In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Huang Xing was born in a landlord family in the suburbs of Changsha, and his father Huang Xiaocun was a scholar in the late Qing Dynasty. Huang Xing's childhood thoughts were deeply influenced by Wang Fuzhi, a great scholar in Hunan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In the 19th year of Guangxu (1893), Huang Xing entered Changsha Chengnan Academy to study. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), he was admitted as a scholar. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), Huang Xing was a freshman from Changsha Xiangshui School, and was sent to Wuchang Lianghu Academy for further study. At that time, the Hubei and Hunan Academy was a relatively new school, with courses including astronomy, geography, mathematics, surveying, chemistry, natural history and military exercises. When Huang Xing was in school, he was "determined to learn, especially in geography and gymnastics". He also came into contact with the democratic theory of the western bourgeoisie in his spare time, learning about the history of the western revolution and Rousseau's "On the Civil Contract" and reading it day and night. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (191), he graduated from Wuhan Lianghu Academy.
in the 28th year of Guangxu (192), after graduating from Huhu College, Huang Xing went to Japan to study in the normal department of Hongwen College in Tokyo. After Huang Xing arrived in Japan, he was quickly attracted by the bourgeois democratic revolutionary trend of thought that flourished in the field of international students. In December of the same year, he, Yang Dusheng, Fan Zui, Cai E, etc. founded the magazine "Translation and Compilation of Studying Abroad", focusing on translation, introducing the social, political and revolutionary history of the western bourgeoisie, and promoting the democratic revolution and national independence. In order to expand its influence, Huang Xing, together with Cai E, Zhang Xiaozhun and Yang Dusheng, organized the "Hunan Compilation Society" at the end of the year, engaging in translation and introducing western bourgeois science and culture. Huang Xing also supported Hubei students to set up "Hubei Student World", exposing the imperialist plot to carve up China and propagating "full" nationalism. He also led the Hunan students of Hongwen College to form a "local Yao society", encouraged them to stand up and kill the enemy, and "engaged in fighting to destroy the status quo as the way out".
The emergence of Huang Xing's thought of democratic revolution is quite different from that of Sun Yat-sen and Song Jiaoren. Sun Yat-sen was educated in the west since he was a child, inspired by bourgeois democratic revolutionary thought, and finally gradually embarked on the revolutionary road from improvement; In the 29th year of Guangxu (193), Song Jiaoren entered the new-style Wuchang General School from Zhangjiang Academy, and gradually went to the revolutionary road. Huang Xing took a tortuous road of scholar's rebellion. Like many traditional intellectuals in China, his thoughts also experienced the process from improvement to revolution. Huang Xing was born in a famous family in Changsha, Hunan Province. There have been officials in the clan for generations. In the Qing Dynasty, Huang Xing's ancestral legacy was never to be an official in the Qing Dynasty. But most of the members are still learned and learned. Under such a family background, Huang Xing had systematically received traditional Confucian education in his early years. By 1896, while studying in Chengnan College, Huang Xing had successfully passed the county, government and college examinations, and was admitted as a scholar. However, Huang Xing himself was not enthusiastic about fame. At that time, before Huang Xing went to take the test for a scholar, his relatives and friends wanted to buy wine to congratulate him in advance. Huang Xing immediately said that reading requires true knowledge, and taking the test was only because his mother's life could not be violated. Huang Xing was a traditional intellectual in this period, although he had strong patriotic feelings and was dissatisfied with the imperial examination system. He likes military affairs. After class, he invited Japanese officers to teach military courses, and he practiced riding and shooting every morning, which prepared the conditions for leading armed uprisings in the future. In the 29th year of Guangxu (193), in order to protest against tsarist Russia's occupation of northeast China, Huang Xing and more than 2 students organized a volunteer group to reject Russia (later changed to the Student Army and the National Education Association of the Army). He saw clearly the corruption and reaction of the Qing court in the anti-Russian movement, and pointed out indignantly: "The overall situation of China has been destroyed to the extreme. Only by carrying out the revolution now and then can we save the endangered ear. " Return to China in the same year. After returning to China, Huang Xing first went to Shanghai to meet with Zhang Shizhao, the editor of Su Bao at that time, and met some people in Shanghai and Nanjing. On November 4th of the same year, in the name of celebrating his 3th birthday, Huang Xing invited Chen Tianhua, Zhang Ji, Liu Kuiyi, Song Jiaoren, Zhang Shizhao and others to hold a secret meeting, and agreed to establish the Huaxinghui, and they elected Huang Xing as the president. In order to avoid the attention of the Qing court, it used the name of "Huaxing Company" and its business was "mining". Later, he contacted the Hui Party, and Yi was scheduled to take Cixi's 7th birthday in Changsha in the autumn of the following year. After the incident, Huang Xing fled to Japan. In the thirty-first year of Guangxu (195), Huang Xing met Sun Yat-sen in Japan, and strongly supported Sun to form a revolutionary organization League, becoming the leader after Sun, and then focused on developing revolutionaries and organizing armed uprisings.
