As for the source of the Book of Songs, whether it is the theory of offering poems or the theory of collecting poems, it shows that most of these poems come from the people and belong to the category of folk writing, so the content of the Book of Songs is full of realistic spirit, which lays the foundation for later literature to come from and reflect real life.
The content of The Book of Songs, the sharp and complicated social contradictions it reflects, and its profound and rich ideological and mass nature are shown in the following main aspects. Here we list some corresponding contents in later literature, and through comparative reading, we can see the influence of the contents of the Book of Songs on later literature.
(1), reflecting the exploitation and oppression of workers.
Feng Wei Vatan "No crops, no crops, no crops." No hunting, no hunting,
Hu Zhaner must be worried, right? He is a gentleman, not a vegetarian. "
The following words:
"There are many gains from the pain of the dead farmers."
-Chao Cuo "On Your Millet"
"I'm interested in the north, alas! Gu Lan Emperor Jing Xi, alas! Gong Cui Weixi, alas!
People are hard, alas! Liao Liao is not in the center, alas! "
-Five Songs by Han Liang Hong
"The taxes at home are gone, so I can take this to satisfy my hunger."
-Bai Juyi's "Looking at Wheat Cutting"
"Tyranny is fiercer than a tiger."
-Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher
"What I saw blew this house down and hurt that house, but it just blew the water away."
-Wang Ming Pan "Singing the Horn"
Another example is The Book of Songs in July:
"Filariasis in July, clothes in September. Send it on the first day The next day, Li Lie, without clothes and brown, can die. "
-"Qi Feng, July"
This is a tragic picture of slaves being oppressed and exploited, reflecting the oppression and exploitation of slaves by nobles. Although they work hard all year round, they are still hungry and cold.
The following words:
"Spring ploughing in Xia Yun, autumn harvest in winter storage, firewood cutting, management, corvee?
Between four o'clock, rest on the day of death? So there are creditors and descendants who sell farm houses. "
-Chao Cuo "On Your Millet"
"Home field lost taxes, tidy up the belly,? Lu Li has 300 stones. He is young and has none.
Surplus grain "
-Bai Juyi's "Looking at Wheat Cutting"
People from Hebei written by Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty reflects the tragic situation that people have no food and clothing in good years and are bound to be exiled in poor years.
Of course, the modern writer Ye Shengtao's overcharge also reflects that the working people have been working all the year round, but the harvest is disastrous. Since ancient times, the ruling class has been the object of literary criticism.
(2) Reflect the profound disasters brought by the war to the people.
"Decline, Hu Bugui? Because of Wei Jun, Hu Weiwei was exposed. " -"Peak, Decline"
"The gentleman in service, I don't know its period, die in zai? Chickens live in the hustle and bustle, and at dusk, cattle and sheep come down, and gentlemen are in service. Don't think too much. "
-"Mr. Wang Feng in Service"
"I'm going to the west, as for the wild. At the beginning of February, Ji was away from the cold and summer, and he was worried. If his poison is great, he will miss others and be respectful, and he will not be afraid of this crime. "
-"Xiaoya Xiaoming"
"In, set in the bud. The king is in prison, but he can't be an artist, his parents.
He Wei? Heaven is long! This is a big deal. "
-"Tang Feng Fish Rain"
In later literary works, there are many works that reflect the difficulty of military service. For example, "I joined the army for fifteen years, but I have to return in my eighties." The delicious soup has been cooked for a while, and I don't even know who I am. I went out and looked east, and tears fell on my clothes. "
-Han Yuefu's Tenth Five-Year Conscription
"Bones naked in the wild, thousands of miles without a crow. There are hundreds of people who left the legacy and broke their intestines. " -Cao Cao's Hao Lixing
"Go out, bones cover the plain. If you don't know where to die, you can't accomplish two things. There is no one in a hundred miles, and the vegetation is late. "
-RoyceWong's Seven Wounded Poems
"Nakano is depressed, and there is no one in a thousand miles." -Cao Zhi's Seven Sorrow
Chen Lin, one of the seven sons of Jian 'an, and Du Fu's "Three Officials and Three Farewells in the Car Shop" in the Tang Dynasty all reflected the profound disasters brought by military service to the people.
(3) Reflect love and marriage.
This category occupies a large proportion in the Book of Songs and is divided into three categories: the first category: praising sincere, warm, simple and healthy love.
For example, Nan Zhou Guanju describes a man who longs for a beautiful girl who picks leeks by the river, but gives up the law to pursue it. He played music with the harp and drums to express his love for her and make her happy.
Jingnv Gao Feng tells an interesting story about two lovers meeting in the corner of the city. In the later literature:
In Han Yuefu's poem "Evil", the hero swears: The seas run dry and the rocks crumble, and love remains faithful. Su Shi's Jiangchengzi reflects the warmth of women's life before their death. Xin Qiji's "Jade Case" "There are thousands of people looking for him. When I look back, the man is already in the dim light." Eager to wait, happy to meet each other, enhanced the charm.
