After years of war, after the governance of shunzhi dynasty, the war basically ended, the society was stable and peaceful, production resumed, the economy developed greatly, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the government was frivolous and generous, showing a scene of prosperity.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, due to the long-term war, handicraft production was also seriously damaged. After about fifty or sixty years, the handicraft industry gradually recovered and developed after the middle period of Kangxi. Silk weaving industry plays an important role in handicraft industry in Qing Dynasty. At that time, the silk industry in Jiangning, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Foshan and Guangzhou was very developed. Although the rulers of Qing Dynasty set up weaving yamen in Jiangning, Suzhou and Hangzhou, which hindered the normal development of silk industry in Jiangnan to some extent, the folk silk industry in Qing Dynasty developed rapidly. For example, there are more than 30,000 looms in Jiangning when it is dry and sunny, which is much higher than in the past. "There are more than 0/00 kinds of satin looms/KLOC", and the silk products produced sell well all over the country. Even in remote Guizhou, the silk industry has been greatly developed. During the Daoguang period, Guizhou Zunyi silk "competed with Wuling and Zhongzhou", which attracted merchants from Qin, Jin, Fujian and Guangdong to buy and traffic. By the Qing Dynasty, the cotton industry in some areas of the south of the Yangtze River was also increasingly developed. Cotton textile tools have been significantly improved. For example, the spinning foot car in Shanghai can be "three yarns in one hand and wheels in one foot (famous foot car), with high labor intensity and high sensitivity". Loom also has some improvements and innovations. At that time, the production of cotton cloth, both in quantity and quality, was greatly improved than before. Shanghai's "Sobu, the clothes are the best in the world, and Liang Jiaduo started from this". Suzhou's "Yimei Famous Brand" is famous for "the beauty of cloth, users compete for the market" and "eliminating millions of pieces of cloth a year". As a result, "in the past ten years, rich businessmen have appeared everywhere, and cloth has spread all over the world." "In the past 200 years, there is no place in Mobei, southern Yunnan that is not beautiful." Subu's "Famous Quartet" shows its wide reputation. Wuxi is also rich in cotton cloth. When it was dry, it was called "Cloth Wharf" and "collected by Jia, and tied up for trading in Huai, Yang, Gao, Bao and other places, trading for at least tens of millions of years a year". In the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi Province was still the largest center of China porcelain industry. When we get to Gan and Jia, we won't mention the official kiln. I just said, "There are two or three hundred areas of folk kilns, and there are hundreds of thousands of craftsmen face to face at the end of the year." In addition to Jingdezhen, the porcelain industry in other places has also developed. According to statistics, there are more than 40 famous ceramic producing areas in Qianlong period, all over the country. For example, the porcelain kilns in Wuqing, Zhili, Linqing, Yixing, Dehua in Jiangsu, Chaozhou in Fujian, Guangdong and other places are large in scale, and the porcelain produced is colorful and exquisite. Sugar industry in Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces is very developed. During the period from Kangxi to Qianlong and Jiaqing, sugarcane production in Taiwan Province Province was extremely prosperous, with an annual output of "600,000 baskets" and "170 Jin" of sucrose, which were sold to the areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Beijing, and exported to Luzon in the south and Japan in the east. Sugar in Guangdong is also sold everywhere. In addition, sugarcane planting and sugar industry in Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces are also developing day by day. Mining and metallurgy also developed further in Qing Dynasty. Copper mines in Yunnan, lead mines in Guizhou, and iron mines in Guangdong, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong are all relatively large. For example, in Yunnan's copper mines, when Gan and Jia were at their peak, there were more than 300 copper factories in the province. There are large factories run by the government and commercial enterprises, as well as small private factories. "In the past, there were 70,000 or 80,000 large factories and more than 10,000 small factories. The total number of factories in the province was several million, and the poor in the province came to the factory for food." From 1740 (five years of Qianlong) to181year (sixteen years of Jiaqing), the highest annual output of Yunnan copper mine reached14.67 million Jin. During the Qianlong period, the annual output of black lead in Guizhou lead mine also reached more than140,000 kg. Guangdong's iron smelting scale is also very large. The iron manufacturing industry in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province is also very developed. There are industries such as casting pot, frying iron, thread making, nailing and needle making, among which casting pot is the most famous. Cast iron pots are not only sold all over the country, but also exported abroad in large quantities. Prosperity of Commerce In the early Qing Dynasty, commercial trade was very prosperous, and all kinds of commodities were sold at home and abroad, and the circulation in the four directions was closer. For example, cotton from Henan and Northeast China is sold all over the country, while cotton is sold back to other provinces. All kinds of ironware in Foshan Town, Guangdong Province are sold all over the country. At that time, there was a saying that Foshan ruled