Murasaki Department (about 973-? ), a Japanese female writer in Heian period, was one of the 36 immortals in the Middle Ages. Her real name is Fujiwara, and the word is unknown. Style department was her name when she served in the court. Because her brother used to be a cultural and sports department, at that time, most female officials in the palace were named after her father and brother, so they were called Fujibu. Later, she wrote Tales of Genji, in which the heroine Sharla Cheung was praised by the world, hence the name Murasaki shikibu. It is generally believed that its name cannot be verified, and some people think that its real name is Xiangzi Fujiwara or Principe Fujiwara. The main works are the novel Tale of Genji, which describes the delicate psychology of the characters, elegant writing and tortuous plot. It is considered as the earliest novel in the world and has a great influence on Japanese literature in the future. Another book, Diary of the Purple Department, was written in the autumn of 10 10.
She was born in a noble literati family. When she was young, she studied Chinese studies with her father and was familiar with melody and Buddhist scriptures. Both father and brother are good at China's poems and harmony songs. 1April 2004, Murasaki shikibu was widowed, and in the autumn of the same year, he began to write Tales of Genji. In the winter of 36, Murasaki shikibu was called into the palace to serve an emperor, Akiko Fujiwara. "
Chinese name: Murasaki shikibu.
むらさきしきぶmbth
Alias: Gakko Fujiwara, Keiko Fujiwara.
Nationality: Japan
Ethnic group: Yamato ethnic group
Date of birth: about 973.
Date of death: to be verified
Occupation: Culture and Sports Department
Major achievements: He created the earliest novel Tale of Genji in the world.
Masterpieces: Tale of Genji and Diary of Purple Department.
Character experience
Murasaki shikibu, who was born in about 973 in a middle-class aristocratic family full of books, is a very talented woman. Her grandfather and brother were famous singers at that time. Her father is good at China's poems and chorus, and she has a good knowledge of China's classical literature. Her grandfather, grandfather and uncle are good at China's poems and harmony songs, and her mother's name is Fujiwara. However, Murasaki shikibu died when he was young. Murasaki shikibu was brought up by her grandmother. It is said that this grandmother is good at music, and Murasaki shikibu plays the guzheng very well. Tale of Genji shows her extensive knowledge in music, which is inseparable from her education and training.
Murasaki shikibu's real name is Fujiwara. Because women have no social status in Japan, their real names are not recorded. Some people think her real name is Fujiwara Xiangzi or Fujiwara Principe. When I was a child, I studied Chinese studies with my father, familiarized myself with temperament and Buddhist scriptures, and familiarized myself with China ancient books. She not only has profound attainments in Bai Juyi's poems, but also is familiar with Buddhist scriptures and music.
In Changde four years (998), 20-year-old Murasaki shikibu married Fujiwara Xiao Xuan, who was 25 years older than himself, because Murasaki shikibu's family was poor. In the first year of Changbao (999), my daughter Kenko Fujiwara was born.
In the first year of Kuanhong (1April, 2004), Haruki Murakami was widowed and began to live as a widow for ten years. In the autumn of the same year, he began to write Tales of Genji. During his widowed life, he became famous for writing Tales of Genji, and was highly valued by Taoist Fujiwara and other senior officials.
In the second year of Kuanhong (1005) 65438+February 29th, Murasaki shikibu entered the harem and served as the female official of the harem queen Zhangzi (the daughter of a Taoist priest), giving her lectures on Japanese books, Bai Wenji and other ancient China books. The official name is Fujibe, and it was later renamed Murasaki Shiba. About 10 13, Murasaki left the harem and was never heard from.
Main work
Create characteristics
theme
Monophonic unconsciousness
Murasaki shikibu believes that a realistic work is not the product of shelved decoration and groaning, but should be infected and "tempted". It is the result of the writer's emotion, "lack of understanding and listening to the real people in the world", but he felt that such a plot could not be locked in his heart and must be told to future generations, so he wrote it.
In the Tale of Genji, Murasaki shikibu holds a view consistent with the traditional Japanese aesthetic and moral concepts, that is, the view of "mourning for things". According to Xuan Chang's On the Sorrow of Things, the first thing to feel the sorrow of things is to understand the "heart of things", which should be to constantly experience the changes of the world and everything in the process of knowing the facts and life; It is a pure slender and ubiquitous spiritual experience. It can be said that the evolution of ancient aesthetic thought from "mourning" to "mourning for things" was completed by Haruki Murakami. The Tale of Genji takes "mourning" and "mourning for things" as the main lines, and it runs through a wider, more complex and deeper content than the previous generation. The emotion of "mourning things" in Tale of Genji is based on "mourning things", which is completely an emotion and sorrow for the world of life, and also a sense of sympathy and sorrow for women, especially for the misfortune of women in love and the love between men and women. In other words, Haruki Murakami's feeling of "mourning for things" in The Tale of Genji is more obvious.
