Liu Che, the first name of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, is the ninth son of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. Born on July 7th in the first year of Emperor Jingdi (BC 156), he was a chicken. King Jing ascended the throne three years after his death (14 1) and at the age of 16. He reigned for 54 years and died in the second year (87 BC) at the age of 70. He was one of the emperors with the longest reign and the longest death time in the ancient history of China. Emperor Xiaowu of posthumous title, the Sacrifice Law, said that "martial virtue is based on strength", which means majesty, firmness, wisdom and benevolence.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, like Liu Che, was one of the most brilliant and outstanding monarchs in the feudal dynasty of China, occupying a prominent and important position in the history of China. He initiated a glorious and prosperous era, established the most powerful Han Empire in the East comparable to the Western Roman Empire at that time, and became the center of world civilization. He also opened up a vast territory, laying the foundation for China's territory for the next two thousand years.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has made unprecedented great achievements, which is a rare success in history. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was also "greater than". It can be said that Emperor Wudi created the glory of the Han Dynasty and the decline of the empire.
Ideologically: Confucianism alone.
The Qin and Han Dynasties were the first period of great unification in China, and the rulers from Qin Shihuang to the early Han Dynasty were exploring what guiding ideology to use to rule the huge empire. Qin Shihuang "acted on the advice of Legalists" and died. The rulers in the early Han Dynasty pursued the idea of "governing by doing nothing", which played an important role in restoring and developing production and stabilizing social order. However, this idea and policy of appeasement and compromise hindered the development of society, and history demanded that Confucianism be respected. Why?
The basic social contradictions in China for more than two thousand years are: highly unified politically and extremely dispersed economically. How to coordinate the contradiction between political centralization and economic decentralization, so that it will not be too light and too heavy, has become a major concern of rulers of past dynasties.
Under the rule of "governing by doing nothing", although agricultural production has developed to some extent, due to the loose control of the government on farmers, many farmers left their household registration to avoid taxes, which is called "death". The government has lost control of some farmers, which is of course not conducive to the strengthening of centralization. How to control farmers ideologically and make them obedient citizens of the country?
Within the ruling class, although the king with a different surname who represents the local separatist forces has long been eliminated and the power of the princes with the same surname has been fundamentally weakened, there are still some royal nobles, bureaucrats, big landlords and big businessmen whose power is constantly expanding, which is obviously a potential threat to centralization. What ideas can be used to regulate your own ideas and behaviors, so as to straighten out the relationship between monarch and minister, up and down, and respect and inferiority?
Under the policy of compromise and concession in the Western Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu forces expanded day by day and plundered the border at will, which was directly related to the life and death of the Western Han regime. On what basis can people in the world be loyal to the monarch and patriotic and fight to the death with the invaders?
Liu Che believes that Confucianism is a good weapon to solve the above challenges and problems.
Liu Che, the frustrated emperor of the New Deal, was deeply influenced by Confucianism when he first became a prince. After he ascended the throne at the age of 16, he began to implement the "New Deal": dismissing the Prime Minister Wei Wan and reorganizing the candidates for the "three publics". Dou Taihou's nephew was appointed Prime Minister, Mrs. Wang's half-brother (uncle of Emperor Wu) Tian Fen was appointed as Qiu, Zhao Wan, a Confucian scholar who was proficient in poetry, was appointed as an ancient bachelor, and another Confucian scholar Wang Zang was appointed as a doctor (equivalent to a palace bodyguard) and became a close minister of Emperor Wu.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also proposed the establishment of the "Tang Ming", and prepared to carry out rites and music according to the ancient system. "Tang Ming" is a kind of etiquette system that Confucianism often says. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent people to prepare horses and sit in chariots, welcomed Shen Gong, a famous Confucian, to Chang 'an, and specially guided the preparations for the Mingtang.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was eager to try and was obsessed with respecting Confucianism, but he was opposed by the Empress Dowager Tai who lived in the East Palace. She angrily condemned Emperor Wu and categorically prohibited him from engaging in Confucius-respecting activities again. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave up the plan to build Tang Ming and was forced to put Zhao Wan and Wang Zang in prison for crimes. Both Prime Ministers Dou Ying and Qiu Tianfen were dismissed. Shen Gong was removed from his post due to illness, returned to his hometown and died a few years later. Emperor Wu's new policy of respecting Confucius suffered a temporary setback.
