The fluctuation of pitch refers to the fluctuation of pitch. The same sentence can often express many different places because of different intonations. For example:
This is one million yuan. (It's common to pay first and deliver first)
This is1000000! (emphasis is large)
Is this1100,000? (Doubt, don't believe there are so many)
Is this1100,000? (surprised, how so many)
Is this1100,000? I'm glad to have so much money at once.
This is1000000! Regret, you should not miss the opportunity to make a lot of money.
From the above example, we can know that the change of intonation is more obvious at the end of the sentence. Intonation can be divided into rising tone, falling tone, straight tone and tortuous tone.
Falling tone: the language potential of a sentence goes from high to low. Generally, it means affirmation, exclamation, entreaty, self-confidence, wish, etc. , such as:
Our ideal will certainly come true.
Please help me solve this problem.
Tone is high: the language potential of sentences goes from low to high. Generally express surprise, doubt, backchat, call, call, etc. For example:
How has your academic performance dropped recently?
The proletariat of the world unite!
Tortuous tone: the language potential of a sentence changes in twists and turns, with ups and downs. Generally used to express exaggeration, irony and humor, such as:
She is so cute that even the way she cries makes people like it.
What a friend of the Kuomintang! What are these things!
Tone is straight: the whole sentence stretches smoothly, with no obvious height change. Generally used to state, explain, explain, express seriousness, solemnity, calmness, indifference, mourning, etc. For example:
We are facing a severe test.
Reading aloud is different from reading aloud. Reading aloud is to read the article in a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. Reciting is to recite the article with a clear and loud voice and convey the ideological content of the article. It can be seen that the requirement of reciting is higher than that of reading aloud. It requires not looking at the work, facing the audience, using body language such as eyes and gestures to help express the feelings of the work and arouse the audience's singing.
Recitation is often accompanied by gestures, gestures and other body language, but the gestures or actions when reciting should not be too much or too much. After all, reciting is different from acting. When performing, the actors do not communicate directly with the audience. He plays the role in the play and imitates their language. Action, he only communicates with the actors on the same stage, and the reciter communicates directly with the audience. He mainly conveys his feelings to the audience through his voice, which causes the audience to sing. Gestures and gestures are only auxiliary tools to help express their feelings, and should not be too much or too far away.
Sentence mood
In Chinese, words have tones and sentences have tones. We usually call words tone, which refers to the rise and fall of syllables. The tone of a sentence is called intonation, which refers to the rise and fall of a sentence. The mood of the sentence runs through the whole sentence, but it is especially obvious in the syllables of the sentence. According to the different mood and emotional attitude, the tone of a sentence can be divided into four types: rising tone, falling tone, flat tone and tonal tone. 1. The rising tone (↑) is low before and then high, and the language potential rises. Generally used to express doubts, rhetorical questions, surprises, etc. 2. Descending tone (↓), high before and low after, and the language potential gradually declines. It is generally used in declarative sentences, exclamatory sentences and imperative sentences to express feelings such as affirmation, determination, praise and blessing. 3. level tone. This tone is smooth and soothing, with no obvious ups and downs. It can be used for statements and explanations without special feelings, and can also express feelings such as solemnity, sadness and indifference. 4. tune. The intonation of the whole sentence is curved, either rising first and then falling, or falling first and then rising, which often drags out the words that need to be highlighted in the sentence. This kind of sentence tone is often used to express irony, disgust, irony, suggestion and so on.