skill
real
Japanese narrative literature has a long history. In the era of ancient narrative poetry, works such as Ancient Stories and A Record of Japan are closely intertwined with myths and legends. Narrative literature's description of reality and its transformation to independence began with the rise of medieval stories. However, they are either fiction or historical facts, and they are still inseparable from the legendary folk pattern. Haruki Murakami, who has a deep understanding of ancient narrative works and medieval story literature, has initially realized the completely different characteristics of realism and romanticism in his creation. In the second episode of Tale of Genji, the writer put forward his own views through the mouth of critics. Although it is difficult to judge whether different styles of paintings are better or worse, simple realistic descriptions often give people a deeper and more direct impression. Although this is an argument about painting, the reasons stated are obviously related to literature. Tells two different works and creative ideas. Haruki Murakami advocates that literature should be true and reflect all kinds of worldly wisdom, and at the same time acknowledges the role of novels in "understanding the world". For example, in "Tale of Genji", "Detailed Records of Important Events in the World"; Because all stories are about the world and people's mental state, after reading them, you can naturally fully understand everything in the world and understand people's behavior and psychology. Because the story "records the important things in the world in detail", although she declared many times in the book that "the author is a woman and dare not talk about world events", it actually involves "world events", only using side descriptions and metaphors, and rarely describing them in detail, but it still shows the inseparable relationship between Genji's honor and disgrace and the noble struggle.
Murasaki shikibu's description of heian period's reality is hardly comparable to that of contemporary experts. In her diary, Haruki Murakami recorded how the maid in the family talked privately about herself because of her intimacy with China's classics, which led to the misfortune of losing her husband. I recorded how I pretended to be timid in the palace because I couldn't even understand the inscription on the screen, so as to gain the tolerance of the people around me. What Haruki Murakami reflects is that women are almost excluded from all cultural fields and cannot release energy from the interaction between life and knowledge through any social participation. Under the condition of confirming "self-worth", "writing" has become the only means for intellectual women to release their souls, stretch themselves, think about life and "save themselves". Recognition and even respect for this patriarchal society, in a sense, is not an affirmation of the author's "female value", but an affirmation of the author's "human value". In addition, the historical facts of Genji mentioned in Murasaki's diary are very similar to those of Daochang, Yizhou and Laiping. At least, they are used as important auxiliary materials. According to Japanese scholars' research, Genji's exile is actually based on the left migration of Daolong's eldest son for a week. In a word, Tale of Genji also carried out her realistic thought and accurately described the world of that era. No matter the social, political and cultural background, story content and characters, it truly reflected the reality of court life and aristocratic society at that time.
soft breeze
Speaking of Murasaki shikibu's aesthetic achievements, the first thing that should be mentioned is her extensive and in-depth exploration of artistic beauty. In the highly artistic representative works of classical realism, Tale of Genji and Diary of Purple Department, she expressed her views on the relationship between artistic beauty and life, the different characteristics of various arts, creative methods and their functions, and the relationship between content and form of works. Among them, the most cherished is her realistic creation theory. If we say that in understanding the characteristics of lyric literature, Haruki Murakami has not surpassed the ancients' viewpoints of "harmony songs are heart-centered, which are all kinds of literary talents" and "thinking with heart, relying on what you hear and see, and the form is in words", then the realism theory she summed up in the practice of narrative literature creation is unprecedented in the history of Japanese aesthetics and amazing in the history of aesthetics in the East and even in the world.
Murasaki shikibu's writing style is implicit, and he seldom directly shows his personal views and attitudes in his narrative. The narrative language is quite plain but full of talent. Murasaki shikibu has made great achievements in China literature. She not only mastered the basic education in knowledge, but also experienced the highest cultural life. In the early period of Heian, Japanese culture continued to be nourished by China and Tang Wenhua, which was the most splendid period of Chinese culture. In the second year of Kuanping (890), Sugawara no michizane, the right minister who was a scholar and poet, played in the imperial court and suggested stopping sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty to weaken the influence of China culture, which was approved in the same year. Since then, the relationship between Japanese culture and China culture has changed to some extent. Japanese culture gradually digested China culture, formed a unique culture of peace, and completed the transformation from China culture to peaceful culture, which is of great significance in the history of Japanese culture. In this regard, Haruki Murakami stressed: "mortals must always be based on knowledge, and harmony and soul are powerful." "Learning" here refers to "Han Cai". This shows that Haruki Murakami not only attached importance to China's ancient books, but also had a conscious understanding of harmony. Including Murasaki shikibu's insertion and application of Bai Juyi's poems and other China classical poems in The Tale of Genji, as well as the characterization and the correspondence between stories and historical records, are all manifestations of Murasaki shikibu's emphasis on "China talents". Therefore, on the one hand, Murasaki shikibu openly studied and absorbed China's cultural and literary thoughts, on the other hand, he sublated them according to his own needs. This is also a typical feature of contemporary Japanese culture, which is the so-called gentle wind culture.