Dong Zhongshu died in May of the 6th year of Jianyuan (BC 135). Emperor Wu was twenty-two years old, and the queen mother loved her son and did not interfere in political affairs, so Emperor Wu had the power to handle state affairs independently. Therefore, he finally bid farewell to the political "imprisonment period", got the opportunity to display his ambition, and adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
Dong Zhongshu and his "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man", Dong Zhongshu, a native of Guang Chuan (now Jingxian County, Hebei Province), were thinkers and scholars in the Han Dynasty, specializing in the Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ram. In May of the first year of Yuanguang (BC 134), Emperor Wu personally summoned Dong Zhongshu. Dong Zhongshu answered Emperor Wu's questions one by one and put forward the famous "Three Strategies for Heaven and Man", which was appreciated by Emperor Wu.
The main feature of Dong Zhongshu's thought is to build a new ideological system based on Confucianism, introducing the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. Dong Zhongshu said: "The three cardinal principles of kingcraft can be sought from heaven", "Heaven remains unchanged, and Tao remains unchanged". Dong Zhongshu's theological thought of "harmony between man and nature" Dong Zhongshu declared that the emperor was ordered by "Heaven" and ruled the world by "God's will", so he was called "Son of Heaven". According to this view, emperors naturally have absolute ruling authority, which is the spiritual weapon that Emperor Wu needs most. Dong Zhongshu established a set of ethics of "three cardinal guides and five permanents" on the basis of the relationship between man and nature and the thought of "Yang respecting Yin being inferior". Dong Zhongshu suggested the unification of academics and thoughts, and directly put forward the political thought of "great unification".
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very excited to hear the "Three Strategies of Heaven and Man", so he ousted a hundred schools and respected Confucianism alone. Dong Zhongshu's theory of "harmony between man and nature" changed the guiding ideology of Han dynasty's rule, from advocating the politics of Huang Lao's inaction to advocating Confucian rites and music articles, which opened a brilliant precedent for the administration of culture in Han dynasty. It sharpened the generation fashion of scholars in Han dynasty who were eager to learn and respect literature. The country chooses scholars with Confucianism, and scholars use Confucianism to motivate their behavior, forming an atmosphere of respecting Confucianism and learning; It can be customized at the age of 20, and it has been rated as an official, which has opened the way for the country to select talents through multiple channels; Established the exclusive position of Confucianism, which, with the help of the government, defeated a hundred schools of thought, gained an overwhelming advantage and became the dominant ideology in China. As a result, Confucianism has become more and more popular, and Confucianism has achieved a major turning point.
After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", he actually only raised the status of Confucianism as the official ruling thought, but did not completely ban various schools. Scholars of various schools outside Confucianism can not only teach and study in public, but also many people enter the court to be officials.
Politically: change the system
In order to strengthen centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made great changes in the political system, thus perfecting the state system.
After Emperor Jing, the son of Tun, put down the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, the problem of vassal states was basically solved, but the influence of vassal states still existed and once again became a semi-independent separatist force. Facts have proved that after Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he was determined to completely solve the problems such as enfeoffment of princes and kings and civil strife.
In the second year of yuanshuo (BC 127), Yan, the father who was good at "trying to figure out the holy will", presented a plan of "pushing kindness" to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: "May Your Majesty ask the princes to push kindness to divide their sons and treat them to the ground. Everyone takes what he needs and gets what he wants. In fact, he divides his country. They are a little weaker if they are not cut. "
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted the advice of the master's father Yan and issued a "push pardon order". The number of Marquis was as high as12123 (127 ~ 123). From Ding Yuan to the last year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (BC 1 16 ~ 87), 44 people were blocked, and even 24 people were blocked at the same time in one day.
In addition, for guilty vassals, they were deprived of their country. It was only five years ago (1 12) that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deprived 106 of his title on the grounds that it was illegal to pay gold (according to the Han system, a grand ancestral temple sacrifice was held every August, and governors had to contribute money to help sacrifice, which was called "paying gold").
