But you only need to climb a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles." "Wildfire never completely devoured them, and they grew taller in the spring breeze." These poems are beautiful to read. Musical beauty refers to the rhyme and rhythm of ancient poetry. Ancient poems have harmonious phonology and distinct rhythm, which are catchy and pleasant to read and produce musical beauty.
Formal beauty refers to the formal beauty and image beauty of ancient poetry. For example, Du Fu's quatrains: "Two orioles sing green willows, and a row of egrets rise to the sky. The window contains autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat stops at the door. " This ancient poem is neat in antithesis and embodies the beauty of images.
The number of words and lines in ancient poetry
Classical poetry has a fixed verse and a fixed style. All ancient poems are classified according to the number of words in the poem. Four-character ancient poems are referred to as four-character ancient poems for short; Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five-character ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven-character ancient poems for short. Four-character poems were adopted by people as early as the Book of Songs. But it gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote it. Therefore, ancient poetry is still expressed in five words and seven words.
Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodoxy of ancient poetry, and many people write it.
Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of classical poetry, because it originated late. Therefore, the seven-character style is greatly influenced by the seven-character modern poetry.
Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient poems with neat words. There is also a kind of ancient poetry with mixed words, and the length between the lines is different and uneven.
Poetic requirements of ancient poetry
The pictographic nature of Chinese characters makes classical poetry vivid. For example, Pound, an American poet, thinks that the Chinese character "spring" means "under the branches where plants thrive, the sun is low". Therefore, poems composed of Chinese characters, like moving pictures, make readers get rid of phonetic grammar and directly enter the realm described by the poet.
Chinese characters also have a very important influence on the form of China's poetry, which is mainly manifested in:
1, the sentence is neat
Classical poetry, except words and songs, is mostly neat sentences. For example, The Book of Songs is basically four words, The Songs of Chu is generally six words plus the word "Xi", and most ancient poems and modern poems are five or seven words. For example:
Guan Guan sui dove,
In Hezhou.
My beautiful lady,
A gentleman would like to marry a good girl.
("The Book of Songs")
2, flat and antithesis
"Ping" and "Nuo" are two major categories of Chinese tones. In modern poetry, poetry and songs, there are quite strict regulations on the use of flat and even words. Some posts must use plain language, and some posts must use plain language. For example:
Spread a tight knot and make it as long as possible.
(Han Yu: "Chun Xue")
Antithesis means that in a couplet, words with the same position in the upper and lower sentences should belong to the same category, such as "green plums in the east garden and green grass in the west garden". East and West, Nursery and Garden, Plum and Green Grass, Development and Opening are opposites.
3. Words and grammar
Because each Chinese character is basically an independent unit with both form, sound and meaning, and many Chinese characters are polysemous, and the bonding relationship between words is varied, so the words in this bonding poem are extremely complicated and diverse. For example, adding a word after the word "wind" can form many words: charm, scenery, wind and thunder, wind and frost, wind and wind, etc.
Syntactically, due to the characteristics of Chinese (such as lack of morphology and flexible structure, etc. ) and the independence of Chinese characters, in classical poetry, two Chinese characters are often separated or some Chinese characters are moved from the back to the front. Typical is Du Fu's poem "Sweet rice pecks at parrot grains, phoenix perches on old branches". The normal syntax should be "parrot pecks fragrant rice, phoenix perches on old branches"