Gaoshi
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
The first half of the soldiers died, and the beautiful girls still danced and sang for them in the camp!
In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall.
When you meet your enemy, you will despise him. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe.
Still in the front line, the real clothes are thin, and it's time for Bai Weiling to look after his departure.
In this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking for their homes in vain!
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, our name today is Li, the great general, who lived a long time ago!
background introduction
Before the poem "Ge Yanxing", there was a preface written by the author: In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), a guest came back from an ancient scholar's bow-stretching game and wrote "Ge Yanxing" to show comfort and preparedness, so it was harmonious. "There is no clear who is' Zhang Gong'. There is a saying that Zhang Gong was Zhang Shousi who was guarding the north at that time, and this poem was written to satirize his defeat in the battle. It should be said that from the content of the poem, Xing is directly related to Zhang Shousheng's defeat in the Battle of Qidan in Northeast China in the 26th year of Kaiyuan.
Zhang Shousheng has been guarding the northern frontier for a long time, and has made great contributions to the Khitan regime for many times. However, in the 26th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (738), he sent troops to challenge the Khitan army, winning first and then losing. Zhang Shousheng, however, concealed the true feelings of failure and sent good news to the court. If this statement is true, it can only be regarded as the origin that triggered the poet to write this poem, but the significance of the poem must not be limited to this statement, but should be much broader and deeper.
Content review
The meaning of poetry is often very rich, even polysemy. When we analyze literary works, we often express our understanding of the contents of the works by summarizing the themes. In fact, the writer's ideological tendency and feelings are very complicated, and sometimes it is difficult to make a clear summary. This is the case with Ge Yanxing, a poem with the theme of war. It can be said that this poem has complex connotations, its emotional melody is by no means single, and the theme of the poem is also complex and diverse.
In the preface, the poet pointed out that his feelings about "things that feel defensive" have at least three aspects.
One of the "feelings" is to show Tang Jun's prestige.
The first four sentences, "The northeast border of China was dark and filled with smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families behind. Heroic, heroic ",write the name of Tang Jun, the melody is high and passionate; Then there are four sentences: "Zongjin cut drums under Guan Yu, and they surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags." Until their captain issued a feathered command in the sand sea, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain, and he wrote a spectacular March with an indomitable momentum.
In the past, there was a misunderstanding that war was always the behavior of the ruling class and safeguarded the interests of the ruling class, so the theme of "anti-war" in ancient poetry has always been highly evaluated. However, from a cultural point of view, there are complicated situations in war-related poems, which cannot be generalized. In the rise and heyday of a dynasty, there are high-spirited melodies in literary works praising military achievements, which is also a manifestation of national spirit. As early as the Book of Songs, there have been poems expressing patriotic enthusiasm and writing down generous military service, such as Qin Feng Without Clothes. Soldiers face enemies with the same interests and regard joining the army as the duty of citizens. The lyric subject "I" that appears many times in the poem is actually plural, meaning "we", emphasizing that they hold a collective position, and there is no consideration for personal destiny in the artistic conception of the poem. It can be said that in this kind of poetry, the individual is completely integrated into the collective. This poem is an ancient military song, and the ancient "March of the Army" can play a powerful propaganda and incentive role in rallying people's hearts and boosting morale. The simpler the melody, the more concentrated the theme and the clearer the attitude, the more powerful and beautiful the poem will be. Such a theme appears repeatedly in Tang poetry, and Ge Yanxing also begins with a high-spirited melody, which should be said to reflect the spiritual outlook of the literati in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the spirit of the times at that time.
The second "feeling" is to express homesickness and homesickness.
The war continued, far from home, so another melody sounded in the poem and was written in the following eight sentences. When describing the March, the poet described the fierceness of the battle between the enemy and ourselves: "The mountains and rivers in the outside world are cold, and Hu rides the wind to fish in Shan Ye", so that "the desert flies in autumn, and the lonely wall sets the sun." If you are lucky, you will despise your enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe. " The course of the war put us at a disadvantage.
