Changes of Cao Zhi's Poems in the Early and Late Period

Poetry is the main field of Cao Zhi's literary activities. ? The content of the early stage and the later stage is very different. Early poems can be divided into two categories, one is to express his carefree life, and the other is to reflect his feelings of the times when he was born in troubled times and grew up in the army. The former works, such as Cockfighting, Public Banquet, Sitting with the King, etc. Describe the enjoyment of the amusement feast, the content is rather empty and vague. Another kind of works include A Trip to Mount Tai and Stone. Fu Liangxing on Mount Tai describes the hard life of people in coastal areas. "For people in coastal areas, this is a drama, leaving them in the wild. A wife, like an animal, is blocked by a forest. Chai Men is depressed, and the fox and rabbit want me. " From these simple and true descriptions, we can appreciate the poet's sympathy for the lower classes. "Farewell to the British Family", written in the 16th year of Jian 'an, was written to bid farewell to a friend, Ying□. In addition to describing friendship, the poem focuses on the desolate scene of Luoyang, the imperial capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the poet's inner excitement, which reflects the great damage caused by the melee between warlords at the end of the Han Dynasty and has strong practical significance. There is no one in the middle field in the poem, which is consistent with the descriptions of Cao Cao's "White bones are exposed in the wild, and there is no cock crow in a thousand miles" (A trip to a vast distance) and RoyceWong's "White bones cover the plain when you go out" (one of the seven sorrows). ? In addition, Du Ming also wrote about the "wonderful riding and shooting, the joy of swimming" of Luo Jing teenagers. The predecessors thought it was ironic, but from the content, it was a self-portrait of the author's life. His "White Horse Piece" describes the heroic spirit of "Rangers Fighting Righteousness" and his ambition to make contributions to the country, in order to "give up who I am and settle down." Parents don't care, how can we talk about children and wives? Celebrities are strong and are not allowed to be selfish, which shows their ambition to make contributions. The poetic style is vigorous and powerful, and it has always been a famous article. In his later poems, he mainly expressed his grief and indignation under repression, and expressed his desire not to be abandoned and his desire to make contributions to the world. His representative works include Wild Birds, Wang Biao for a White Horse, Seven Wounded Poems, Elegy, Elegy and Miscellaneous Poems. The trip of Noda oriole was written at the beginning of Cao Pi's succession. In the poem, the oriole catches the eagle on the top and the net on the bottom, which is a metaphor for the killing of his friends Ding Yi and Ding□ by Cao Pi. Prince Charming Wang Biao is a masterpiece. This poem was written in Huang Chu for four years. In May of that year, each captaincy headed for Luoyang, the capital, and Cao Zhang, the king of Rencheng, died suddenly in Luoyang. In July, when the kings returned to China, Cao Zhi went the same way as Cao Biao (the White Horse King) and was banned by the emissary. The poet "hates it with poison" and angrily wrote an article as a farewell to Cao Yao. First, he wrote about the situation on his way back from Luoyang, which was very correct. In the poem, the messenger of the prison army is angrily denounced as "owl", "jackal" and "fly", but in fact it is directed at Cao Pi. In the poem, Cao Biao is comforted not to be too sad. "Wan Li is still a close neighbor. If you love her, you won't lose her, and the distance is by her side. " The whole work not only reveals deep sorrow, but also does not shed sadness and despair. It is sincere and profound. Seven Wounded Poems tells the sorrow of being abandoned for a long time by comparing the husband and wife of monarch and minister. Six miscellaneous poems are not written in one place at a time. Except for the first and sixth songs (Hengtai on the High Platform and Flying Hundred Feet), the other four songs are probably later works. Among them, the second, third and fourth poems are similar in content to the seven-wounded poems, and most of them express the sadness that time has passed and they have accomplished nothing. The fifth song ("The Servant Shoots