The second category: resisting freedom of marriage.
Feng Weimeng reflects the unfortunate experience of a hardworking and kind woman being abandoned, and is the source of later famous works such as Pipa, Song of Eternal Sorrow and Peacock Flying Southeast.
The last wind, the sun and the moon and the valley wind express women's resentment against violent husbands. "Friends of Feng Wang Bell and Drum" wrote about the bitterness of his abandoned wife. Later literature, The West Chamber, Peony Pavilion, Dream of Red Mansions, etc. , also embodies these ideas.
The third category: vagrant women.
In Nan Zhou Lane's Ear, a woman who is fastidious misses her lover who is away from home, imagines his difficulties and expresses her sadness. Zheng Feng Storm describes a woman's longing for her lover and the joy of her lover's return. In later literature, many people chose this theme. For example, Drinking Horses in the Cave of the Great Wall by Han Yuefu, Grass on the banks of the Qingqing River, Philip Burkart, Nineteen Ancient Poems, Travel Again, Humayi is in the north wind, crossing the south branch of the Bird's Nest. The longer they are apart, the wider they become and the thinner they become. Clouds cover the sun, and wanderers ignore it. The four kings are old, and the years are late. " "Nineteen Ancient Poems, There are Strange Trees in the Courtyard", "Would you like to climb the pole and fold its glory?" This thing is not enough to reward, but it feels different. " "Nineteen Ancient Poems, Bright Moon, He Jiaojiao" "The faucet went back to the room, and tears stained the skirt." Wang Changling in the Tang Dynasty said: "Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, and spring comes to put on makeup. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the seal. " Wen Tingyun's "More Leakage" "One leaf, one leaf, one empty step, all the light." "Dream of Jiangnan" "Not all over Qian Fan, and for a long time, heartbroken in Baipingzhou!" What's more, Zhang Kejiu, a native of Yuan Dynasty, wrote: "Yun Song's bun is fragrant and warm, which covers the spring boudoir and hurts the spring sleep. Liu Huafei, Xiao Qiongji, is lucky under the snow and dreams of reunion. Who is it? Don't be beautiful, bah, but it is you. " These poems are sincere, vivid and intriguing. Tracing back to the source is the Book of Songs.
(4) Expose the debauchery and shamelessness in the ruling stage.
"Tai Feng Xin Tai" stabbed the scandal of Wei Jianxin's forced daughter-in-law. Nanshan and Qi Feng exposes the adultery of Qi Xianggong's brother and sister. Later generations' literature based on this, such as Shang Mo Sang by Han Yuefu, reflected the debauchery and shamelessness of people in the upper class at that time. Wang Anshi's Fei Ming Qu praised Wang Zhaojun and satirized the fatuity of the emperor. Shen Feng Gang and Don Huang Ming criticized the meanness of a generation of emperors who mistakenly turned the country into a beauty.
(5) A class of poems in The Book of Songs that reflected agricultural production at that time, such as Wind in July, Futian Datian, Xiaoya, Zhou Song Zaiyi and Truffle Gong, reflected that agricultural production had developed considerably at that time. Xiaoya No.5 Bureau and truffles reflect the development of animal husbandry production. Among them, local flavor and local color are quite strong.
We believe that this may be the origin of rural literature. From ancient times to the present, especially in modern times, "local literature" has achieved unprecedented development. Sun Li's Lotus Lake, Zhao Shuli's Marriage of Black Youth, Liu Qing's Entrepreneurship, and Ling Ling's The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River all present a fresh earthy flavor with extremely strong local color, which reproduces the picture of people's struggle and life.
Second, the influence of the artistic expression of The Book of Songs on later literature.
The works in The Book of Songs describe real life in many ways, show the feelings of people at different stages and classes in real life, and truly reflect real things. What is more commendable is that the Book of Songs reflects the real thing, not straightforward, but adopts a comparative artistic technique. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu said, "The giver must tell the truth about Chen Qi." "Compared with others, compare this thing with another thing." "If you are excited, you should say something else first to arouse the words you are reciting." "Fu" is equivalent to the narrative method in modern literature. Bixing is equivalent to analogy, metaphor and other rhetorical devices.
Most of the chapters written in the Book of Songs with "Fu" are long. For example, Feng Wei talks about Ren Meng, Feng Wei's Altar, and July in Qi Feng are narratives, but they do not exclude delicate descriptions. For example, the dialogue between characters, the inner activities of characters and the course of events are all vividly written, with far-reaching artistic conception and touching feelings.
(1), the theory of depicting characters first.