This policy of "grace" and "power" basically solved the long-standing problem of vassal power since the early Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, vassal states continued to exist, but as a political force, they lost their original vitality in the early Han Dynasty.
In order to maintain the huge bureaucratic system in the Western Han Dynasty, a large number of officials must be constantly enriched in various institutions, which requires a complete set of official selection methods. In order to recruit talents, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "seeking talents" and realized the system of selecting officials by combining the inspection system with the examination.
Chaju is to inspect first and then be an official. It originated from Gaozu, while the express stipulation began from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the county to give filial piety to honest people once a year. Filial piety, that is, dutiful son and honest official, are two subjects of Chaju, which were later mixed into one subject. The object of tea house is Confucian scholars who are familiar with Confucianism, and its way out is to be a Langguan in the central government. Besides filial piety, the themes of tea gathering include Cai Mao, the founder of virtue, virtuous literature, Ming Jing and Fa Ming.
Another way to choose officials is to recruit officials with doctoral students. In the fifth year of Yuan Shuo (BC 124), the Prime Minister invited doctoral students to study for one year. After the "shooting strategy course test", those who pass can make up for the shortage of literary anecdotes, and those who pass the course test can serve as doctors.
This system of selecting officials ensures the implementation of "respecting Confucianism alone", further expands the scope of selecting officials, and takes an important step to strengthen autocratic and centralized rule.
In the early period of China and Korea, the government strengthened the centralization of absolutism, including two aspects: one is to strengthen the power of the emperor to control courtiers, and the other is to strengthen the power of the court to control various places. And all these must be achieved through feudal bureaucrats. As a successful emperor, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up Chinese and foreign dynasties in the political system, forming two bureaucratic systems: one is the Han Dynasty, which is composed of generals and ministers, also known as the inner dynasty or the inner court, and is the decision-making organ; One is the foreign dynasty headed by the prime minister, which is an administrative organ.
The root of the formation of Korean system at home and abroad lies in the contradiction of the political system itself in the early Han Dynasty, in other words, it is the product of the struggle between monarchical power and relative power. In the early Han dynasty, the Qin system was inherited, and the prime minister assisted the emperor. The power of the Prime Minister is immeasurable. This situation has not changed since Liang Wudi acceded to the throne. Shortly after the Prime Minister Tian Fen ascended the throne, he held the power of appointment and removal of officials, large and small, and he was a man with great power. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very dissatisfied with this. One day, Tian Fen entered the palace to play a role, and Emperor Wu asked him, "Did you dismiss (serve as) an official? I also want to remove the official! " There is only one sentence, which shows that Emperor Wu is dissatisfied with the power of the prime minister and is determined to weaken the power of the prime minister and establish China and North Korea.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty concentrated a group of talented officials around him through the strategy of being talented. They were appointed by Shu Ren to serve the officials, Cao, Guan and Li, thus becoming the ministers serving Emperor Wu. They are called ministers' attendants, who actually participate in the deliberation. The rank of these Chinese and Korean officials is not prominent, but their status is special. Not only did they participate in military affairs consultations, but sometimes they were ordered to argue with ministers or ministers, so that they looked at each other. This practice is to use small officials to manage big things, and these small officials are easy to control, so as to achieve the purpose of respecting the inferior, emphasizing the light, defending China from foreign countries, and respecting the monarch and restraining the ministers.
The pre-government between China and North Korea was a major reform of the imperial political system, which strengthened the imperial power's control over all aspects of the country, greatly accurate the content of central decision-making, improved work efficiency, and facilitated people to understand the intention of Emperor Wu.
In order to strengthen the supervision of Liang Wudi's huge empire, it is necessary to control the huge bureaucratic team and make them loyal to their duties. However, since Emperor Han Jingdi, the official and judicial systems have become increasingly lax, extravagance has become the norm, and the management of officials has deteriorated, resulting in no way to collect taxes, the people's livelihood has been depressed, and the social crisis has intensified.
