Collection of Knowledge Points of China Ancient History in Different Periods
business
The political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty: patriarchal clan system (eldest son inheritance system) and enfeoffment system.
Bronzes of Shang and Zhou Dynasties (Musi Wuding, Yang Sifang Zun)
Text: Oracle Bone Inscriptions → Jinwen.
Farming methods in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: slash and burn → Niu Geng began to use iron plows in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Artificial iron smelting in the late Spring and Autumn Period
The birth of Confucianism: the establishment of Confucius (benevolence, propriety, Analects of Confucius); Mencius (benevolent government); xunzi
Taoism: Laozi (Tao is the source of all things, dialectics, inaction); Zhuangzi
Mohism: Mozi (universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian)
Legalist: Han Fei (rule of law, absolute monarchy, centralization)
The foundation and source of feudal culture in China, the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China.
During the Warring States Period, Li Bing of Qin presided over the construction of Dujiangyan.
Compass ("Sina") appeared in the Warring States Period.
The Book of Songs: China's earliest collection of poems: Qu Yuan: Chu Ci
The formation of centralized absolutism in Qin dynasty: emperor system, three public officials and nine ministers system and county system.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty frequently changed prime ministers and established "China-Korea" ("Inner Korea"); Establish a secretariat system
Confucianism became orthodox: In order to strengthen centralization, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"
Iron smelting began to use coal as fuel.
Silk Industry: Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty
The invention of papermaking (invented in the Western Han Dynasty and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
Han Chinese clothing, Hanfu
Wang Xizhi (cursive script, running script), a "book saint" in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Sui dynasty
In the Tang Dynasty, the differentiation of imperial power was strengthened, and a system of three provinces and six departments was established (Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province; Li Hu salutes the soldiers and punishes them)
Yue Kiln Celadon and Xing Kiln White Porcelain in Tang Dynasty
Block printing (Diamond Sutra: the earliest publication date)
In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder was used in the military.
Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan (regular script)
Tang poetry
In order to disperse the power of the prime minister, the Song Dynasty established the "Deputy Prime Minister".
Confucianism developed into Neo-Confucianism, and there were two schools of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties: Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism; Lu Wang Xue Xin
Porcelain: Jingdezhen
"City" has broken through the limitation of time and space.
Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty; Compasses are used for navigation.
Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang (running script)
Song ci
The Yuan Dynasty established provinces (that is, provinces with books).
Song Yuan: Guan Hanqing's Dou E Yuan
In the Ming Dynasty, Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister, and the prime minister system ended. In the Ming Dynasty, Cheng Zu established a cabinet, and absolutism was strengthened.
The development of commodity economy in the middle and late Ming Dynasty → the emergence of capitalism.
The emergence of business gangs (Shanxi merchants, Huizhou merchants, guild halls)
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the "sea ban" was implemented: a decree prohibiting China people from going to sea for trade and restricting foreign businessmen from coming to China for trade.
Democratic thinkers who criticized feudal autocracy: Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi.
Yong Zhengdi established military headquarters in Qing Dynasty: absolutism reached its peak.
Beijing Opera: Four classes went to Beijing, and Han Opera and Hui Opera merged to form Beijing Opera.
Novels of Ming and Qing Dynasties (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Journey to the West, Dream of Red Mansions)
Topic 1: China's ancient political system
The patriarchal clan system (eldest son inheritance system) and enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The system of emperor, county and county in Qin Dynasty, and the system of three officials and nine ministers. The formation of absolutism in centralization
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty frequently changed prime ministers and established "China-Korea" ("Inner Korea"); Establish a secretariat system
In order to divide the relative power and strengthen the imperial power, the Sui and Tang Dynasties established three provinces and six departments (Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province; Li Hu salutes the soldiers and punishes them)
In order to disperse the power of the prime minister, the Northern Song Dynasty set up "participation in politics" (deputy prime minister)
Provincial system in yuan dynasty
The Ming dynasty abolished the prime minister and established a cabinet.
The Ministry of War was established in Qing Dynasty: absolutism reached its peak.
Two contradictions: centralization and decentralization, and the contradiction and struggle between imperial power and relative power. But the monarch and the central government dominate.
Impact: it is conducive to preventing separatism, maintaining national unity and stability, and promoting economic and cultural development; But it is easy to produce tyranny and corruption; Implement ideological and cultural autocracy; The later period seriously hindered the germination of capitalism and social development.
Topic 2: China's ancient economy.
