Quenya has quite a lot of case and number changes. Among them, Quenya nouns have ten cases. The case changes of Quenya nouns are as follows:
Four Main cases:
1. Nominative case
It is used to indicate the subject of the verb and is also used as the object in spoken language. In addition, the nominative case is also used in some prepositions.
2. Genitive case
Mainly used to indicate the source of things (such as "Hiiraike Shrine's Hiiragi mirror, Hiiragi's twin sisters"), Relative relationships (such as "Izumi Sojiro's" in "Izumi Sojiro's daughter Izumi this side"), etc. are used close to the Chinese "of". In Quenya, its usage sometimes overlaps with the ablative case, and is also used to indicate adjective nouns or possessives (indicating the owner of a thing).
3. Accusative case
The object used to indicate the verb has been mixed with the nominative case in spoken language, so it is no longer used, but "classical" or "written" Quenya , there is still a difference between the object case and the nominative case.
4. Tool case
Used to indicate nouns used as means of action or tools.
Three adverbial cases:
1. Directional case
A noun used to indicate the direction of an action.
2. Dative case (dative case is the shortened form of dative case)
Used to indicate the indirect object of the verb.
3. Location case (there is also a shortened form used to express things of uncertain importance)
Used to indicate the noun indicating the place where it is located.
4. Ablative
Used to indicate the noun that the action is far away from.
In addition, an adjective character is added. The adjective character is used to indicate the nature of a thing, and is also used to indicate the owner and ownership of a thing. The usage of this case sometimes overlaps with the genitive case
In addition, Quenya nouns have four numbers: singular, even, common plural, and partial plural (used to indicate parts of a whole quantity).
Late Quenya noun changes can be found in a letter written to Dick Plotz in 1967. In this letter (only) the words cirya (meaning "ship") and lass? (meaning "leaf") are used to describe the singular, the first plural, and the second plural (the first plural is the general plural). The four numbers (the second mode (partial mode)) and even numbers, as well as the eight numbers including nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, ablative, locative, diative and adjective character were chosen by Tolkien. Classified into three groups abc (Tolkien only named category a. In addition, category c is only found in the singular and part of the plural. Category a is equivalent to the main case, category b is equivalent to the adverbial character, and category c is equivalent to the adjective. character) (the locative and directional cases each have unnamed diminutives, the diminutive dative case corresponds to the dative case in Late Quenya, and the short locative case is not found in even numbers in this letter), done as an example of Quenya noun change.
The following table illustrates the changes in spoken Quenya (the following table is based on Tolkien's account of the differences between Classical Quenya and Colloquial Quenya, written to Dick Plotz changes in Classical Quenya in the letter, compiled and revised for the purpose of showing changes in spoken Quenya), and in addition to the two examples given in the letter, meldo is also added below (meaning "friend"), elen (meaning "star"), and nat (meaning "thing") are examples of the variations of various types of stems corresponding to various numbers and cases.
Singular ciryalass?meldoelennat nominative ciryalass?meldoelennat accusative ciryalass?meldoelennat genitive ciryolass?omeldoelenonato instrumental case ciryanenlassenenmeldonenelennennatenen directional case ciryannalassennameldonnaelenennanatenna dative case ciryanlassenmeldonelenennaten azimuthal case ciryass?lassess?meldoss?eleness?nanesss?short orientation case ciryaslassesmeldoselenesnates ablative case ciryallolassellomeldolloelenelonatello adjective character ciryavalassevameldovaelenwanateva plural number ciryalass?meldoelennat nominative ciryarlassimeldoreleninati accusative ciryarlassimeldoreleninati genitive ciryaronlassionmeldoronelenionnation instrumental case ciryainenlassínenmeldoineneleninennatinen directional case ciryannanarlassennarmeldonnareleninnarnatinnar dative case ciryainlassinmeldoineleninnatin azimuthal case ciryassenlassessenmeldossenele nissennatissen short locative ciryaislassismeldoiselenisnatis ablative ciryallonlassellonmeldollonelenillonnatillon partial plural ciryalass?meldoelennat nominative ciryalilasselimeldolielenelinateli accusative ciryalilasselimeldolielenelinateli genitive ciryalionlasselionmeldolionelenelionnatelion instrumental caseciryalínenlasselínenmeldolínenelen elínennatelínento case ciryalinna(r)lasselinna(r)meldolinna(r)elenelinna(r)natelinna(r) dative case ciryalinlasselinmeldolinelenelinnatelin locative case ciryalisse(n)lasselisse(n)meldolisse(n)elenelisse(n)natelisse(n) short locative case ciryalislasselismeldoliselenelisnatelis Ablative case ciryalillo (n) lasselillo (n) meldolilloelenelillonatellillo adjective character ciryalívalasselívameldolívaelenelívanatelíva even numberciryalass?meldoelennat nominative caseciryatlassetmelduelenetnatu accusative caseciryatlassetmelduelenetnatu genitive caseciryatolassetomelduoelenetonatuoinstrumental caseciryantenlassentenmeldunenelenentennatunen dative case ciryantalassentameldunnaelenentanatunna and case ciryantlassentmeldunelenentnatun directional case ciryats?lassets?melduss?elenets?natuss?ablative case ciryaltolasseltomeldulloeleneltonatullo There are two main verbs in Quenya, which are basic (or main) verbs and derived verbs. Basic verbs are those verbs constructed from basic verb roots, such as tir? (or tiri-, which means "looking at the ground"). The word "look" comes from the root tir-; as for derived verbs (or A-stem verbs), their stems basically end in -a.
