How to write ancient poems?

How to write ancient poems is a simple and not too simple problem. The author of this paper only expounds the structure of ancient poetry, hoping that friends who love classical poetry can benefit from it. First, the style of poetry The question about the type of poetry is quite complicated. Here, I will briefly talk about it according to what Mr. Wang Li said in his book "The Metre of Poetry". According to the rules, ancient poetry is divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Ancient poetry is also called ancient style or ancient poetry; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry, and classical poetry other than modern poetry is generally called ancient poetry. Rhyme can only rhyme, and ancient poems can also rhyme. Ancient poems are divided into four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems according to the number of words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so the general poetry collections were divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. This is the basic structure of classical poetry. Why do you want to divide it like this? Because this is related to the "rhythm" of ancient poetry. As for the rhythm of ancient poetry, the following chapters will talk about it. Ancient prose is divided into five ancient prose and seven ancient prose according to the number of words. Rhyme can also be divided into five laws and seven laws. There are also long poems in the law, which are called the law of exclusion. In addition to five words and seven words, there are miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. Miscellaneous language refers to a mixture of long and short sentences, for example, Li Bai's Difficult Road to Shu is miscellaneous language. Miscellaneous poems generally do not have another category, only belong to the seven ancient. Even if there are no seven words in the article, as long as they are long and short sentences, they will be classified as seven ancient. This is a conventional division and has no theoretical basis. There is also a quatrain in ancient poetry, which was previously considered to be a metrical poem. However, according to Professor Wang Li and Professor Jun Binjie of Beijing Normal University, quatrains, as a five-character and four-sentence style, should have an earlier origin than metrical poems, so quatrains are considered as a separate category, including both ancient quatrains and metrical quatrains. Why is it called quatrains? Wu Mingna quoted the origin of poetic method in "Article Argumentation" and said: "Those who make quatrains also cut sentences." In other words, quatrains are poems that cut off the beginning, end or middle part of a poem. But the essence of quatrains is the poetic style of five words or seven words and four sentences. Second, in the early Tang Dynasty, there appeared regular poems and modern poems represented by regular poems. It is generally believed that their founders were Shen Quanqi and Song in the early Tang Dynasty. Why are regular poems difficult to do, but they inevitably appear? This is because China's ancient poems, from The Book of Songs to Yuefu poems, are all harmonious and accompanied by music. But later, poetry gradually divorced from music, so that it can only rely on itself to solve the rhythm and cadence beauty in music, and this can only be solved by the tone sandhi of Chinese itself, which is the most fundamental reason for the emergence of rhythmic poetry. The development of metrical poetry has two sources, one is the prevalence of antithesis, and the other is the development of tone. Under normal circumstances, if you do well in metrical poems, you can certainly do well in ancient poems. Therefore, the writing of classical poetry begins with regular poetry. Because of the rhyme, flatness and antithesis of the metrical poems, there are many stresses. Because the meter is very strict, it is called meter poem. According to predecessors' analysis, the characteristics of metrical poetry have six elements: 1, and neatness: the number of words in each sentence is neat, or five or seven words. 2. Couples: antithesis is required in poetry. 2.Leaf: it means that even and odd sentences are opposite in turn. 4, rhyme: refers to ancient poetry can only be flat rhyme. 5. Harmony: It means that there are strict rules for the leveling of the whole article. 6. Degree: It means that the full text is definite. In fact, according to Mr. Wang Li and Mr. Qi Gong, a metrical poem has only four keys: 1, and each poem is limited to eight sentences, with 40 words in five laws and 56 words in seven laws. Every two sentences of a metrical poem are called couplet, the first two sentences are called couplet, the middle two sentences are called parallel couplet, the last two sentences are called neck couplet, and the last sentence is also called tail couplet. 2. Only rhyming can make it even. 3. The level of each sentence has strict regulations, including the level of each sentence. 4. Every article must have antithesis, except the first and second couplets, and the couplets in the middle must be antithetical. 3. Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetic meter. Rhyme is also called rhyme. The so-called "rhyme" in poetry is roughly equal to the vowels in Chinese Pinyin. Friends who have studied Pinyin should know that Pinyin includes initials and finals. For example, the pinyin of the word "Gong" is "Gong", in which "G" is the initial and "ong" is the final. Rhyme means that words have the same vowel sound. All rhyming words can rhyme. The so-called rhyme means putting two or more rhyming words in the same position. General rhyme is always placed at the end of a sentence, which is customarily called "rhyme foot". The purpose of rhyming is to keep the harmony of poetry. The same music is played repeatedly in the same position, which constitutes the beauty of sound cycle. Ancient people wrote rhymes in strict accordance with rhyming books. For example, people in the Qing Dynasty generally consult rhyme books such as Integration of Poetry and Rhyme and Combination of Poetry and Rhyme. This is what the word "poetic rhyme" used to refer to. The common rhyme * * * has 108 rhyme, also called "Pingshui rhyme", because it was written by Liu Yuan, a Pingshui person in Jiangbei, Southern Song Dynasty. The previous rhyme books were merged and simplified, and the rhyme 107 was listed. Later generations slightly increased to 108 rhyme. Ping Shui Yun includes 30 flat rhymes, 29 upper rhymes, 30 lower rhymes and 17 entering rhymes. Rhyme can only balance phonology, because phonology has many rhymes, so it is divided into fifteen rhymes at the next level and fifteen rhymes at the next level. This is equivalent to saying that the sound is rolled up and the sound is rolled down. There is no other meaning. Rhyme can be divided into wide rhyme and narrow rhyme, with more words called wide rhyme and fewer words called narrow rhyme. As mentioned earlier, the ancients rhymed according to rhyme books. This rhyme book is basically the same as the spoken language of the Tang Dynasty, and it is reasonable to rhyme according to the rhyme book. After the song dynasty, the pronunciation changed greatly, and then rhymed according to the rhyme book, but the melody was not necessarily harmonious. Therefore, it is not necessary for modern people to rhyme according to rhyme books when writing ancient poems. For metrical poems, it is not only possible to use adjacent rhymes in the first sentence, but also other rhymes, as long as they belong to the level tone. Four tones, four tones, four tones and four tones refer to four tones in Chinese. Tone is composed of the flat, high and long of Chinese pronunciation. And height and altitude are the main factors. At present, Mandarin includes four tones, namely, flat tone (a Gao Pingtiao, which is called high), rising tone (a middle rising tone, which is neither high nor low), rising tone (a low rising tone or a low flat tone) and falling tone (a high falling tone), which is slightly different from today: flat tone: this tone is divided into flat tones in later generations. It is also the most different tone from today. In Putonghua and most local dialects, there are four kinds of flat tones and rising tones, and the entering tones are divided into flat tones, rising tones, rising tones and falling tones. However, there are still Rusheng tones in the dialects of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi. There is a close relationship between four tones and rhyme. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. When writing poetry, words with different tones generally don't rhyme. Four tones are the basis of distinguishing flat tones. Let's talk about flat tone first. Pingruo's regular poems originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, some poets thought that poetry must be harmonious in four tones, but the words and expressions became narrower and narrower, which failed to convey its meaning. Through the summary of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it is considered that the four tones can be divided into two categories: flat tone and uneven tone, and the uneven tone here is Legato. In poetry, if two kinds of tones are interlaced in poetry, the tones can be diversified instead of monotonous. The flat tone here is the flat tone in ancient Chinese, and the linking tone includes rising tone, falling tone and entering tone. How to stagger the balance in poetry can basically be summarized as two sentences: 1 and balance are staggered in this sentence. 2. Translation is opposite in the dialogue. For example, the fifth and sixth sentences of Chairman Mao's "Long March" poem: "The Jinsha River is warm in the clouds and cliffs" is flat, flat, flat and flat, and the sixth sentence: "Dadu Bridge is cold across the iron." Flat, flat, flat, flat, flat Jinsha (flat) followed by water pat (flat) is the alternation in this sentence. Jinsha (Pingping) is opposite to Dadu (Zuoping), and Shuipai (Zuoping) is opposite to Qiaoqiao (Pingping). How to distinguish flat turn: If dialects (such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hunan and South China) have tones, then the problem will be solved easily. People in other places mainly have difficulty in distinguishing entering words. Generally speaking, they can look it up in a dictionary or rhyme book. Duality in dual poetry is called duality. The ancient guard of honor is relative, which is the origin of the word "antithesis". Duality means juxtaposing similar concepts or opposing concepts. As a rhetorical device, her function is to form neat beauty. For example, "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea" and "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea" form duality. Generally speaking, duality refers to two