Therefore, in the next four sentences, this poem is translated into homesickness in the war: "Still on the front line, armored and bruised, Yu Miao should cry after leaving. The girl wants to be heartbroken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking for their homes in vain. " The poet shifted his focus to writing about the feelings of family separation and men's resentment against women, which was also the original intention of ancient headlines. According to Jason Wu's "Yuefu Zhanti Jie": "Xing, the time sequence is changed, but the service is not returned, and the beauty is dissatisfied and has no complaints." At this point, poetry has produced a pattern of two melodies crossing.
This model did not begin with Yan Ge Xing, but came from Xiaoya's Four Books in The Book of Songs. "Preface to Shi Mao" explains the meaning of this poem, saying: "Those who miss home are also private; The arrogant are also righteous; Sad people have feelings. " This explanation is worthy of attention, because it actually reveals the ideological and emotional contradictions that are common in China's ancient war poems, that is, the contradiction between "personal kindness" and "justice". It is the contradiction between "personal kindness" and "justice" that exists in the lyric subject of poetry that leads to "sad" and "sentimental thinking", which echoes in the poem and makes it difficult to mourn. This is a war poem with two melodies.
From the perspective of expressing the richness and complexity of human nature and ordinary people's emotions, the most realistic and humanistic works in this kind of war poems can be represented by Xiaoya Cai Wei. The last chapter of the poem reads: "I was away, and the willows were reluctant." The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. The road is muddy, hungry and thirsty. I am sad in my heart, I don't know that I am sad. From this, we can see the humanistic thought of ancient war poems, or ancient humanism. The theme of the poem is the feeling of sharing weal and woe and defending the country: "I can't live in a lonely room, so I am a ghost." I don't want to start my life, so I'm embarrassed. " "Rong car driving, and there are four industries. I dare to decide, 1 I will be happy on March 3. " This is the "righteous" side of the hero aroused by the interests of the country and the nation. However, there is a melody in the poem: "I will be worried when I go home." . Anxiety is burning, and hunger is unbearable. I haven't decided yet. I will be hired. "The war is endless, the return of the native is far away, and the war is cruel and unusual. Therefore, it is inevitable that anxiety lurks in the dark. Over time, this emotion will break through the chest and become poetry, which is a "personal favor." It is precisely because of this contradiction between "public" and "private" that a soldier's life is tragic. At the end of the poem, "one's experience" is highlighted, and the "I" in the poem is purely an individual image. It can be said that the interweaving performance of the two melodies of "public" and "private" in the poem illustrates this point: the victory of war is at the expense of the lives of soldiers! What a shocking theme this is! You can also look at Han Yuefu's masterpiece "Joining the Army in the Tenth Five-Year Plan".
The interweaving expression of double melodies greatly influenced the creation of later wars and frontier poems. Wang Changling's "The Great Wall": "When the moon passes through Qin, the Long March people have not returned. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan. Before Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the system of government soldiers was implemented, and soldiers and farmers were integrated. Ordinary people usually farm, train in slack season and go out in wartime. Length of service is between 2 1 and 59 years old. Some people joined the army just as adults and didn't return from service until they were 60 years old. It was revealed that the people on the Long March did not come back. Another frontier poem by Wang Changling, Joining the Army, says: "The snowy mountains in Qinghai are dark, and the lonely city looks at Yumenguan. Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned. "There has been some controversy about the theme of this poem, and in our opinion, this different opinion shows from one side that the theme of this poem is not as simple as it is usually said, but only expresses Tang Jun's determination to kill the enemy and defend the country. Even the most heroic sentence in the poem, "Never break Loulan, never return it", has always been understood from the front. Shen Deqian, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, thought that "it is ok to look at it in bold, but it is more meaningful to wait until it comes back." This points out that there is a dual melody of conflict between national interests and personal destiny. Mr. Liu Yongji's "Essence of Tang Poetry" said: "The word" end "makes people sad. If you don't return the cover, you can't afford it. Even if you wear golden armor, the defense time will get better after a long time. If you think that you have broken the enemy and made achievements, it is not the poet's original intention. "This kind of opinion deserves our careful consideration. The revival of looking back is the embodiment of China's long tradition of ancient wars.