Early and Strict") jumped out of the circle of lamenting personal fate, turned its attention to national affairs, expressed its concern about the political situation at that time, and issued the voice of "I want to be lighter than the economy, but I don't have an ark, living in seclusion is not my ambition, and I am willing to worry about my country", showing the mental state of enduring ambition in adversity. There are more than 80 poems by Cao Zhi, of which Yuefu poems account for a little more than half. This shows that the poet, like his father Cao Cao and his brother Cao Pi, attaches great importance to drawing creative nourishment from Han Yuefu folk songs. For example, the long description of beauty in Beauty Map is based on the description of Luo Fu in the ancient poem Shang Mo Sang written by Han Yuefu. "White Horse" "Whose is it? Wandering in peace, Seven Injuries, Who is the sigher? Speech is a bad wife, and so on. , that is, to learn the question-and-answer skills commonly used in folk songs; " Wu You Yongzhi ","Wear my Danxia clothes, attack my plain clothes, ... take my clothes, wash my thick paste ","Noda's yellow bird trip ","Yellow bird flying, flying the sky "and so on, all come from Yuefu folk songs. Most of the chapters in "A White Horse for Wang Biao" are converted from beginning to end, and the sentence pattern of linking chapters commonly used in Yuefu folk songs is also used. In addition, some of Cao Zhi's poems are directly translated from Yuefu poems. The reason why Cao Zhi's poems are clear, harmonious and fresh is because he deliberately absorbed the nutrition of Han Yuefu folk songs. Cao Zhi has many innovations and developments in the art of poetry. Especially in the creation of five-character poems. First of all, most of the ancient poems in Han Yuefu are narrative, and it was not until Nineteen Ancient Poems that lyric elements occupied an important position in the works. Cao Zhi developed this trend, organically combining lyric and narrative, so that the five-character poems can not only describe the complex changes of events. It can also express tortuous psychological feelings, which greatly enriches its artistic functions. Prince Charming Wang Biao is a good example. Secondly, Cao Zhi is far superior to the classical poems of Han Yuefu and classical poems in the refinement and modification of poetic language. For example, his Beauty is more detailed in description and flowery in rhetoric than Mo Shang Sang. Even his poems about immortals are more mature than similar works in Han Yuefu, and the difference between them is quite remarkable. Due to deliberate refinement, there are many wonderful epigrams in Cao Zhi's poems, such as "Gua Tian didn't accept his shoes, and Li Xia didn't win the whole crown" (Gentleman's Travel and Yuefu Poetry Collection are old sayings), "I died in a national disaster" (White Horse) and "I live in a mansion and return to Shan Ye" ("I lost my life"). Some emotions conveyed by metaphors at the beginning of a poem often cover the whole poem with condescending momentum. Therefore, Cao Zhi's poems often leave a strong impression on people from the beginning. The so-called "Chen Si's best music" (Shen Deqian's "Ancient Poetry Source" Volume 5) refers to this. In addition, Cao Zhi's five-character poems also pay attention to the order of sentence placement and the harmony of phonology. For example, "The Public Banquet" "Qiu Lan was taken away by Nagano, and Zhu Hua was taken away by Green Pool. A diving fish is jumping in the clear waves, a good bird is singing, and so on, that is, a preliminary antithesis has been formed, and some poems also have a relatively flat form in phonology. ? As for the overall artistic style of Cao Zhi's poems, Zhong Rong once pointed out that his "lofty spirit, lofty words, elegant feelings and resentment, and flying literary talents" ("Poetry") is a relatively comprehensive evaluation. Cao Zhi's poems, on the one hand, are sincere and strong in feelings and vigorous in brushwork, which embodies the elegant and generous style of Jian 'an poetry, on the other hand, they present rich colors and brilliant literary talent. In this respect, Cao Zhi surpassed his predecessors and was the best among all Jian 'an writers. Therefore, in the history of China's poetry, he is regarded as a master of five-character poems, just as Zhong Rong said, "The charm overflows in the present and stands out from the crowd".