Hege
In the creation of Tale of Genji, Murasaki shikibu joined a large number of poems and choruses, with nearly 800 choruses. Except for a small part of Japanese Ye Ji and Gu Jin He Yin Ji, most of them were created by the authors themselves. Most of the lyrics are simple and easy to understand, mainly appearing in the plots answered by the characters. It shows that the author has a strong foundation in the creation of harmony songs and can be well integrated into the scene. She is also considered as one of the 36 immortals in the Middle Ages. As a love-oriented novel, love songs play a key role in the book. There are both bold and simple poems like "Chiba Song" and lingering harmony like "Ancient and Modern Tunes" in the book. The former directly expresses truth, while the latter implicitly expresses sadness.
However, due to its strong sociality and restricted by poetic form, it is obviously not suitable for expressing profound and sustained thinking like Diary and Tale of Genji written by Murasaki. For example, the second half of the Collection of Records of Murasaki mainly reflects the gloomy side of court life and marriage life. In fact, there are two peace song related to Buddhism, which were made at the 30 lectures on Fahua held by Fujiwara. In fact, this is her daily work as a lady. And women's deep thinking about self-existence is the fundamental reason for the prosperity of Ping 'an women's prose literature.
(of literary works) feeling and background blend happily/appropriately.
Another characteristic of Haruki Murakami's writing is that he is good at combining the description of scenery with the plot and the psychological changes of characters. For example, with Sharla Cheung's illness, Genji Sixth Hospital also entered a period of dim light depression. For another example, in Sharla Cheung Palace, mandarin ducks and all kinds of waterfowl appear in pairs on the spring wave, which profoundly reflects Sharla Cheung's favor, while in the humble room of No Flower Picking, weeds and bleak autumn wind are used to describe the life of no flower picking, implying its tragic fate. In Haruki Murakami's works, scenery is also a manifestation of social variation, such as autumn wind and autumn rain to describe Guangyuan's frustration.
Personality influence
Murasaki shikibu's Tale of Genji opened the era of mourning for things in Japanese literature and influenced a large number of Japanese writers and artists in various fields, including Natsume, Sasaki, Kawabata Yasunari and Miyazaki Hayao. The spirit of "mourning for things" based on "truth" has been passed down from generation to generation, and has had a far-reaching impact on Japanese culture and has become an inseparable part of it.
Murasaki shikibu's consciousness of realistic description was very avant-garde at that time. Influenced by Japanese myths and ancient stories, ancient Japanese characters are often mixed with reality in their narratives, which can't restore the facts and reflect the reality well. However, Haruki Murakami has clearly realized that the task of realistic creation is to fully reflect the essence and truth of life. This is of benchmark and epoch-making significance in the history of Japanese literature, and also has a far-reaching impact on later Japanese literary creation.
1966, UNESCO listed her as one of the great men of the year.
Personality assessment
This is a gifted scholar-Taoist Fujiwara, the minister of Zheng Tai in heian period.
Murasaki Shikibu, Qing Shaoran, and famous poets such as Wanibe and Red Guard Gate are all female officials who serve the imperial court. No wonder people generally refer to the culture of the Heian Dynasty, and they all think it is palace culture or female culture ... This period really shows the heyday of Japanese dynasty culture. -Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata
Anecdotal allusions
Talk to Shao Qing.
As we all know, Murasaki shikibu doesn't like being polite. In her diary, she bluntly criticized her polite attitude, which was inconsistent with her knowledge and talent. Although Murasaki shikibu entered the palace, Qing Shaoran has left the palace for four years, and there is no direct contact between them. Murasaki shikibu doesn't look like a competitive and jealous woman. Whether or not there is a misunderstanding of hearsay, Murasaki's department has really fallen into the stereotype that "scholars despise each other."
Murasaki shikibu's criticism of Shao Qing Yan Na is mainly manifested in his personality and behavior. "Shao Qing Yan Na is the kind of person who has a smug face and thinks he is great. His shortcomings will eventually be seen." . It is certain that young people are very open-minded and do not fall behind others. In his diary, Shao Qing Yan Na made incisive and frank criticisms of various personnel, which may be considered self-righteous and arrogant.
In addition, Haruki Murakami also said that Shao Qing's writing "pretends to be elegant" and "pretends to be moved when he is quiet and bored", and said: "How can people who become frivolous have a good ending?" This statement is a bit overdone and even makes people feel mean. Qing Shao Na said in the preface that "Pillow Grass" was originally just what I saw in my eyes and thought, and I didn't intend to show it to anyone. I live at home and record it when I am bored. " For example, she said, "Far and near are pure land of bliss. The distance of the ship. Between men and women. " A few words, concise and clear, but quite meaningful.
And Fujiwara Dojo.
Murasaki shikibu mentioned Fujiwara's night visit in his diary and in his letter to the Emperor's father-in-law, indicating that there may be some relationship between Murasaki shikibu and Fujiwara. Although the author Murasaki shikibu's personal marriage life is only two years, her relationship with her husband is harmonious. However, in that society where polygamy is a normal family form, Murasaki shikibu, who lost her husband two years after marriage, has no need to refuse the courtship of Regent Fujiwara. He has taken the emperor into his own hands politically and is elegant and amiable in life.