the world. Others, such as Suzhou silk and cotton cloth, Nanjing satin, Jingdezhen porcelain, Guangdong and Taiwan Province sugar, Anhui, Fujian and Hunan tea, are also sold all over the country. Especially Jiangnan silk products, the Qing dynasty has a broader domestic and foreign market than the Ming dynasty. For example, silks and satins produced in Nanjing are sold almost all over the country. At that time, China's handicraft output value accounted for 30% of the world's industrial and handicraft output value. Cash crops such as cotton and mulberry are only allowed to be planted in places where food cannot be grown. Crops other than food are also banned, not to mention industry and commerce. Emperor Manchu thought that "the more people work in shops, the fewer people plow fields and grow crops", and repeatedly said that "it is absolutely impossible to attract investment to open factories" and "there is no other way but to ban mining factories". But what is the so-called prosperity of Kanggan: 1. According to ancient records, Tang Zhen, a civilian thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, summed up China society in this way. Within the four seas, poverty is increasing: agricultural air, industrial air, urban air and official air. The grain is hard to eat, the cloth is hard to wear, the goods are discounted when the ship turns to the market, and the official does not think about his home. Money, so everything is necessary. Middle-class families can't get by without a gold and money for ten days. So the farmers were hungry and cold, the department store died, the good years were fierce, and good people didn't raise it. Walking in the city, you will be proud of yourself and ashamed of yourself. When I got home, I was smokeless in the morning and curled up when I was cold. Wuzhong people, many men and many women are far away, the beauty of men is the best, and evil is the slave. The beauty of a woman is a concubine, and evil is a maid, which is universal. Wei Laipeng, a poet in Qianlong, wrote in Zi Xing Ji: Weibei City is the year of Ding Chou, and the coastal villages have little smoke. There is no wheat, no food, no bare land, and everyone really hangs up. A hundred coppers can't save the girl at your knees. But to save the winner from hunger, it is better to be humble and be a servant. Obviously, money is paid, and money is not paid with people. Weng also has no choice but to be strong, but he can't drive him away. Wang Er frequently waved and slapped to see who was the savior. Often play, hide in your arms, the child's trombone is dumb. 2. Memories of Westerners At the end of the Ming Dynasty, western missionaries were still praising China for its extremely rich natural products and its material production capacity far exceeding that of Europe, claiming that & Daming people &; Yes & gorgeous clothes and elegant manners. However, Madzar, the British envoy, said in his diary during the Qianlong period: "Since the northern or Manchu Tatar conquest, at least in the past 150 years, there has been no improvement, no progress, or more precisely, retrogression; When we advance in the field of art and science every day, they are actually becoming semi-barbarians. " (Wu, The Germination of Capitalism in China (People's Publishing House, 1985), Chapter 4, Section 1. In Magalny's eyes, Kanggan's prosperity is like this ... there is amazing poverty everywhere. People are in rags and even naked. An army in rags like a beggar &; . & amp the rubbish we threw away was eaten by people. 3. According to some historians with conscience, Shanxi produced good iron. In Qing Dynasty, more and more iron was collected from Shanxi iron smelters. Yongzheng levied 25,000 Jin, Qianlong increased to 50,000 Jin and Jiaqing increased to 200,000 Jin. The iron price and foot fee levied by iron are less than 1/6 of the market price, which is close to plunder! Lu 'an Prefecture was the largest silk weaving center in the north at that time. Lusi is exquisite and is listed as a tribute by Manchu. The number of products sent each year greatly exceeds the capacity of the owner. In the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, more than 10,000 pieces of organic woven 1.3 were woven in Lu 'an, and 3,000 pieces were distributed in the Ming Dynasty. After the war in the late Ming Dynasty, there were only 300 looms left in the Qing Dynasty, but 3,000 were dispatched, which caused many people to flee. However, until the looms fled completely and Lu Si disappeared into history, the Manchu court did not give up dispatching. With the development of cotton textile industry in Songjiang, Songjiang became the main source of fiscal revenue of the Ming government, and the land tax in Suzhou and Songjiang ranked first in the country, and the total amount of money and grain turned over to the central government exceeded that in Zhejiang Province. At that time, the area of Songjiang was three-tenths that of Suzhou, but the tax amount was half that of Suzhou. So in the Ming Dynasty, Songjiang's tax amount was the highest in the country. However, the cotton textile industry in Songjiang began to regress in the Qing Dynasty. Ye said in "Reading the World": In the Ming Dynasty, "standard cloth prevailed, and wealthy businessmen and tycoons came with heavy money, ranging from tens of thousands of silver to hundreds of thousands of two." In the Qing dynasty, "there were very few standard customers and super-rich people, but recently many of them could not carry 10 thousand yuan, and the benefits were minimal." Order: It's not good for local authorities to hear about mining. Later, I invited miners, only to know not to do it&; . For iron smelters that cannot be closed, a heavy tax of two ten thousandths is imposed. During the Qianlong period, there were only 93 legal iron ore plants in China. The first person who questioned the prosperity of Kanggan was probably Lu