Brief introduction of Nietzsche's life:
Nietzsche was born into a religious family. It is said that his ancestors were priests for seven generations. His father was the teacher of four princesses in Prussia and was protected by the king of Prussia. He asked to be in charge of a rural parish, so he was appointed to Rocken. Four years later, Nietzsche was born in this village on 18441October 15. Nietzsche soon had a younger brother and sister, and he learned slowly. He always takes everything seriously. Father likes to see this quiet little boy and always likes to take him for a walk, but Nietzsche will never forget it. When Nietzsche was four years old, his father was injured in a car accident and died soon. It completely shocked him, and his brother died two years later.
Soon, his family moved to Naumburg. At this time, Nietzsche did not forget his father and hoped to follow his example and become a priest. Therefore, he often recited some passages from the Bible to his partners, and he was named a little priest. Since then, he has been surrounded by women-mother, sister, mother and two aunts. The outside world is breathing in the turmoil of war, but Nietzsche lives in a peaceful and calm atmosphere.
Here, we can see two strange facts:
1. Nietzsche was born in a religious family, but later he became a world-famous anti-Christian.
2. Nietzsche grew up with women and cultivated them, but later he became a staunch anti-feminist.
We may be able to observe these two points in detail in his later life.
At the age of nine, he began to show his musical talent.
At the age of fourteen, he entered Pufuta Middle School, taking classical courses and strict training. This school has trained many great men, such as poet and playwright Novalis, linguist and Shakespeare scholar schlegel, philosopher and patriot Fichte. But Nietzsche couldn't stand this new life. He seldom plays. Than being close to strangers; Moreover, the gentle habits of the female-centered family are not suitable for him to accept Pufuda's discipline, so Nietzsche made amazing progress in intellectual development at this time, and music and poetry became two outlets of his emotional life.
1864, Nietzsche and his friend Paul Deursen entered Bonn University. At that time, he was twenty years old and began to study linguistics and theology. But after the first semester, he stopped studying theology. He wastes time studying. Here, he often listens to his classmates. Some people repeat the formulas of Hegel, Fichte and Schelling over and over again without faith and passion. Those great systems have been read by Nietzsche, but he doesn't want to read any more. He is a poet who wants passion, intuition and mystery, and cannot be satisfied with the clarity and peace of the scientific world. Young materialists also call themselves Democrats, and they advocate Feuerbach's humanitarian philosophy. Nietzsche is not only too much like a poet, but also too much like an aristocrat in cultivation and temperament, so that he is not interested in civilian politics. He never wanted to live a quiet and comfortable life, so he can't be interested in poor life ideals such as happiness and abstinence of ordinary people. Of course, he has his own clear hobbies, and he is convinced of his hobbies. He likes Greek poets, Bach, Beethoven and Byron. 2 1 year-old today, like the past seventeen years, he keeps himself in a well-trained silence, preferring to remain silent rather than express ambiguous opinions. During this period, Nietzsche's belief in Christianity became more and more distant, and he almost abandoned it. On Easter 1865, we can imagine how surprised Nietzsche's mother would be when she heard that her son refused to attend their usual Eucharist! Afterwards, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elizabeth: "If you pray for peace and happiness of mind, believe it!" ! If you want to be a believer in truth, explore it! ! Nietzsche abandoned the shackles of religious issues, resisted authoritarianism more strongly, and became more and more impatient. For a time, he joined the groups of drinking, singing and fighting. Nietzsche soon realized this kind of indulgent life, and felt that the noise in the crowd brought only inner emptiness, so he returned to the loneliness of the past.
1865, his beloved classical linguistics teacher Ritschl went to the University of Leipzig to teach, and Nietzsche followed him there. When he registered at Leipzig University, it happened to be the anniversary. The president is giving a lecture to the students. He tells them. One hundred years ago today, Goethe and their predecessors wrote a book here: "Genius has its own path." The cautious headmaster immediately added that it was dangerous to take these roads, and Goethe was not a good student. Don't follow his example when you study. Nietzsche burned some poems in his exercise book, resumed his study, and trained himself to study linguistics extremely rigorously. But boredom soon returned. He was worried that what happened in Bonn would happen again, and his letters and notes were full of the same complaints. In those years in Leipzig, two major influences formed Nietzsche's personality, namely Schopenhauer's philosophy and Wagner's music.
Schopenhauer and Wagner: the people who had the greatest influence on Nietzsche.
/kloc-one day in the winter of 0/85, Nietzsche accidentally bought Schopenhauer's masterpiece "Death without regret" in a bookstore. He was immediately fascinated by the melancholy wise man who had been dead for six years. He shouted enthusiastically: I found a mirror, in which I saw the world, my life and my personality were described with amazing grandeur. Nietzsche was deeply moved by Schopenhauer's Lonely Man, but he was not infected with pessimism. Schopenhauer felt the pain of the times, but it also weighed on Nietzsche's shoulders. Later, Nietzsche discovered that Schopenhauer's pessimistic thoughts could be cured by Greek art. Nietzsche said to his friend, You want me to prove Schopenhauer's correctness. I can only simply say this to you: I can face life bravely and freely because my feet have found a solid land. Figuratively speaking, the melancholy tides didn't wash me away because they couldn't drown my head.
