1. Politics
The political systems of the political regimes of ancient China (slave society, feudal society) can be divided into central political systems, local political systems and official selection and appointment political systems.
The three main threads of China’s political history are: the continuous strengthening of centralized power, the continuous strengthening of monarchy, and the continuous fairness and standardization of talent selection.
1. Centralization of power
Western Zhou Dynasty (feudal system, patriarchal system)-Qin (prefecture and county system)-Western Han Dynasty (extension of favor orders, governor system)-Tang ( Jiedushi) - Song (recruiting elite soldiers, civil service system) - Yuan (provincial system) - followed in Ming and Qing Dynasties (Ming Dynasty abolished Xing Zhongshu Province, established three divisions, and factory and guard system).
2. Monarchy and autocratic context
Western Zhou Dynasty (feudal system) - Qin (three-gong and nine ministers system) - Western Han Dynasty (Chinese and foreign dynasty system) - Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (three-chief system) ) - Sui and Tang Dynasties (three provinces and six ministries system) - Song Dynasty (two prefectures and three divisions system) - Yuan (Zhongshu provincial system) - Ming Dynasty (abolition of the prime minister, establishment of cabinet, and director of rituals) - Qing Dynasty (South Study Room, military aircraft) place).
3. The system of selecting and appointing officials
Western Zhou Dynasty (Shiqing Shilu System) - Qin (Military Merit System) - Han (Chazhi System, Zongpi System) ——Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (nine-grade Zhongzheng system)-Sui (imperial examination system)-used from Tang to Qing Dynasty (Wu Zetian of Tang Dynasty pioneered martial arts examinations and palace examinations, and Ming Dynasty began to limit the examination content to the Four Books and Five Classics, and adopted the eight-legged examination system to select scholars).
2. Economy
1. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
In the distant Paleolithic and Mesolithic Ages, although the development of productivity was extremely slow, But after all, it is also developing slowly.
The late Paleolithic sites are more widely distributed than the early sites, while the Mesolithic sites are more densely distributed than the Paleolithic. This is a concrete reflection of the development of productivity. ?
By the Neolithic Age, not only had the settlement camps of clan tribes spread throughout mainland China and were found in mountains, grasslands, and islands, but the number of ancient ruins in many places in the Yellow River Basin had become as large as modern ones. The villages are much the same.
There are more and more types of production tools, and the quantity is very rich, and the production technology of each tool is also constantly improving.
In the early Neolithic Age, advanced agricultural production tools such as polished stone axes, stone knives, and stone shovels developed into more advanced stone plows, shouldered stone hoes, segmented stone adzes, etc. in the later period. Improvements undoubtedly played a huge role in promoting the development of agricultural economy.
With the passage of time, more land has been developed, and more wild animals have been domesticated into livestock and poultry; minerals, forests, rivers and lakes have become important resources for people to obtain wealth and develop the economy. .
2. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
China's productivity developed rapidly during the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. To judge the development level of social productivity, "it does not depend on what is produced, but how to produce and what means of labor are used for production." ". The means of labor mentioned here mainly refer to production tools.
Due to the emergence of advanced pig iron smelting and casting technology in China during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, cast iron appeared, which promoted the widespread use of ironware, and thus promoted the development of agriculture and handicrafts, making China's economic development At the forefront of the world.
3. Culture
1. Xia, Shang and Zhou
The prototype of ancient Chinese culture began to take shape, which can be called the "source" of ancient Chinese culture. A cultural hotspot with a relatively close origin is the "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasty Project".
Looking only at the "source" of Chinese culture, we focus on three aspects: - It is the carrier for recording and disseminating culture that has become mature - characters (oracle bone inscriptions) have formed a unique language of Chinese culture Word.
The second is the creation of a method of recording time - the method of recording time with the stems and branches. The Chinese nation has a clear concept of time for historical changes.
2. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
The comprehensive foundation period of ancient Chinese culture. It formed the "soul" of ancient Chinese culture and produced two outstanding "image spokespersons" of ancient Chinese culture: Laozi and Confucius.
Reflects several different types of thinking of the ancients on nature, life and society, mainly Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism and Legalism, which have had an important impact on the development of the Chinese nation and formed the The main content of the Chinese national spirit.
3. The Qin and Han Dynasties
was a period of richness and development of ancient Chinese culture. The great development of science and technology culture, the combination of unity and diversity, has established China's leading position in the world in science and technology culture.
The culture of this period embodies the enterprising spirit and magnanimity of the unified dynasty at the beginning of the establishment of the unified multi-ethnic centralized state.
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia_Ming Dynasty (Chinese historical dynasty)
Reference source: Baidu Encyclopedia_Ancient Chinese Culture