The third "feeling" is to condemn the uneven suffering and happiness of the officers and men of the army.
What is more realistic and profound in this poem are these two sentences: "Half of our soldiers at the front line died, but the other half are still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp!" Writing about the uneven pains and joys in the army will not be about people; In the last part of the poem, "half of our people on the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive" is described in detail: "The border court is flying, in a place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead! Three times a day, the cloud of slaughter rises over the camp, and all night, the drums on the hour are making a cold thunder. " The brave Tang Junbing is not afraid of death: "Until the white Jian Qing can see the light of day and be splashed with red blood, when death becomes a vocation, who will stop to think of fame?" However, they bravely killed the enemy, but they could not win the war. It is in this strong contrast that they sighed at the end of the whole article: "Speaking of the hardships of the desert war, I still remember General Li!" Because the generals can't sympathize with ordinary soldiers, they hold a grudge and especially miss Li Guang, the flying general of the Han Dynasty. According to "Historical Records Biography of General Li", "The general is short of water, his soldiers are inexhaustible, and he is not close to water; The foot soldiers don't eat all the food, nor do they taste all the food. Generous and not harsh, scholars use this philharmonic. " So when Li Guang died, "all the officers and men in Guang Jun cried, and all the people cried, regardless of whether they knew it or not, regardless of age". According to the historical facts, it is not difficult to understand the profound meaning behind the warrior "Li is now the general".
The most valuable content of this frontier poem Ge Yanxing is that, in addition to the traditional double melody of "justice" and "personal kindness", it adds a melody that is closer to the reality of the war at that time and is particularly thought-provoking. This layer of meaning is rarely involved in Tang poetry. How could the poet have such profound feelings and opinions about the war at that time? Obviously, poetry is not a faithful representation of Zhang Shousheng's defeat. It is not only based on the poet's long-term in-depth understanding and investigation of the border war (Gao Shi lingered in Jizhou several times before writing this poem), but also integrated into the poet's own rich feelings about war life and sympathy for ordinary soldiers at the front. The Biography of Gao Shi in Old Tang Dynasty records the tragic situation that he exposed that eunuchs sent by the imperial court colluded with generals in the Northwest War, drinking and having fun, and didn't care about the military, while ordinary soldiers struggled in the front line in the midsummer season and didn't have enough to eat. Therefore, it is no accident to sum up the theme of uneven bitterness and happiness in the army and corruption and incompetence of generals.
To sum up, in terms of rich and profound ideological content, Ge Yanxing can be regarded as the representative work of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
artistic appreciation
This poem, with profound feelings and tragic style, was rated as the "first masterpiece" of Gao Shi's poetry (comment on Selected Poems of Tang Hundred Schools), and its outstanding artistic achievements are various, among which three points are pointed out.
First, he is good at describing frontier fortress scenery and rendering war atmosphere.
The background of poetry is the scenery in the north, and poets are good at grasping regional characteristics and describing them. Sentences such as "the mountains and rivers are depressed", "the border court is fluttering" and "the territory is boundless" write the remoteness and desolation beyond the Great Wall; "The desert is very poor in autumn. A few watchmen who survived the lonely wall at sunset "makes us easily associate with the majestic artistic conception of Wang Wei's famous sentence" Lonely smoke in the desert, the long river sets the yen "("Make it to the fortress "), but Gao Shi's poems are also stained with a layer of sad color.
This poem vividly shows many aspects of war and is a very real war poem. At the beginning, Tang Jun wrote: "The northeast border of China is filled with smoke, and in order to repel barbaric invaders, our army generals left their homes", creating a tense atmosphere caused by sudden war smoke, which can be said to be extraordinary; Write the words "They walked through the Elm Pass with the beat of gongs and drums, and they waved flags around the stone tablets" in March, and also write the momentum of Tang Jun's indomitable spirit and swallowing Wan Li. Of course, more space in the poem is devoted to describing the cruelty of war and fierce fighting, as well as specific scene impressions such as "But soon the barbarian's horse passed through the wind and rain", "Several watchmen survived by the lonely wall at sunset", "However, despite everything they did, the Elm Pass was still unsafe", "Dark clouds of three massacres rose over the camp every day, and" until you can see the white sword again, full of red blood ". Therefore, if this poem is listed in ancient war poems, its war description is very successful.