"Hands like fat, skin like coagulate fat. Collars are like salamanders. Teeth like rhinoceros. A cicada's head flies with a moth eyebrow. Qiaoxiao Qianqian, beautiful eyes look forward to it. " In this chapter, Feng Wei said that people, the first five sentences are about a quiet body image, which is already beautiful. Together with the last two sentences, it is really vivid and brings all the people in the poem to life. Is it "as long as she turns her head and smiles, there will be a hundred spells, and the powder and paint in the sixth house will go up in smoke" and "slim and short figure" . ""The moss is the cage, the cassia twig is the cage hook, the bun is at the head, the bright moon pearl is in the ear, the purple yee is the lower skirt, and the purple yee is the upper skirt. When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he took care of it. When the teenager saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat, the tiller forgot to plow and hoe, and came back to complain and anger, but he sat and watched Luo Fu's "Song of Eternal Sorrow", "Goddess of Luo" and "Mulberry on the Stranger", which set a precedent for later generations to portray characters.
"Three years old is a waste of time for women. Phoenix wakes up at night, and one day. Do whatever you say.
Oh, as for violence. My brother didn't know, but he smiled. Think quietly and bow your head to mourn yourself. "self-protection"
The article describes the event process and inner activities of getting married, working hard at home, getting rich, being abandoned, being laughed at by brothers and feeling infinitely sad. In the Han Dynasty, Peacock Flying Southeast, Nineteen Ancient Poems Picking Weeds Up the Mountain, Yuefu Peacock Flying Southeast and Du Fu's Beauty all came into being.
"I left yesterday, willow, a.. The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. Road delay
Late, thirsty and hungry. My heart is very sad, so I am very sad. "-Xiaoya Cai Wei
This chapter expresses inner activities by writing scenery and seasons, which is a fascinating and fascinating example of depicting typical characters in typical environments. The predecessors praised it as a scroll in the Book of Songs, worthy of the name.
"Jane Jane warehouse, the Millennium is frost, the so-called Iraqis, on the water side. Go back to the past
It's a long road in Xiu Yuan, and I swam back from it, in the middle of the water. "-"Jiaxu "
"Kan Kan cuts sandalwood, the river is dry, the river is clear, and the blue waves are rippling?" —
-"Cutting Tan"
"Victoria in April, the summer heat in June. The ancestors were bandits, and Hu Ning forbeared. " "Autumn, let a hundred flowers blossom. This is confusing and appropriate? " "Winter is fierce and the wind is strong. The people are all right, I am alone. " -"Xiaoya in April"
The artistic conception of Jiaxu is picturesque, and Cutting Tan is beautiful. In April, the heat of summer, the chill of autumn and the cold of winter set off a chaotic era and made people homeless. Writing about scenery is about people and people's rich feelings. Modern Qiong Yao's writing comes from The Book of Songs, and the novel On the Water comes directly from Jia Jian.
Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels, modern and contemporary literary works, lyrical with objects, lyrical with scenery, can be described as numerous. Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" is known as the "ancestor of Qiu Si", and the wanderers who travel all over the world are ready to come out; The characters in the four classical novels are lifelike; Zhu Ziqing's Moonlight on the Lotus Pond is very lyrical. These people look for their "ancestors" and are afraid of the Book of Songs.
(2) Metaphors are widely used in The Book of Songs.
Tell me about the history of Su Shi Su. It is not only vivid, but also very appropriate to use "Shuo" to compare exploiters and oppressors.
"If there is drought, the grass will not collapse, and if there is habitat, I will collapse."
Stop. "-"Daya Zhao "
This is to compare the turmoil in the country to the drought and withered floating grass in the water. Reminiscent of Wen Tianxiang's sentence, "Mountains and rivers are broken and the wind blows, life experiences ups and downs, and the rain is leveled".
"Such as the constant of the month, such as the rising of the day, such as the life of Nanshan, it will not collapse. Rusong
Bai Zhimao, without exception, is still distinguished. "-"Xiaoya Tianbao "
Compared with the stability of the country, the mountains, the sun, the moon and the pine and cypress remind us of Tao Zhu's singing style.
"In the valley, it is dry. The woman left, sighed and met someone.
It's hard. "-"Bell and Drum Tour "
"Tao Yao Yao, burning its China. My son should be at home when he returns to China. " -"Yao Tao"
"You in the Valley" used motherwort in the valley, which was flooded when the mountain torrents came; The water receded, the wind blew and the sun dried up. Regardless of the wind and rain, the dry temperature can't help it. Metaphor is that women are abandoned, homeless and displaced everywhere. "Yao Tao" is a peach tree in spring. The red flowers are in full bloom, which means that the newly-married girl shines brilliantly.
Compared with Xing, the Shaanxi folk song Pilgrim's Progress is the best, and Gui Wang Yu is a household name, which is not unrelated.
(3) The language of The Book of Songs is extremely concise, mainly in four words, which has a great influence on Wei, Jin, Six Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties and modern new-style poetry. The book of songs has a variety of rhyme formats, which is beneficial to both ancient poetry and modern new poetry.
In a word, (4) The great achievements of The Book of Songs established its position in the history of literature, and inspired writers who promoted the progress of later generations to consciously draw nutrition from The Book of Songs and enrich their own creation.