speed of speech
Speech speed refers to the length of each syllable and the tightness of the connection between syllables when speaking or reciting. The speed of speaking is determined by the speaker's feelings, and the speed of reading is related to the ideological content of the article. Generally speaking, warm, cheerful, excited and nervous content is faster; The content of calmness, solemnity, sadness, heaviness and reminiscence is slow. General narrative, explanation and discussion use medium speed. Take the dialogue between Zhou Puyuan and Lu Shiping in Thunderstorm as an example. When reading aloud, the speed of speech should be adjusted according to the changes of the characters' emotions, rather than reading aloud at the same speed. Zhou: Miss Mei's family is very virtuous and well-behaved. One night, I suddenly drowned. Later, later.-You know what? (slow. In order to get some information, Zhou Puyuan pretended to chat with Lu Shiping. ) Lu: This Mei girl did jump into the river one night, but not one. She is holding a three-day-old boy. It is said that she behaved badly before her death. (Slow down, Shi Ping recalls the sad past and tries to restrain her resentment so as not to be recognized by Zhou Puyuan. ) Lu: I saw her the other day! (medium speed) Zhou: What? She's here? Here? (quick. Lu: Would you like to meet her, sir? (slow. Zhou: no, no, no (hurry. Show Zhou Puyuan's panic and guilt. ) Zhou: I don't think it is necessary to mention the past. (medium speed) Lu: I want to mention it, I want to mention it, I have been bored for 30 years! (Quick, showing Lu Shiping's extreme grief and indignation, almost shouting)
In addition to these basic means of expression, in order to make recitation vivid, we have to use some special means of expression, such as laughing, vibrato, crying and rereading. I won't introduce it in detail here.
Some techniques of bel canto
1: the basic standard of "sound beauty".
(1): Correct and clear.
By correct, I mean correct pronunciation. On the one hand, I can't read other words. On the other hand, we can't turn dialects into poor Mandarin by literal translation.
The so-called clarity means that the words should be clear and unambiguous, without ambiguity, the pause should be correct, the rhythm should be appropriate, and the preface should not be wrong or stuttered, so that people can't understand or understand it.
(2): bright and crisp.
This not only means that you should come straight to the point, speak your mind, speak your mind, don't be mysterious, speak quickly and say whatever you have, but also means that your voice should be crisp, smooth, cheerful and not slow.
(3): Round and bright.
If "correctness and clarity" is scientific voice expression, then "roundness and clarity" is artistic voice expression. Its connotation mainly refers to: the sound is smooth and natural, mellow and rich, pleasing to the ear and full of charm.
(4): rich and fresh
This means that the sound should be colorful, fresh and lively.
(5): tough and clear.
Toughness means that the voice is solid, lasting and powerful, with a beginning and an end. Qingyue refers to the melodious voice, which leaves a deep and even indelible impression on people.
Second, the main skills to achieve "sound beauty".
1: skills to standardize pronunciation.
(1): Correct syllable reading.
Simply put, it is pronounced according to the standards and norms of Putonghua. Correct pronunciation, accurate tone and clear pronunciation. That is to say, according to the composition requirements of Putonghua, correctly read the initials, finals and tones of Chinese syllables, and then correctly read each commonly used syllable. There are only about 4,000 commonly used Chinese characters, which cannot be separated from 465,438+08 syllables and four tones: flat tone, upper tone, upper tone and falling tone. Therefore, as long as you work hard, it is not difficult to read the initials, finals and tones correctly and all syllables correctly.
Of course, reading every syllable correctly does not mean that the pronunciation is standardized. It is necessary to further train the pronunciation of natural cause and effect, and do appropriate treatment in pronunciation so that the audience can really hear every word you say.
(2): Syllable coordination.
Proper use of some two-syllable words and four-syllable words to speak or practice reciting can enhance the loudness and rhythm of the language, make it catchy to read and sound more beautiful.
Using onomatopoeia and onomatopoeia is also a way to coordinate syllables. It can not only make the expressed things vivid, but also make the sound harmonious, achieve the organic unity of sound and shape, and increase the expressive force of language.
(3) Harmonious phonology.
The "tone" here refers to the tone. Chinese characters have one syllable, and each word has four tones, that is, flat tones. If the tones are well coordinated, there will be ups and downs and rapid ups and downs.
The staggered use of the words "flat voice" and "wrong voice" can form a sound with corresponding pitch, high and low collocation, alternating speed and up and down, thus making the sound both rigid and soft, harmonious and harmonious.
2. Choose tone skills.
Tone, that is, the tone of speech. It exists not only in written language, but also in spoken language. In written language, the author's tone can only be felt, understood and experienced through the reader's vision. The mood in oral expression integrates sentence pattern, intonation, rationality, word choice, timbre, position, attitude, personality and emotion. The reciter directly appeals to the audience's hearing, and the audience can immediately feel it intuitively. Therefore, it has a direct and immediate impact on the effect of oral expression. Changes in timbre, such as strength, length, clarity, thickness, width and strength, can produce different sound effects.