Second, deepen the theme of the work by means of contrast.
The application of contrast is an effective way to strengthen artistic generalization and deepen the theme of poetry. This poem uses two opposite and different contrast techniques in many places. Among them, there is a contrast between the enemy and ourselves: "It was not until their commander in chief of Shahai issued a feather order that the fire hunting of the Tatar chiefs flashed along the Wolf Mountain", which exaggerated the tension of the war atmosphere; The contrast between husband and wife: "Still in the front line, the armor is worn thin, and Yu Miao should cry after leaving" and "Still in the south city, the young woman is heartbroken, and the soldiers in northern Xinjiang are looking forward to their hometown", highlighting the truth of the love of acacia between the two places; There is a contrast between soldiers and generals: "soldiers live and die in the first half, and beautiful girls still dance and sing for them in the camp (the account is the general's camp)", which strengthens the inequality between bitterness and joy in the army; There is also a comparison between ancient and modern times: "I heard of the battle in the desert today, but there was a general Li Ye in ancient times", which shows that the court did not choose the right people. It can be said that the gradual development of the theme of this poem and the deepening of the meaning of "emotional defensive things" are almost inseparable from the use of contrast. Especially the sentence "Half of our frontline soldiers were killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them in the camp". The ancients thought that "these two sentences are the heaviest" ("Poetry of Tang and Song Dynasties" was quoted from Wu Rulun), which is the crowning touch of the whole article, and can be compared with Du Fu's famous sentence "Zhu Men sprinkled meat, and the road froze people to death". If it is not for comparison, how can it have such a sharp and distinctive effect?
Three-word or seven-word ancient poems refer to French sentences.
Ge Yanxing is a seven-character rhythmic poem, which belongs to the category of ancient poetry and Yuefu, so it is reasonable to say that there is no need to pay attention to temperament. But when we read the whole poem, we obviously feel the beauty of a tone, which is because the poet deliberately used the sentence pattern of factory-regulated poems in ancient poems. First of all, a lot of antithetical sentences are used, such as "striding forward together, looking like heroes, and getting the most cordial favor from the emperor", "Until their captain in Shahai gave the order to string feathers, the hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashed along the Wolf Mountain", "The desert is poor in autumn, the grass flies in the sea, and a few surviving observers are lonely at sunset", "Still ahead, the real armor. Secondly, from the perspective of rhyme, the four sentences of the poem-rhyme change, are generally rhyming and flat, and they are cadenced when read; In addition, there are many parallel and opposite sentences, such as "They are beating drums and gongs in Yushuguan, Jingyan and Wenwen" and "The slaughter cloud rises in the camp three times a day, and it drums and shakes their cold thunder all night", all of which are written by calligraphers. The predecessors said that "the song of Yan is full of iron horses, and there is a festival of singing the ball on the jade plate" ("Don Ding Feng") praised the beauty of the timbre caused by the participation of this ancient poem in French sentences.
translate
The war in the Tang Dynasty took place on the northeast border, and the soldiers resigned in order to defeat the defeated enemy.
Men have the courage to cross enemy lines, and more importantly, the emperor gave them special rewards.
Guan Yu's gongs and drums are loud, and the flag of Jieshi Mountain is flying.
A captain sent an urgent message across the desert, and the bonfire of Khan hunting reflected the Wolf Mountain.
The depression of mountains and rivers has reached the border, and the Xiongnu military forces have come like a storm.
The soldiers fought bloody battles, but the beauty in the general's account was still singing and dancing.
In late autumn, the vegetation in the vast desert withered, and fewer and fewer soldiers fought in the lonely city at sunset.