Derived verbs are generally derived by adding a specific verb affix to the end of the root, or by escaping from a non-verb root. For example, tulta- (meaning "to call") is derived from *TUL (meaning "to come") plus the suffix An example of the word kúna- (meaning "curved") is an example of an escape from an adjective whose original meaning is ("curved").
These changes were not written by Tolkien, but are possible forms reconstructed using information derived and extrapolated from sources at many different times. The forms presented below should be considered relative to the researcher. Less controversial forms: derived verbs basic verb singular plural singular plural indefinite tultatir? aorist/present simple tultatultartir? (tiri-)tirir present continuous tult?atult?artíratírar past tense tultan?tultanertirn?tirner future form tultuvatultuvartiruvatiruvar perfect form utulti?utulti?ritíri?itíri?r The pronoun is treated both as an independent word (independent form) and as a dependent component attached to the verb (subject form), although there is evidence that the independent form is the more emphatic form. , while the clitic form is a general form, but the rules for using pronouns are still not completely clear.
Pseudo-compound verbs with clitics and analytic verbs (whose pronouns are independent forms) exist in Quenya at the same time. Among the verb systems of Irish Gaelic, this system is very similar to the verb system of Irish Gaelic.
For the so-called intransitive verbs, the pronoun can be in the dependent form or the independent form, and the pronoun can be in the dependent form. There are two different forms, the long subjunctive form and the short subjunctive form. The short form of the third person pronoun is used as the direct object rather than the subject.
As in other Quenya languages. As with grammatical rules, Tolkien continued to revise Quenya's pronoun system throughout his life. The system in the table below is mainly based on two sources from 1968-69, and does not represent the pronoun system before that. . The attested forms are omitted, but *-inca and *-inqua seem to be the possessive forms of -ince and -inque respectively. Form long subjunctive form independent form possessive form first person singular -nye-. nní-(i)nya second person intimate singular -tye--tyé-tya second person formal singular -lye-llyé-lya third person singular -se(rarely)-ssé/sá(neuter)-rya impersonal singular -------ya first person mode, including the second person -lve/-lwe--vé( Hello. (Aiya is not directly equivalent to Hi or hello, but a "tribute" like Hail.) 2. Almare. Hello. (Literal translation is equivalent to: greeting you.) 3.Essenya ná__. (There is a passage in Quenya written on the Holy Sword of Narsil: Narsil essenya, which means: The sun and moon are my names.) ⒋ Alasse' aure.< /p> Hello. /Good day. (Originally it should be Alassea, because the two a vowels collide, so for smooth pronunciation, only one a sound is pronounced) ⒌ Alasse' arin. Good morning. ⒍Alassea undóme. / Alassea lóme. Good afternoon. / Good night. ⒎ Anda lúme lá cene. Long time no see. 8． Valin ná omentiemme. Nice to meet you. (Valin means 'happy'. ná is equivalent to is, and the plural nar can be equivalent to the usage of are. The literal translation is: we are happy to meet each other.) 9. Ná mára scene tyen. It's nice to see you. (Quenya was used as the official language in the Third Age. If it is used as a greeting, it is also used in quite formal situations. Generally speaking, only Noldor, who loves elegant diction, will use Quenya more often. Ya, especially in the Third Age. ) 10. It’s like meeting a king. At this time, you should say to others: Aiya, ___ (the Quenya name of that king/person)! Meaning: Salute___! You can add the person’s title if necessary. For example: Aiya Feanáro, aranion analta! Salute to Feanano, the supreme king! (But remember to use the name accordingly. If you see Xiaofen, say: Aiya Nolofinwe, aranion analta!) When it is less formal, you can consider using Elen síla lúmenn'omentielvo! But something to note is that omentielvo can only be said when two people meet. If there are three or more people, it should be said: Elen síla lúmenna yomenielmo! The meaning remains the same, but the syntax needs to change. The two sentences mentioned above: Anar caluva tielyanna. and Isil caluva tielyanna. You don’t have to say the whole sentence when responding. This will appear cumbersome. If the other party said this sentence first , you respond: Ar tielyanna. (Also (illuminate) your path.) That’s it. Other words for goodbye include: Nai autuvalye séresse! (May you leave in peace. Good trip!) or Mára mesta. (Good journey) ⒑Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo.
I believe everyone is very familiar with this sentence, but I think if you are meeting people during the day, this sentence is not very applicable. You can change it to:
Anar síla lúmenn' omentielvo.
The sun shines when we meet.
Namárie./ Tenna enomentielva. / Namárie tenna enomentielva.
Farewell. /See you next time. (The literal translation of the original text is: Until we meet again) / Goodbye. (The literal translation of the original text is: Farewell until we meet again next time)
If you like, you can also use different blessings to replace this somewhat sad phrase when leaving, for example:
⒓Anar caluva tielyanna.
(May) the sun shine on your path.
(The literal translation of the original text is: The sun will shine on your road.)
Of course, at night, please say:
⒔ Isil caluva tielyanna.
(May) the moon shine in your way.
Like this, there is also Elrond’s quite famous and familiar words: ⒕ Nai tiruvantel ar varyuvantel i Valar tielyanna nu vilya.
May the gods protect you on your journey in the world. .
⒖ Annali len.
Wish you good luck.
(Literal translation: (May) give you the gift of abundance)
⒗ Hantale.
Thank you.
(When you want to say 'Thank you for your help', say: Hantale an restalya.)
At this time, the other party may say: ⒘ Máratulda. / Maratulde. / Nalye maratulde. You're welcome. . /You're welcome. / You're welcome.
Some other short sentences:
⒙ Tancave. / Lau. is (of course). / No.
⒚ Ava. No, no. (The English equivalent of the accented pronunciation of the word Don’t is an exception, and can be accented on the first or second a.
)
⒛Valin nosta!
Happy birthday!