The connotation of mood is various, with colorful and complicated forms. The diversity of mood is the embodiment of the richness of language itself and the strong language ability. Different tones have different expressions. Among them, the state of sound and breath is particularly important. The reciter must express his thoughts and feelings through sound and breath, and different sounds and breath express different thoughts and feelings. Please refer to the following table:
Breath, sound, feelings for the audience, expressed thoughts and feelings.
A soft feeling of anger, a feeling of love
A feeling of shortness of breath, squeezing hard and hating my guts.
A feeling of stagnation and stagnation, a feeling of sadness
A feeling of jumping up in anger with a high voice, a feeling of joy
A feeling of tightness, a feeling of fear.
Shortness of breath promotes urgency and urgency.
A feeling of anger and strong vibration, a feeling of anger
There is hesitation and doubt in the soft voice.
A feeling of calm, a feeling of stability.
A feeling of irritability and anxiety, a feeling of anxiety
It can be said that with proper timbre, the reciter can have vivid color, emotional color, rational color, stylistic color and style color; Using the right tone can enhance the charm of language and express one's thoughts and feelings appropriately. Only in this way can the audience's emotions be aroused and the audience's voices be aroused.
Tone is varied, no matter from the relationship between the subject and the audience, or from the subject's mood, thoughts and feelings, or from the content and way of expression, it is rich and colorful, which varies from person to person, from thing to thing, from time to place, from time to time and from place to place. In the process of reciting, the tone will never be single, and often several tones appear alternately or go hand in hand. However, in the process of comprehensive use of various tones, there are still primary and secondary points, and the main emotional color causes the main tone color, that is, the tone of the tone. So, whether you recite poems, essays, novels, etc. You have to master this tone. At the same time, we should choose to adjust our tone according to the changes of content, feelings and objects, so as to be appropriate.
In short, the tone should obey the content, the tone should look at the object, and the tone should be simple and natural, close to life.
3. Speed control skills.
Recitation speed refers to the pronunciation time of syllables in recitation, or the number of words pronounced per unit time. Generally divided into fast, medium and slow three.
Soon. Generally, it is used to express nervousness, excitement, surprise, fear, anger, eagerness, pleasure and excitement, or to describe rapidly changing things and thrilling scenes, or to depict the alert, lively and enthusiastic character of characters.
Medium speed. Generally, it is used in occasions where there is little fluctuation in feelings and cleanliness, or for ordinary narration, discussion, explanation, statement and so on.
Slow down. It is often used to express heavy, sad, melancholy and mourning feelings, or to describe solemn scenes.
Whether fast, medium or slow, there is a "degree". For example, if you are quick, you can't make people's ears bigger like setting off firecrackers; Slow, not slow, half a day, it sounds very tired and impatient. In short, the speed should be appropriate.
The speed of reciting mainly depends on the following factors:
First, it depends on the content and plot. Structurally speaking, recitation is generally fast, medium, slow, relaxed and ups and downs; Judging from the content and plot, the speed of complaint is slower than that of lyric, and the speed of lyric is slower than that of discussion; For narration with low emotional appeal, the dialogue between characters is slower; Urgent appeal, angry condemnation, heated argument, passionate statement, tense scene description, be faster. The objective requirements of the content and the plot itself are the most important basis for determining the performance speed.
Second, it depends on the age of the expresser. Obviously, children recite the same content faster than young people, young people are faster than middle-aged people, and middle-aged people are faster than old people.
Third, it depends on the age and acceptance of the audience. Generally speaking, for the elderly, children or listeners with relatively low acceptance ability, or the listeners are generally interested in some content, many people should slow down their expression when they want to record.
Fast is relative to slow. Whether it is fast or slow, the basic starting point should be to express clearly and be understood by the audience. Be quick but not chaotic, slow but not procrastinating, fast but not slow, slow but not fast, slow but not slow.
4. Skills to change the rhythm.
Rhythm is closely related to speed, but it is not the same. Rhythm is not just a matter of speed. Rhythm is an orderly, regular and coordinated changing process.