Soldiers try their best to solve the siege of Guanshan, although they often underestimate the enemy and make mistakes.
Soldiers have been guarding the border for a long time, and they cry when they think of their wives at home.
The young woman lives in the south of the city, and her husband looks back at the sky in the north of thistle.
There is no way to cross the turbulent border, the empty border.
The murderous look all day has turned into clouds, and Diao Dou's voice came from the cold wind at night.
Hand-to-hand combat sees the blade bleed profusely, where is the personal contribution to die for the country?
You can't see the cruelty of war on the battlefield, and people still miss General Li.
Set comments
Painful words are hard to read. ("Wang Shi Yuan Tang's Poems")
Changshi's first big piece, Dongchuan's "Going Up the Mountain by Day, We Scan the Sky to Find a Torch", is not only lofty in voice and strong in emotion, but also full of accusations against Shou Xuan, which is also covered by national history. (Selected Poems of Tang Baijia, Zhao Xipi)
This is also the bitterness of the levy. It is said that the dust is in the northeast, but it has not been committed in our mainland, and the Han will be broken. Gai Ming is heavy and rampant, and the son of heaven is thick and polite. Can he be free from worries? So he sounded the golden drum, built a jingle and faced the vast sea. A list worth hunting. With the mausoleum of our army, more than half of our dead died, and the Lord had Maggie's song and dance account, so he did not hesitate to fight. Therefore, when the soldiers are on the defensive in autumn, the number of soldiers is getting thinner and thinner, but those who are indifferent to the Lord will despise their enemies with kindness. What makes the foot soldiers tired? After a long period of defense, each family looked at each other affectionately, and then said the meaning of foot soldiers: should I be decorated in the white blade? If it is a bitter battle, we will think of ancient Li Mu as a general, focusing on defense. What a pity! (Tang Ruxun's Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 16)
The words are shallow and profound, and the layout is thorns. This road comes from "Three Hundred Articles", which was slightly in the Tang Dynasty and lost in the Song Dynasty. When a "young woman" is associated with a "recruiter", it is unreasonable to say that the recruiter wants him to do so. The conclusion is bitter and plain, but just like a horse's clothes, it's better to make them thinner, and there is no room for ambiguity. ([Qing] Wang Fuzhi's Selected Poems of the Tang Dynasty, Volume 1)
Duff's articles, like dragons in the clouds, are not ancient prose in all directions, so it is difficult to see them. ..... The Lord of Prosperity, the Lord of Prosperity, can break the enemy's memory of the cultivation of General Li Zhi. In Duff's time, there must have been a border general who did not sympathize with the foot soldiers and made this poem in disguise. The host and guests are "half of us were killed in the front line, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp" and "until the white sword can be seen again, splashing with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame". ("Gu Xun" means "Death is a soldier's death, and merit is a general's merit") The rest are guests and hosts. From "Smoke from the Han Family" to "Unfinished Customs Clearance", it is said that you have met the enemy. Behind this should be the "side yard", but it is straight and tasteless, so the words "young woman" and "recruitment" are used horizontally. "Be there or be square" is also a positive intention to end at such a time. If the article is positive, if it is written in this way, we should tell Li that he can break the enemy's merits and inspire this side. Poetry is more interesting than side. Don't quote "General Li" any more. Let people think ahead and get it. Therefore, it is said that "the speaker is not guilty, and the listener is enough to quit." ([Qing] Wu Qiao's "Poetry Around the Furnace" Volume 2)
There are two words in the sentence, which are the key to the seven ancient sentences. If you cover it like this, it will fall without hurting the soft rib. This grammar is often used in Du Gongbu's vicious lines. Yunda also used the right method. ([Qing] Huang Peifang, see Notes on Samadhi of Tang Xian)
Shen Deqian said: A thorn in your side will make you happy, and you won't pity the foot soldiers. The beginning describes the pain of traffic jam, and only the words "warrior" and "be there or be square" are the finishing touch. Very lucky. ([Qing] Zhang Xie's Three Hundred Notes on Tang Poetry (Volume 3))