Establish a secretariat system. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (106), the Han court officially promulgated the secretariat system to inspect the county and state administration and strengthen the control of local administration. The imperial court divided the whole country into 13 states, and each state set up a secretariat to supervise its counties and townships. The secretariat sent by the imperial court, ranking only 600 stones, belongs to low-level officials, but its authority is very heavy. It has the right to supervise the 2000-stone chief executive and Wang Guoxiang, as well as the local strongmen, and even supervise the affairs of the princes. The secretariat is directly led by Yushi Zhong Cheng, who belongs to Yushi and has independent personnel. After finding out the illegal facts of local officials, they can't deal with them without authorization, but they can only report to the suggestion and Zhong Cheng and ask their superiors to deal with them.
Set up a team leader. In the fourth year of Liang Wudi Zhenghe (the first 89 years), Li Si was appointed as a captain to supervise the officials of Guanbai, Sanfu (Jing, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng), Sanhe (Hedong, Hanoi and Henan) and Hongnong in Shi Jing.
Set up the Prime Minister's Office. Is the prime minister's boss? The light was cut? ┫┫┫┫┫┫┫┫┫┫┫? What is entropy? br & gt
Cheng, a captain and a prime minister were the three major supervisory systems established during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. The mutual supervision of these three supervisory systems greatly strengthened the emperor's control over central and local officials, thus ensuring the centralized political system and the emperor's supreme position.
How difficult it is for Confucianism to respect Confucian classics and promote learning in Qin and Han Dynasties. Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucianism, while Emperor Gaozu drowned his crown and humiliated Confucianism. This school has been humiliated in various ways. The revival of Confucianism began in Wenjing period and was completed in Wudi period, during which there were two major measures:
Dr. Zhi Wujing. During the Wenjing period, Confucianism established doctors in three classics: poetry, calligraphy and Spring and Autumn Period. In the 5th year of Jianyuan (before 136), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took advantage of the fact that Dou Taihou was seriously ill and officially appointed Dr. Jason Wu.
Set up imperial college and popularize county school. The government's private education for the vast countries began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and founded imperial academy in the fifth year of Yuan Shuo (124). Imperial academy takes the Five Classics of Confucianism as the course completely, and the teacher employs Dr. Confucianism as the teacher. The affairs of running a school are all presided over by the prime minister. The establishment of imperial academy has opened the official road of "learning excellence for officials" in the history of our country, and adapted to the needs of the country to train officials, so it has developed rapidly. There were 50 disciples of imperial academy during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, reaching 10,000 at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also popularized the experience of Wen Weng, "making all counties and countries in the world set up school officials".
Among the ancient emperors in China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor with great enthusiasm and great achievements in running a school. His series of measures to revitalize education are epoch-making events in the history of education development in China and even in the world, with far-reaching influence.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the title of the year in the history of China. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+03 BC, Liang Wudi ordered that the current year be designated as four years in Ding Yuan. The previous years were renamed as Jianyuan, Yuanguang, Yuanshuo and Yuanshou respectively, and the year number of each year was six years.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was also the first emperor to issue calendars under the unified national system. In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), it was announced to change the ritual system and calendar. The main contents are: using the taichu calendar method, taking the first month as the beginning of the year, and the color is yellow. "The beginning" means the beginning of the universe, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named this calendar after it, symbolizing the "reform and change" in the early years.
The above-mentioned institutional changes are the concrete manifestations of the advocacy of Confucianism by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and through these measures, Confucianism was infiltrated into political, legal, educational and social life to consolidate its rule.
Militarily: counterattack the Huns.
In the achievements of Emperor Wu's life, martial arts accounted for a large proportion. The anti-Xiongnu War he led lasted for 43 years, with 15 campaign and three key battles.
In the second year of Yuanguang (before 133), Emperor Wu adopted Wang Hui's suggestion and sent Li Guang, Gong Sunhe, Wang Hui and five generals, with a rate of 300,000 Han troops, to ambush near Mayi. He also sent three people to the fortress to trade with the Huns and lure the enemy. The Xiongnu army minister Khan found that this was a trick to lure the enemy and immediately led the troops to retreat. The 300,000-strong army of the Han Dynasty returned in vain.
Although Ma Yi's plan failed, Emperor Wu's determination to fight back against the Huns in an all-round way was unshakable. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty comprehensively reformed the military system, set up a unified general system and a "serving the middle" system, replaced Qiu, and promoted Wei Qing, the brother of Zi Fu and a slave, as a general; Reform the military service system and adjust the composition and training methods of arms and services. After some reforms, the quality and combat effectiveness of the Han army have been significantly improved, and the preparations for a large-scale counterattack against the Huns have been completed.