opposite sentences. The last sentence is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a sentence. The general rules of duality are noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb. In fact, nouns can also be divided into several categories, and similar nouns are relatively neat and dual, referred to as work pairs. The antithesis of metrical poems has its own law, that is, 1, and the level of sentences is opposite; 2. Sentence words and sentence words cannot be repeated. In addition, couplets (couplets) are evolved from regular poems, so they should also be suitable for the above-mentioned standards of level and level. Fifth, the rules of leveling and leveling of metrical poems have been applied to the lyrics of later generations, which is also the basis of lyrics. We talk about the rhythm of poetry, mainly about equality and parity. (1) There are only four types of five laws, and these four types can form two associations. Flat and light, flat and light; Flat and light, flat and light. From the intricate changes of these two couplets, a five-law and four-flat format can be formed. In fact, there are only two basic formats, and the other two are only changes on the basis of the basic format. 1, the first formula is: (hmm) flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat flat (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping. Flat and light, flat and light. (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping. (The words in brackets indicate fairness or equality, the same below. Example: Wang Chun Du Fu's "A leopard cannot change his spots", at the turn of spring and summer, everything is green. Tears came down, and lonely birds sang their sadness. The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. (Sound, flat sound, sounds like rising tone, while the word Zan \ Zen is read twice, which is called rhyme and Zen. The second formula is: (taste) is flat, flat, flat. (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping. Flat and light, flat and light. (Ping) Ping, Ping, Ping. Exodus: Yang Jiong, who joined the army, lit a bonfire in Xijing. He felt very wronged. Leaving the palace, the general will assume the command; Surrounding the enemy and attacking the city, the elite cavalry are extremely brave. The heavy snow darkened the color; The wind roared and the drums rang. I'd rather be a junior officer to fight for my country than a white-faced scholar who only engraved his chapter. 2. The first leveling: (leveling) leveling, (leveling) leveling. Flat and light, flat and light. (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping. Flat and light, flat and light. Example: Wang Wei stood in the autumn night in the deep mountains, empty after the rain. The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. Whispering among the bamboos, the washerwoman returned and even got off the boat. Spring spring might as well give it a rest, and the autumn sun can stay on the hills for a long time. The second leveling: leveling, (leveling) leveling. Flat and light, flat and light. (Ping) Ping, (Ping) Ping. Flat and light, flat and light. Example: Answer the question: When the punishments heard that Liu Yuxi's cicada didn't make a sound, they felt that the years had passed. As soon as I entered the desolate ear, I smelled a broken string. The sun is shining, the sky is clear, Wan Li is exposed to dew, and the night is scary. What is autumn, what is autumn, what is autumn, what is autumn, what is spring [Tang] Du Fu: The mountains and rivers change, the mountains and rivers last forever, the vegetation turns green in spring, the petals flow like tears, the lonely bird sings a sad song, and in March, a letter from home is worth a thousand pounds of gold. Twisting with melancholy, scratching my head and thinking, the more I scratch my white hair, I can hardly insert a hairpin. If you win, keep your voice down. It reads like Ran Ran. There are two pronunciations of hairpin: zān and zēn, which are divided into two rhymes of He Qin invasion. Read the rhyme here and read z ē n. All the dots below are Rusheng characters. Poetry classification and introduction 1, poetry classification. Poetry after the Tang Dynasty can be divided into two categories: 1, ancient poetry and 2, modern poetry. Classical poetry is divided into 1, five-character ancient poetry 2 and seven-character ancient poetry. There are five words in each sentence of five-character ancient poetry, and there is no limit to the number of words in the whole poem. Seven-character ancient poetry has seven words in each sentence, and there is no limit to the number of words in the whole poem. In addition, there is a kind of miscellaneous poem, which is composed of five words, seven words or even three words, four words, six words, eight words and nine words, and is generally classified as seven-word ancient poetry. Classical poetry is also called archaism. Modern poetry can be divided into three categories: 1, metrical poetry 2, arranged poetry 3 and quatrains. There are two kinds of regular poems: five-character regular poems and seven-character regular poems. Five-character rhyme has five words and eight sentences each. Seven-character rhyme has seven words in each sentence and eight in * *. Parallelism is a kind of metrical poem with more than ten sentences. Parallelism of five characters is more common, while parallelism of seven characters is less common. Quatrains are divided into five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains. Five-character quatrains have five words for each sentence and four sentences for * *. Seven-character quatrains have seven words for each sentence and four sentences for * *. Modern poetry is a new style of poetry in the Tang Dynasty, which is quite different from ancient poetry in terms of words, rhyme, tone and antithesis. When we say meter, we mainly mean the meter of modern poetry. Metric poetry is a style of poetry, which requires strict writing in accordance with the rules. It originated from "Yongming Style" and flourished in the Tang Dynasty, becoming the soul treasure of China's poetry culture. 