What elements does rhythm include in the process of reciting? Generally speaking, there are the following kinds: dense structure, detailed content, ups and downs of plot, slow emotional excitement, cadence, intensity, dynamic situation, speed, cadence and length of process. The comprehensive application of these elements will form a rhythm, form an action with sound language, arouse the audience's emotions, enlighten the audience's thinking, trigger the audience's * * * sound, inspire the audience and inspire the audience.
Some of these elements have been mentioned before. Here I will focus on the pause skills of language flow, that is, the pause and continuous skills in recitation.
The most basic knowledge is punctuation. Distinguish the length of pause interval according to punctuation marks, paragraphs, etc. But the flow of words goes far beyond this. Pause can be used not only for breathing, but also for distinguishing, turning, echoing meaning, and conveying information that attracts the attention of the audience. On the contrary, when expressing a certain consistency is a plot or a situation, or when the expresser's feelings are unrestrained, it needs to be done in one go and the sentence needs to be coherent. The following focuses on the knowledge of pause. Pause refers to the interval between sentences and paragraphs. Common and commonly used pauses are as follows:
(1): apnea.
As mentioned above, the normal breathing of a person is about 4? Every 5 seconds, due to the need of ventilation, there must be a pause in the process of expression, which is called ventilation pause. Especially some long sentences, there are no punctuation marks in the middle, but they can't be finished in one breath, so we must make a breath pause as appropriate. For example, a long sentence like this:
"Think about thinking about the source of drinking water, how can you not be extremely grateful || Infinitely cherish the memory of the great leader Chairman Mao|| and the beloved Premier Zhou!"
"I wish young people all over the country || are determined to devote themselves to the grand cause of || * * ..."
The place marked "||" refers to the place where breathing needs to stop. In fact, the pause here is not only for breathing, but also for strengthening the clarity and expressiveness of language. If you read the above two long sentences without stopping, it will be difficult to be clear, and it is impossible to have too much expressiveness, which is very dull and reluctant.
Breathing pause should be appropriate, and it must obey the content of thoughts and feelings and the needs of expression. Although the specific methods of breathing pause are different, you can't stop where you want to stop. For example, the first sentence of the above example, if you pause in the following way, will become: "Drinking water ||| thinking about the source, how can you not |||| be extremely grateful and cherish the memory of the great leader |||||| Chairman Mao and beloved Premier Zhou!" Then you can't express your thoughts and feelings properly, and even make people laugh, which seems a bit funny.
Moreover, if some sentences pause in different places, the meaning will be different, or even the opposite. For example, "he looked at me and smiled", if he paused after "I", it means he smiled; If I pause after "watching", it means I smiled.
(2): Grammatical pause.
Grammatical pause is a pause according to the grammatical structure of a sentence. This kind of pause is generally based on punctuation marks, and there should be appropriate pauses where there are punctuation marks. The pause time is roughly: period semicolon colon comma pause. As for ellipsis, dash, exclamation point, question mark, etc. The length of pause time should be determined according to the place of use and the specific situation of expression. In addition, text pause, paragraph pause, sentence group pause, sentence pause.
(3): Logical pause.
Logical pause means that in the process of reciting, sometimes in order to express some feelings, emphasize some ideas or concepts, highlight some things or phenomena, and pause appropriately where there are no punctuation marks in the sentence. Unlike the previous two pauses. Logical pause is the smallest unit, often a word.
For example, "I believe ||| Our motherland will have its own female astronauts. |||| In front of China people, the lever of beauty is really rising rapidly |||! "
Although the position of this logical pause may vary with the emphasis and prominent content, it is still restricted by the grammatical pause, generally between the larger subject and predicate, between the verb and the longer object, and between the longer head word of the additional component and the longer joint component.
(4): psychological pause.
Psychological pause, also known as emotional pause, has no fixed pattern, that is, it can pause at the beginning of a sentence or at the end of a sentence. The first few pauses are very short, usually only a few seconds at the longest. The psychological pause can be short or long, as short as a few seconds, as long as tens of seconds or even minutes. The expresser can design and master it by himself according to the needs of the expressed content or emotion, and use it well, which can produce strong artistic effect.