In the second year of Yuan Shuo (BC 127), 20,000 tarkan invaded the border and entered Yanmen from Yuyang, and the capital Chang 'an was directly threatened. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the strategy of introducing from the east to the west, and carried out large-scale circuitous encirclement operations against Xiongnu ministries in "Henan land" (Hetao area). The Huns were unprepared and defeated like a mountain. The Hetao area occupied by Huns for a long time since the end of Qin Dynasty was recovered by Han.
Hetao area is more than 1000 miles away from Chang 'an, and tarquin is only two or three days south. During the early decades of Han dynasty, Huns were often worried, and Henan was under the control of Huns, which was an important reason. In the Han Dynasty, the Hetao area was recovered, and Shuofang and Wuyuan were built as bases to fight against Xiongnu by taking advantage of the natural barrier of Hetao, which not only relieved the threat of Xiongnu to Chang 'an, but also reduced the transshipment of military supplies and rations, creating favorable conditions for the Han Dynasty to finally defeat Xiongnu.
In the sixth year of the Battle of Yuan Shuo in Hexi (123), Emperor Wu sent Wei Qing to pursue the Huns with 65,438+cavalry. In this campaign, 18-year-old young general Huo Qubing stood out. Huo Qubing was born in Pingyang, Hedong County (now Linfen, Shanxi Province) and was a slave. Because of his "good riding and shooting", he was appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and promoted to auxiliary middle school. When Han and Hungary competed for the Yanqi Mountain Horse Farm related to Huo Qubing, Emperor Wu appointed him as the captain of Yao Piao. The captain is a senior officer, second only to the general; "Waist floating" is to describe the appearance of courage and agility. General Wei Qing also selected 800 elite cavalry under the command of Huo Qubing. After the Han army went to the Great Wall, Huo Qubing led 800 cavalry to kill the former, leaving the main force of the Han army to attack for hundreds of miles. This small cavalry unit, after discovering the Xiongnu troops, launched a sudden attack with lightning speed, and the enemy soldiers were caught off guard and completely annihilated. With less than 2,000 soldiers, the Han army killed the great-uncle Ruo Hou of Hun Khan, and captured the great-uncle Luo Jiabi of Khan alive, and returned with great victory. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued an order praising Huo Qubing for being awarded the title of "No.1 Scholar". When Huo Qubing first entered the battlefield, he showed superior military capabilities.
In the spring of the second year of Yuanshou (before 12 1), Huo Qubing was appointed as the general of a title of generals in ancient times (with the same title as the general), led 10,000 cavalry, set out from Longxi, fought for six days, crossed Yanqi Mountain (now southeast of Shandan, Gansu Province), killed more than 8,000 people, captured the evil king of Xiongnu alive, and seized the sacrifice money of the king of soil-repairing. The Han army won the first battle in Hexi.
In the summer of the same year, Huo Qubing and Gongsun Ao rode tens of thousands of people out of the north (now northwest of Qingyang, Gansu Province), traveled more than 2,000 miles, crossed Yanze (now north of Ejina Banner, Inner Mongolia), attacked Qilian Mountain (now northwest of Zhangye County, Gansu Province), defeated the main force of the Xiongnu army, captured more than 100 people including the Xiongnu Tusi King, Khan E Shi and Prince, and annihilated more than 30,000 people. This is an unprecedented victory since the Western Han Dynasty started the war against Xiongnu. After this battle, the Han Dynasty took control of Hexi area, cut off the contact between Xiongnu and Qiang people, and opened up the road from the mainland to the western regions.
After the Han army occupied the land of Hexi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up four counties, namely Wuwei (the county is located in the northeast of Qin County, Gansu Province), Zhangye (the county is located in the northwest of Zhangye County, Gansu Province), Jiuquan (the county is located in Jiuquan County, Gansu Province) and Dunhuang (the county is located in the west of Dunhuang, Gansu Province), which are collectively called the four counties of Hexi. Hexi corridor is also a traffic channel leading to the western regions. After the Xiongnu was cleared, it created important conditions for "communicating with the western regions" and closely linking the countries in the western regions with the mainland.