Just as Nietzsche was intoxicated with Schopenhauer's philosophy, he happened to find another genius who expressed Schopenhauer's thoughts in the form of music. This genius is the famous playwright Wagner. Wagner attracted Nietzsche not only because of his greatness, but also because of Nietzsche's love for music. Nietzsche appreciated Wagner's revolutionary works; They all like Schopenhauer. Tristan not only praised Schopenhauer's endless, blind and struggling will, but also showed a kind of Shen Zui's happiness, which left an inspiration for Nietzsche and aroused the excitement of Dionysus's sacrifice in ancient Greece, which made Nietzsche not only discuss the Greek opera, but also forget Wagner's works in The Birth of Tragedy.
Nietzsche and Wagner met for three years, and their first novel The Birth of Tragedy was published. Here, Nietzsche divides Greek culture into two different stages: before Socrates and after Socrates. The former culture is created by healthy vitality, while the latter culture is the product of inanimate rationality. Nietzsche went on to say that modern culture is like Suradi culture in the past, and only Wagner's music can save this cultural crisis. Nietzsche endowed Wagner's opera with an artistic ideal. How can Wagner hide his inner happiness when he gets such a confidant? No wonder, after the tragedy was born, he shouted to Nietzsche: I have never read such a good book. It's simply wonderful!
1In the summer of 876, Wagner left Shencheng, Tribbe, and went to Bayreuther, where he built a large national opera house and prepared to stage his new work. Wagner wrote to urge Nietzsche to go to the base to watch his rehearsal. Nietzsche rushed there excitedly. In June, Nietzsche finished his paper on Wagner (Wagner went to the base) and praised Wagner for his superhuman ability in expressing his inner feelings and experiences. But in late July, after watching Wagner's The Ring of Nybrann Root, he was disappointed. He thinks the whole play is full of Christian color and depravity! Wagner's opera has become a softener for human beings, and the royal family and the leisurely and wealthy people have become fans of Wagner. Just when Wagner became famous, Nietzsche turned and left. He hid in Klingen's Klingen Bulun for ten days, wandering in the Bohemian forest, and it was here that he got a great inspiration: let him find himself, find himself ~ instead of expecting a broken phantom. A few days later, he returned to the base to worship, but he looked like a stranger. We can't imagine how painful he has been these weeks. Finally, Nietzsche left the worship base and never went back. Nietzsche later wrote: "The biggest thing in my life is recovery, and Wagner is my only illness. In the birth of tragedy, Nietzsche worshipped and sanctified his friend Wagner. Now he no longer wants to be Wagner's follower, but wants to be himself. He is no longer loyal to the friendly Wagner. Wagner of friendship is Wagner based on philosophical spirit. This spirit disappears and friendship is dim!
This year, Nietzsche and his closest friend Lord in college became estranged, which led to the later break. Nietzsche and Lord, both high school students of Professor Li, have different interests. Lord had great ambitions when he was a student. After graduation, he was satisfied with a stable academic career and a small family life, but after all, he was just a mediocre generation. Nietzsche has always maintained the sense of mission he had when he was young. With different souls, there is naturally no * * * same language.
This year, Nietzsche's proposal to a Dutch woman was rejected. Later, although I tried many times to find a spouse for myself, I failed and got pregnant before marriage.
At this time, he met a woman named Lou Salome, who was almost twenty years old and a Russian. Her amazing understanding and sensible enthusiasm are often praised; Mei Sen Berg conceived a love affair for her, and she presented Nietzsche's works to her. Lou Salome read it. Seemed to understand the contents of the book, she introduced this extraordinary man to her in great detail; Later, after getting to know each other better, Nietzsche kindly said to the girl: it is a blessing for him that a woman comes into his life, which will be conducive to his thinking. From then on, his thoughts will be more active and his feelings will be richer. Of course, he had better not marry Miss Lu, because he despises all physical union. Maybe he should associate his name with hers to protect her from malicious slander. Through this spiritual combination, a spiritual son was born: the prophet Zarathustra. But Salome doesn't want to get married. The suspicious Nietzsche began to guess that they must be laughing at themselves, and he was very upset. Nietzsche had neither experience nor necessary decisiveness to solve this extremely painful situation. His sister hates Salome, which fuels his suspicion and resentment. She intervened arrogantly in this matter without Nietzsche's permission. She wrote a letter to the girl and finally decided to break up this time. Miss Salome was furious. Since then, Nietzsche has been looking for his partner, but he has been lonely all his life.
1879, Nietzsche ended his ten-year teaching career and began a lonely wandering life without career, family and friends. At the same time, he also began to grow into a real philosopher, a real philosopher and an original philosopher.
When Nietzsche realized that loneliness was the fate of a true thinker, he was willing to be lonely and loved his own destiny. In voluntary and forced loneliness and homeless vagrancy, Nepal spent the most productive decade of her life with a meager teacher pension. If it weren't for mental disorder, this lonely wandering career would last until the end of his life. However, after 1889, his mind was always in a state of paralysis, and he lived a useless life only under the care of his mother and sister. He died in 1900, and his life actually ended in 1889.