Xun. After reading some records of foreigners, he suspected that the prosperity of Kanggan was completely blown out by the literary inquisition. In fact, the total industrial output of Kanggan in the prosperous period was not as good as that of Wanli in the late Ming Dynasty. As we all know, the industry and commerce in the Song Dynasty was extremely developed, but in the Ming Dynasty, it was further developed [,the output of iron was two and a half times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, and cotton cloth replaced linen as the mainstream product of textiles. Whether it is handicrafts such as ironware, shipbuilding and construction, or light industries such as silk, cotton cloth and porcelain, it is far ahead in the world, accounting for more than two-thirds of the world's industrial output, far higher than the proportion of agricultural output in the world, and the population of Kanggan is several times that of the Ming Dynasty. However, the total output of iron and cloth, two index industrial products, never recovered to the level of the late Ming Dynasty, and the mining industry belonging to the category of heavy industry also developed greatly during this period. According to statistics, in the first year of Kangxi, there were only five mines in China for mining and refining. There were 16 1 in the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735) and 3 13 in the 48th year of Qianlong (1783). Many of them are used to make iron pots, which are made into wrought iron, iron wires, nails and farm tools. Some of them are sold overseas, saying that "the rule of Foshan is all over the world." During the early Qing dynasty 100 years, the sustainable development of agricultural production was first manifested in large-scale reclamation of wasteland and expansion of cultivated land area. 166 1 year (the 18th year of Shunzhi), with a cultivated land area of 5.26 million hectares; 1722 (sixty-one year of Kangxi), which broke through the highest statistics of cultivated land in Ming dynasty and reached 8565438+100000 hectares; By 1725 (Yongzheng year), the cultivated land area in China was 5.26 million hectares; The progress of agricultural planting methods has greatly increased the grain output. After harvesting early rice in some areas of Guangdong, insert late rice; After harvesting late rice, plant rape or sweet potato three times a year. Jiangxi's soil is thin, so it is impossible to plant late rice after early rice harvest, so buckwheat is planted and harvested twice a year. Due to the popularization of multiple cropping in South China, the grain output can be increased by more than 6 billion kilograms every year. During the Qing Dynasty, the number of farmers specializing in vegetable production increased. Vegetable farmers in the suburbs of Beijing use equipment such as "fire room" and "cellar" to cultivate fresh vegetables such as leeks and cucumbers in winter and sell them in the market. During the Qianlong period, cotton was planted in some areas in Hebei Province where cotton was not planted. Before the Qing Dynasty, sugar cane was planted in the southeast coastal provinces. Sugarcane planted in some places in Guangdong is often a row of thousands of hectares, which looks like reeds from a distance. During the Qing Dynasty, the large increase in population was mainly due to the popularity of American plants such as corn, sweet potatoes and potatoes. Corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes and other crops have been imported from America through Nanyang since the Ming Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi's Agricultural Administration Encyclopedia described in detail the planting, storage and processing methods of sweet potato. Talking about the techniques of sweet potato seedling overwintering, stem cutting and seed classification, cutting, cellar storage and dry storage is the first book to systematically introduce the cultivation methods of sweet potato. Since then, North Korean scholar Chen Shiyuan has written Biography of Golden Potato, which describes cold bed seedling raising, and Bao's Four Techniques describes vine turning technology, and sweet potato planting technology has gradually improved. However, high-yield crops such as sweet potato also have their weaknesses: low and single nutrition, poor taste and low deep processing value. As a temporary emergency, long-term staple food will inevitably lead to malnutrition and a sharp decline in physical fitness, which will inevitably affect people's normal intellectual development. After more than 0/00 years of prosperity from the early Qing Dynasty to the middle Qing Dynasty, the "Sweet Potato Prosperity" finally came to an end.
National unity is the highest basic principle in China's history. However, different from the Tang and Yuan Dynasties, in the Qing Dynasty, the issue of reunification, especially the relationship between the local governments of border ethnic minorities and the central government of the Central Plains, has not been effectively solved for a long time. Like the nomadic people in the north, since Zhungeer Grdan unified the western desert, a relatively unified political organization has been established in Central Asia to compete with the Central Plains. Kangxi had an incomplete and brief reunification, but it soon split, and then Yongzheng did not notice any signs of splitting in Xinjiang. It was marked by the unification of Xinjiang in the 24th year of Qianlong (A.D. 1759) that the territory of the previous generation was restored, and the so-called "prosperous period of Kanggan" reached the peak of prosperity, that is, the so-called "heyday" and "heyday" period. In the prosperous period of Kanggan, China has a total area of130,000 square kilometers. At that time, it became the most vast territory in the world, with Qingji in the west, Balkhash Lake in the northwest, Siberia in the north, Hinggan