Psychological pause is mainly used in the following situations:
First, after the argument, I want to give an example. This example needs to be paused, and this example is also paused. The former is to attract the audience's attention to your "turning point", and the latter is to arouse the audience's association.
Second, you need to pause after asking questions and before answering them. As mentioned earlier, some questions are not answered, and some questions are answered by yourself. After asking questions, pause before answering them, which will not only make the audience suspense, but also pave the way for unexpected clever answers.
Third, sigh or pause after sighing. Sigh, followed by the use of psychological pause, to deepen the audience's impression and cause the audience to sing.
Fourth, we need to pause when the topic changes or comes to an end. This is to let the audience temporarily put aside their completed topics and prepare for the new lake, Harbin and new content. 5. Master intonation skills.
Intonation is the harmonious unity of pronunciation, tone, speed and rhythm, which, like the melody of music, embodies the perfection of language.
Because the change of pitch is mainly reflected in the four elements of speed, rhythm, stress and fluctuation, among which stress and fluctuation are not discussed. Here, the application skills of these two factors related to pitch change are introduced to help us grasp them accurately.
(1) pressure skills.
The stress mentioned here refers to a word or words that intentionally increase the volume and intensity according to the needs of expression and expression. When people speak, they often express their main meaning in tone to attract the attention of the audience. The stressed part is the center and subject of the sentence.
Chinese has two kinds of stress: word stress and harmony stress.
Word stress is relatively fixed and regular. The degree of pronunciation can be divided into three grades: heavy, medium and light. Double characters have the format of "double light", such as China, Anhui, glass and cabbage. There are also "medium-heavy" formats, such as reform, red flag, people and so on. There is only one format of three-character words: medium, light and heavy, such as Beijing Railway Station, Counselor, Cultural Palace and the State Council. The basic format of four words is "light in the middle and heavy in the middle", such as "self-reliance, taking it for granted and studying hard:
Sentence stress, commonly used is grammatical stress. It means that different grammatical elements in a sentence have different pronunciations, and some of them should be read more heavily. For example, the predicate is generally heavier than the subject, such as "comrades have worked hard!" "People's Republic of China (PRC) was established!" "Let's drink together!"
In addition, there is logical stress, also known as stress, which is to consciously stress certain words or phrases according to the purpose and focus of speech. For example, "Hong Kong will definitely return to the motherland" and "I am proud to be the wife of a soldier". The same sentence has different stresses and different meanings. For example, "I'll treat you to Maotai", if the stress is "you", that's the guest, if the stress is "Maotai", that's the drink, and if the stress is "I", that's the host.
The key to dealing with stress is to choose stressed words, which are usually emphasized by the reciter to show the difference.
It should be noted that there are too many stresses to remember, on the one hand, it can't show which is lighter or heavier, on the other hand, it will cause fatigue for both the reciter and the audience.
(2) Improve skills
The fluctuation of pitch refers to the fluctuation of pitch. The same sentence can often express many different places because of different intonations. For example:
This is one million yuan. (It's common to pay first and deliver first)
This is1000000! (emphasis is large)
Is this1100,000? (Doubt, don't believe there are so many)
Is this1100,000? (surprised, how so many)
Is this1100,000? I'm glad to have so much money at once.
This is1000000! Regret, you shouldn't miss the opportunity to make big money.
From the above example, we can know that the change of intonation is more obvious at the end of the sentence. Intonation can be divided into rising tone, falling tone, straight tone and tortuous tone.
Falling tone: the language potential of a sentence goes from high to low. Generally, it means affirmation, exclamation, entreaty, self-confidence, wish, etc. , such as:
Our ideal will certainly come true.
Please help me solve this problem.
Tone is high: the language potential of sentences goes from low to high. Generally express surprise, doubt, backchat, call, call, etc. For example:
How has your academic performance dropped recently?
The proletariat of the world unite!
Tortuous tone: the language potential of a sentence changes in twists and turns, with ups and downs. Generally used to express exaggeration, irony and humor, such as:
She is so cute that even the way she cries makes people like it.
What a friend of the Kuomintang! What are these things!
Tone is straight: the whole sentence stretches smoothly, with no obvious height change. Generally used to state, explain, explain, express seriousness, solemnity, calmness, indifference, mourning, etc. For example:
We are facing a severe test.