In the battle of Mobei, the Xiongnu's one-oblique Khan was repeatedly hit hard and had a lingering fear. He temporarily moved the Hanyu Pavilion to Mobei to lure the Han army into depth, and then attacked it when its soldiers were tired. In the spring of the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19 BC), the statue of Sima Qian decided to take the Huns by surprise and launch the third world war against them. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mobilized 65,438+10,000 cavalry, 0/40,000 war horses, 65,438+10,000 infantry and transport soldiers. Under the command of Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, they set out for Mobei in two ways. This is the biggest adventure.
Wei Qing commanded the left and right wings of the Han army to surround the Xiongnu Khan. Yi Zhisub Khan led hundreds of riders to break through and escape. The Han army pursued the victory, killing nearly 20 thousand people.
In this campaign, Li Guang marched into East Road, which was a long way without a guide. He got lost in the desert and missed the meeting time. Li Guang committed suicide because he was late.
According to the battle plan of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Huo Qubing's East Road was the main force, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty equipped him with the strongest troops. All the "brave generals" of the Han army are under his command. Huo Qubing went deep into Mobei for more than two thousand miles, met Xiongnu Zuo Wang Xian, and launched a fierce battle. The left cavalry was almost wiped out. Huo Qubing took the opportunity to pursue him, until the wolf lived in Xushan (now Mongolian * * * and Kent Mountain), until the vast sea (now Lake Baikal in Siberia, Russia), and then returned.
After the Battle of Mobei, Xiongnu suffered heavy casualties and gradually weakened. "After the Huns fled, there was no Wang Ting in the desert south".
Huo Qubing made great contributions in the anti-Hungarian war and won many awards from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named him a food city 1? 70,000 households, plus official tax. Huo Qubing died unfortunately at the age of 24. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was very sad, so he built a magnificent mausoleum for him in imitation of Qilian Mountain to commemorate this young hero who made great achievements.
Economically: adjust policies.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made unprecedented achievements, but it also consumed a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Due to the huge military and political expenditure, coupled with the personal ambition and extravagant life of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it caused a serious financial crisis. How to solve this crisis? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adjusted the economic policy, on the one hand, he adhered to the established national policy of "taking agriculture as the foundation"; On the one hand, strengthen macro-control of the national economy, develop state-owned industry and commerce and prosper the economy.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made strategic adjustments and preparations for the prosperity and development of agriculture mainly from the following aspects.
Vigorously promote advanced production tools and production farming methods and technologies. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, iron farm tools were widely used to promote agricultural production in Niu Geng. In addition, we should also pay attention to the invention and improvement of agricultural production techniques and tools, such as the invention of trial planting instead of field and sowing tools. Substituting farmland is an advanced farming method to protect soil fertility, which makes the positions of ridges and ridges change each other every year to restore soil fertility and is beneficial to crop growth. A new sowing tool is applied to production, which is called plough or plough. Sowing by cart is not only fast, but also uniform, which is very beneficial to crop growth.
Build water conservancy projects and vigorously develop irrigation. Water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture and plays a key role in promoting the development of agricultural production. The water conservancy projects commanded by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty include Caoqu, Liufuqu, Baiqu, Guo Cheng, Luoqu and Longshou.
Set up land officials, resettle and cultivate land, and develop the system of cultivating land. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Zhu Fuyan's suggestion of emigration and set up "post officials" in the border areas. In the second year of yuanshuo (127), two counties, Shuofang and Wuyuan, were established, and 65,438+10,000 immigrants were recruited; In the fourth year of Yuanshou (before 1 19), he moved to the poor in Kanto and lived in Longxi, Beidi, Xihe, Shang Jun and Huiji. Fifty thousand people. Reclaiming farmland system is a great invention of Liang Wudi dynasty, and rulers of past dynasties have followed suit.