Mountains and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the Pacific Ocean in the east, Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands in the southeast and Zengmu shoal in the south. Wang Mingsheng, a scholar, praised the Qing court in "Pingding Junggar Fu": "Heaven is sacred and Liuhe is harmonious; Chinese and foreign? Fu, the whole world. Literary works are in short supply, and voices are taught in the distance, which is a tribute to this seemingly prosperous scene. However, for this so-called "heyday", Kang Yong paid a high price for three generations, and even got the embarrassing situation that only 8 million taels of silver were left in the whole national treasury when Kangxi died. This is the result of the huge army and frequent wars during the reign of Kangxi, and Qianlong, known as "excellent martial arts", caused a huge financial black hole to the country in the later period.
The reason why the Kanggan period was named the flourishing age was largely because of the popularity and social stability of high-yield crops such as sweet potatoes during this period, which fed a large number of people and created a miracle of China traditional society. However, it actually caused an unprecedented population explosion (the population of China in the prosperous times increased from 654.38 billion to 360 million). It made the population of China lose the room for growth in the later stage of industrialization, which seriously restricted the process of industrialization. In the early Qing Dynasty, scholars were dissatisfied with the rulers' national oppression and autocratic rule, and there were widespread national thoughts against the Qing court, and some people also had progressive democratic thoughts. Poets and poets in this period took adherents of the Ming Dynasty who held this idea as the main body. Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi are the most outstanding thinkers and scholars in this period. Their prose, with profound skill, shows strong national thoughts and different degrees of democratic thoughts, surpassing the achievements of late Ming prose and showing a brand-new look; Their poems are also of high quality. Gui Zhuang, Du□, Wu Jiaji, Yan, Qian Chengzhi, Qu Dajun, Chen Gongyin, etc. The important theme of adherents' poems is to reflect ethnic contradictions and express patriotic thoughts; Yan, Qian Chengzhi and Wu Jiaji reflected the social and class contradictions at that time. In style, they also have their own characteristics. In the late Kangxi period, the rule was consolidated, and most scholars grew up in the Qing Dynasty, and their life experiences were different from those of the adherents of the Ming Dynasty. Poetry in this period no longer pays attention to the expression of national contradictions and class contradictions, but is devoted to the pursuit of artistic skills. The content is mainly lyrical and depicting landscapes. Famous poets include Shi, Zhu Zun, Cha, and so on. Wang Shi □ is the leader of the verve school. Tea's poems are exquisitely carved and made great achievements. Zhao Zhixin pays more attention to reflecting reality. The novels of this period exude unique brilliance, namely Wu's The Scholars and Cao Xueqin's A Dream of Red Mansions. The Scholars fully exposes and satirizes the destruction of talents by the feudal stereotyped imperial examination system. Although it is exaggerated, it embodies the profound reality that "satirizing life is real". Its simple language art with a sense of humor can also be "harmonious, sad and ironic", full of implications. This is the most accomplished satirical novel in ancient China. A Dream of Red Mansions, through the love tragedy between Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu and the story of the rise and fall of Jia Fu, reflects the decay of bureaucratic landlord's life, shows the conflict between the democratic thought of rebellious youth and traditional ideology, and reveals the declining trend of feudal ruling class and feudal society. Through the meticulous description of trivial matters in daily life and the inner world of characters, a large number of characters with profound typical significance and distinctive personality have been created. Delicate description, rich atmosphere and beautiful language. It became the peak of China's classical novels and made great achievements in thought and art. China's short classical note novels, such as Yuewei Caotang Notes by Ji Yun and New Qi Xie by Yuan Mei, are not as successful as the previous Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. The decline of academic culture is a remarkable trend of China culture in the Kang period. Academics is the concentrated expression of objective social life in the spiritual field at any time. Different from the superficial "prosperous" social situation, the academic culture in Kanggan period showed a depressing atmosphere that was not in harmony with the prosperous times. The developed philosophy in the late Ming Dynasty seemed to disappear overnight, and so did the traditional Confucian humanistic care. The rise of textual research, which is characterized by the history of textual research, has promoted the academic development in a boring direction. The corruption of academic research in the Qing Dynasty not only shows that it completely ruined the development of ancient philosophy, but also shows that it prompted the intellectual community to enter the "archaeological period" completely. Manchu defended the people more than Sichuan, creating hundreds of literary prisons (even the word "cool breeze and bright moon" can lead to literary prisons, but the imagination is very rich). More than one million intellectuals were also moved to the barren land of Manchuria. How can Kanggan's extreme destruction of literati not lead to the decline of culture? Therefore, stereotyped writing and textual research can flourish.