2. How do we learn poetry? When learning poetry, you need to learn meter. A player can become a star without knowing the rules. Some people object to metrical rules because they don't understand them at the moment, which is wrong. Starting with the study of legal sentences, we write seven-character decrees to solve the problems and laws of poetic realm in seven-character decrees. In the future, exports will be legal, just as professional players will be formal. Today, let's talk about the leveling that makes many people dizzy. Many ancient poets found through research that our pronunciation can be divided into two categories, one is flat, the other is uneven, and the other is uneven. It is also practiced to find that the words of Pingping are good to listen to. It is found that they sound good according to certain rules. This rule is rice! That's the way it is, such as level, style and rhythm. The ancients have worked out what we use. Everyone must have an idea when learning poetry, that is, poetry is not written, but recited and sung. Poetry should be sung, and rhythmic listening is the best. No need for rhythm, such as singing out of tune. There are several styles of metrical poems: 1, five rhymes: one sentence with five words and eight sentences, and only one rhyme is limited to the end. The five laws take the first sentence as a positive example and rhyme as an example. 2, seven laws: that is, a sentence of seven words and eight sentences, limited to flat rhyme, a rhyme to the end. The rhyme of the first sentence is a positive example and the rhyme of the first sentence is a variation. 3. Exclusion: it can be five-word exclusion or seven-word exclusion. Arrange at least ten sentences. The arranged rhymes must be integers, such as ten rhymes and thirty-six rhymes. 4, into the law quatrains: you can write five-character quatrains, you can also write seven-character quatrains. Four words, Ye Yunping. (Note: quatrains are divided into ancient quatrains and absolute quatrains. There are two kinds of quatrains, one is quatrains with regular sentences and the other is quatrains without regular sentences. The legal sentences of regular poems are classified as regular poems, and the legal sentences of ancient Chinese are classified as ancient Chinese. Most books are called quatrains, regardless of statutes and styles. Ye Ping's rhyming things must be rhythmic, and Ye Xu's rhyming things must be antique. In addition, generally speaking, people like to use ancient style, and people like to use it. Rhyme 1, what is rhyme? The sound of Chinese characters consists of initials and finals, and words with the same finals are homonyms. Such as: mom, hemp, scolding, flowers, sand, tea, and then, Yang, Yang, Yang and so on. Poetry pays attention to the beauty of rhythm and rhyme, and it should be pleasant to listen to. Therefore, all China's poems and songs must rhyme, and all rhymes must rhyme. If it rains and gets dirty, the young couple will quarrel without holding grudges. Flow resentment rhyme, otherwise it will not be smooth. When the ancients didn't have pinyin, they chose representative characters to represent it. Fourth, the ancients had a flat rhyme department, an upper rhyme department, a de-rhyme department and an entering rhyme department. There are many homophones in every rhyme, which is the rhyme book. We can check. Note: Putting homophones in the same place, usually at the end of a sentence, is called rhyme, also called Ye Yun. 2. What is rhyme, also known as Ye Yun? It means to put homophones in the same place, usually at the end of a sentence. China's folk songs, ballads, operas, poems, lyrics, etc. All belong to Ye Yun. Not without rhyming. 3. What is the ancient rhyme, the new rhyme and the ancient four tones are constantly changing. Today, we all use Putonghua to describe the ancient rhyme we are talking about now, and the ancient rhyme refers to the even rhyme. New rhyme refers to the rhyme of Putonghua, but at present many people are opposed to using new rhyme. My personal opinion is that beginners use the new rhyme first and then learn the old rhyme slowly. Here are a few common questions: 1. What is a flat water cloud? People's accents are constantly changing, so are their rhymes, and later they become horizontal rhymes. Horizontal rhyme is the closest old rhyme to us. When we say old rhyme, it means horizontal rhyme. "Ping Yun Shui" has 106 rhymes, of which Pingsheng has 30 rhymes, which are divided into upper and lower halves, called upper and lower Pingsheng. This is just for the convenience of arrangement, and there is no difference in tone between the two. Modern poetry only pays attention to flat tones, so let's just look at the rhymes of these flat tones.