Restrain the powerful and establish a stable household. In the early days of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, land annexation became more and more fierce, and the means of usurpation became more and more fierce. Therefore, it is of great significance to restrain the development of big landlords, support the economic status of small farmers and stabilize the registered population of the Han Dynasty, whether to ensure the tax source of the Han Dynasty or to consolidate the ruling order. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the political power of autocratic imperial power to attack and suppress the development of landlord economy without changing the tax system. The main measures are as follows:
Migrate the rich. In the second year of yuanshuo (127), it was ordered to move all the county heroes and those with assets above 3 million to Maoling. On the issue of migrating aristocratic families, Liang Wudi was different from Gaozu: Gaozu wanted to crack down on the old nobles in the six countries politically; On the other hand, Liang Wudi mainly dealt with powerful countries by annexing the royal family, and dealt an economic blow to the upstarts engaged in land annexation, so as to achieve the goal of "bullying the weak with the strong".
Appoint cruel officials and crack down severely. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty selected some brutal officials and severely suppressed those powerful people who ran rampant in the county and committed crimes.
Economic restrictions. This refers to the restrictions on the number of fields occupied by industrial and commercial owners, usurers and other rich people. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19), the famous farmland order was issued, which stipulated: "All Jia people with city registration and their families have no land to register as farmers. Dare to make it, not as good as heaven. "
After applying the above-mentioned series of measures, agriculture in the Han Dynasty reached its peak in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The development of agricultural production has promoted the development of industry and commerce.
Using the "light and heavy" theory, to solve serious financial and economic difficulties, the state must take decisive measures, including necessary institutional reforms. At first, Emperor Wu used a cruel official like Zhang Tang and adopted a cool method. As a result, he violated the laws of monetary economy and changed the monetary system in disorder, which led to serious failure. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (1 19), economic experts who are proficient in "light and heavy skills" began to be employed.
The theory of "weight" reveals that the relationship between commodities and money has the characteristics of "weight" change: the price of the same commodity rises when it is scarce, which is "weight"; When there is a surplus, the price will fall, which is "light". Around the light and heavy changes of market demand fluctuation. Kong Zhi, Dong Guo Xianyang, Sang Hongyang and others manage finance and are known as "three outstanding financial managers". They all come from the families of big business owners. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to these three outstanding financial managers, adopted the theory of "light and heavy", further restored financial power to the central government, and carried out financial reform from four aspects:
Unified currency. In the early Han Dynasty, counties and counties were allowed to mint coins, but private minting was not prohibited, and the monetary system was very chaotic. In order to completely solve the problem of currency system, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered that the right to coin money be returned to the central government in four years (before 1 13), forbidding counties and counties to cast money, and sending copper coins to the central government, designating "the three treasures of Shanglin" to cast money, that is, by the water balance captain, Guan Zhong and Bian Tong, who were subordinate to the palm, which were called "three official money" or "
Yantie official camp. Salt and iron is a major event related to the national economy and people's livelihood, but in the early Han Dynasty, salt and iron were privately operated, and the state only set officials to collect taxes, and the rest were not asked. Especially during the Wendi period, the management of salt and iron was completely laissez-faire.
In the fifth year of Yuanshou (before 1 18), Sang Hongyang and others put forward the monopoly plan of salt and iron official operation. After this plan was put forward, it was opposed by many people. However, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was resolute and ignored the opposition. In the sixth year of yuanshou (1 17), it was ordered to carry out the salt and iron official camp throughout the country.
Even if you lose, you will win. In order to increase the financial revenue of the Han court and crack down on merchants' arbitrary price gouging, in the second year of Ding Yuan (1 15 years ago), former farmer Sang Hongyang tried out the equal loss method. The so-called equal loss is a system that the state organizes the circulation of commodities through taxation, purchase, mobilization of basic means of subsistence such as grain, cloth and silk according to the changes in market demand. It turns out that the laws of China stipulate that every county should pay a certain amount of tribute to the Han court every year, which is called tribute. The transportation of these tributes is more complicated, so an average loss officer is set up in the county, who is responsible for transporting the required tributes to Beijing in time and storing them in Dasinong for official needs; It is very cost-effective to transport unwanted goods to more expensive areas and hand over the money to the big farmers, which not only reduces the burden of transportation tribute in provinces and counties, but also increases the financial income of Hanting and regulates the demand between regions.