Agricultural farming method: slash and burn → Spring and Autumn and Warring States period iron plow Niu Geng.
Land system: State-owned land system (Jing Tian system in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, land equalization system in Northern Wei and Tang Dynasties), private land system of landlords (mainly landlords) and private land system of yeomen.
The pattern of handicraft industry: government-run, private and family-owned handicraft industry, mainly government-run.
Smelting industry: Shang and Zhou bronzes (Simu Wuding, Siyang Fangzun); Artificial iron smelting in the late Spring and Autumn Period; Iron smelting in Han dynasty began to use coal as fuel.
Silk Industry: Silk Road in the Western Han Dynasty
Porcelain industry: the earliest in China; Celadon of Yue kiln and white porcelain of Xing kiln in Tang Dynasty; Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty
Commercial Qin Dynasty: Goods clearly marked for sale.
Han Dynasty: "City" has a special management organization.
Six Dynasties: the Formation of "Grass Market"
Tang Dynasty: "Night Market" Prosperity
Song dynasty: "city" breaks through the limitation of time and space
Ming and Qing Dynasties: Merchants (Huizhou Merchants, Shanxi Merchants)
The development of commodity economy in the middle and late Ming Dynasty → the emergence of capitalism, but it was bound by feudal system.
The traditional economic policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business in ancient China. Attach importance to protecting agriculture. Degrade the social status of businessmen from the identity, limit the business scope of businessmen, and impose heavy taxes on businessmen, which seriously hindered the germination of capitalism, the development of commodity economy and social progress.
Laws and regulations prohibiting Chinese people from going to sea and restricting foreign trade in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties,
Topic 3: The evolution of the mainstream thought of China's ancient traditional culture.
the Spring and Autumn Period
A hundred schools of thought contend for Confucianism: Confucius (benevolence, righteousness, propriety and righteousness); Mencius (benevolent government); xunzi
Taoism: Laozi (Tao is the source of all things, dialectics, inaction), Zhuangzi (everything is happy)
Mohism: Mozi (universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian)
Legalist: Han Fei (rule of law, absolute monarchy, centralization) → Qin attaches great importance to it.
The foundation and source of feudal culture in China, the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China.
In order to strengthen the centralization of Confucianism in the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" to learn from Confucianism abroad.
Influence: Confucianism began to be orthodox.
Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Zhu): "Preserve natural principles and destroy human desires"
Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature (Lu Jiuyuan, Wang Shouren): "Mind is reason."
The Democratic Thoughts of Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi in Ming and Qing Dynasties: Criticism of feudal autocracy and feudal thoughts (Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties)
Topic 4: Science, technology, literature and art in ancient China.
Four great inventions of scientific and technological achievements: papermaking (invented in the Western Han Dynasty and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
Gunpowder (used in the military in the late Tang Dynasty)
Block Printing (Diamond Sutra in Tang Dynasty) Movable Type Printing (Invented by Bi Sheng in Northern Song Dynasty)
compass
China calligraphy and painting Chinese characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions → bronze inscriptions → seal script → official script → regular script → running script and cursive script.
Calligraphy: Wang Xizhi, a "book saint" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (cursive script, running script); (Tang) Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan (regular script); (Northern Song Dynasty) Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang (running script)
Painting: figure painting, landscape painting, flower and bird painting; After the Northern Song Dynasty, literati painting became the mainstream.
Literary Achievement The Book of Songs: China's earliest poetry collection.
Qu Yuan: Chu Ci, his masterpiece Li Sao.
Han Fu, Tang Poetry, Song Poetry, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing Novels
Peking Opera Peking Opera: During the Qianlong period, four Hui classes went to Beijing, and Han Opera and Hui Opera merged to form Peking Opera.
Topic 5: Political systems in ancient Greece and Rome.
Athens
Solon's democratic reform: laid the foundation of Athenian democracy.
Cleisthenes's Reform: Implementing "Tao Exile Law" to crack down on anti-democratic forces. Mar that establishment of democracy in Athens.
Pericles's reform: the citizens' assembly guarantees democracy, and Athens' democracy is at its peak-"golden age".
Features: people's sovereignty and rule by turns; Minority democracy (male citizens); Direct democracy
Institutions: citizens' assembly (the highest authority), 500-member conference and jury court.
Roman law "Twelve Copper Tables Law": the first written law in Rome and the basic law of Rome.
Citizenship law; Civil law; natural law
Roman law is an ancient law with the richest content, the most perfect system and the widest influence on later generations in the ancient world.