Sang Hongyang also called for the establishment of a leveling officer in the capital and the implementation of the "leveling" system. "Leveling" is a system that goes hand in hand with "losing equally". It is a system in which the state controls the sales of various commodities and stabilizes prices. The "leveling" system is a comprehensive commercial monopoly implemented by the state. According to the market price change, the leveling officer uses the materials stored by the average loss officer: when the price of a commodity increases, it is sold; When the price of a commodity falls, it is purchased in large quantities to stabilize and stabilize the price, standardize the market and crack down on the wealthy businessmen in dajia who make huge profits.
The three policies of salt and iron official camp, average loss and leveling were all measures of state intervention in the economy implemented by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. On the one hand, it cracked down on the speculation of businessmen and solved the financial difficulties of the government. On the other hand, it has also brought a lot of inconvenience to the people. Due to poor management in official enterprise, the quality of products is often poor; Even if the losses are balanced, it may not be able to achieve the purpose of preventing the price from "jumping". "We despise traitor officials, and we can't see the accuracy of taking cheap ones to get expensive ones." This is an inevitable drawback of officials and businessmen.
Impose resettlement and encourage resettlement. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (before 1 19), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the collection of famine money. This is an asset tax levied on businessmen. "Jin" refers to copper coins strung together with ropes, 1000 yuan, 1 string, which is called 1 Jin. The promulgation and implementation of "Calculation Order" dealt the greatest blow and restriction to businessmen, greatly increasing their burden. Many businessmen and rich people hide their wealth and don't report it. In the sixth year of Yuanshou (formerly 1 17), Liang Wudi issued his resignation, reporting those who concealed assets, failed to report them, or made false reports. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked Yang Ke to preside over the funeral. Once the defendant verified it, he confiscated his property. In three years (before 1 14), the Han court stepped up the implementation of the denunciation order, stipulating that anyone who could report hidden assets or false assets would be given half of the confiscated assets as a reward, and for a time, "Yang Ke was reprimanded by the world". Most of the above-average businesses were accused. As a result, Han Ting sent officials to various counties and countries to collect money, and confiscated hundreds of millions of property, thousands of handmaiden, and a large number of farmland houses. The obituary order was implemented for four years before and after, and stopped in the first year of Yuanfeng (before 1 10). This is the heaviest blow to businessmen in the economic field since the implementation of the "business restraint" policy to curb industrial and commercial development in the early Han Dynasty.
To a certain extent, the adjustment of the above-mentioned economic policies achieved the effect of restricting and cracking down on dajia, a feudal Lord and a wealthy businessman, restored the economy of the Western Han government on the verge of collapse, provided a material basis for strengthening centralization, ensured the victory of the war against Xiongnu, prevented the annexation of large areas of land to a certain extent, and reunited exiled farmers with the land in some way. Its progressive role should be affirmed. However, the transformation of centralized economic structure in the Western Han Dynasty also accelerated the corruption of bureaucracy, and its negative impact was obvious.
Diplomacy: South Korea communicates with the Western Regions.
The so-called "Western Regions" in Han Dynasty can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. The western regions in a broad sense include today's Xinjiang, Central Asia, South Asia, West Asia and even the Roman Empire. Western Han Roman glassware
In a narrow sense, the Western Region refers to the areas west of Yumenguan (now northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu), Yangguan (now southwest of Dunhuang, Gansu), east of Congling, north of Kunlun Mountain, east and south of Balkhash Lake, including China, Xinjiang and central and eastern Kazakhstan.
At that time, there were two roads leading to the Western Regions: one was the South Road, which went out of Yumenguan and Yangguan through Shanshan, along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, westward to shache, and then through Qingji, which reached Dayuejia and rested in peace (now Iran); One is the North Road, which goes out of Yumenguan and Yangguan, passes through the former Chechen country, goes west to Qin Shu, and then passes through the green ridge, reaching Dawan, Kangju and Amakwei (now Turkmenistan). These two roads were blocked because the Huns controlled the western countries.
Zhang Qian, Tong Xi, Yu Tu (Dunhuang Mural), Tong Xi, Zhang Qian In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty learned from the surrendered Xiongnu population that the Xiongnu had defeated Dayue and Dayue had moved westward from the lush Qilian Mountains. It is said that Xiongnu Khan also put the head of the big moon king.