In August of the 31st year of Guangxu (195), the China League was established. During the election of the Prime Minister, Huang Xing proposed: "Dr. Sun Yat-sen should be elected as the Prime Minister of the Party without going through the election procedures." The motion was carried unanimously. Huang Xing also proposed that zhina in the Twentieth Century be the organ newspaper of the League (later renamed People's Daily), which was approved by the participants. Huang Xing was elected as a general manager (equivalent to assistant manager) and became an important leader in the League after Sun Yat-sen.. Huang Xing played an important role in establishing an alliance with Sun Yat-sen. It can be said that the alliance was established with Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing as the axis. The establishment of the League strengthened the unity and unification of revolutionary forces and brought the bourgeois-democratic revolution in China into a new stage. Since then, he devoted his main energy to the armed uprising, personally mastered the work of joining the army students studying in Japan, and selected some determined elements from it to form a strict group "Zhang Fu Tuan" to prepare for the armed struggle. In the winter of the same year, Huang Xing went back to China under the pseudonym of Zhang Shouzheng, and went to the patrol camp in Guilin, Guangxi to lead Guo Renzhang's army to carry out a rebellion, and developed officials to assist many people to participate in the League. Because Guo Renzhang hesitated, Huang Xing returned to Japan the following autumn. That is, Liu Daoyi and Cai Shaona were sent back to China to move the army and join the party and plan the uprising. Before leaving, "to advocate righteousness today is a national revolution, not a heroic revolution in ancient times." It is advisable to guide nationalism and nationalism in many ways. " It is pointed out that the purpose of the revolution is not simply to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, but to establish the Republic of China and strive for civil rights. The "nationalism" mentioned here is Sun Yat-sen's democracy. After Liu Daoyi arrived in Changsha, he invited dozens of revolutionary comrades to a secret meeting to convey the opinions of Huang Xing. After the meeting, Liu Daoyi stayed in Changsha to control the overall situation, while Cai Shaona and others went to Pingxiang to contact the party. On December 4th, the Pingliuyi Uprising broke out, and the insurgents issued the slogan "Republic of China" for the first time. Although the uprising failed, it had a positive impact.
in the thirty-third year of Guangxu (197), he went to Hanoi, and successively participated in or directed the Qinzhou and Fangcheng Uprising, Zhennanguan Uprising, Qinzhou, Lianzhou and Shangsi Uprising, and Yunnan Hekou Uprising, all of which failed. In the autumn of the first year of Xuantong (199), he was appointed by Sun Yat-sen to set up the Southern Branch of the League in Hong Kong to plan the uprising of Guangzhou New Army. On November 13th, the second year of Xuantong (191), Huang Xing went to Penang to attend a secret meeting convened by Sun Yat-sen and decided to organize the Guangzhou Uprising. On January 18th, the third year of Xuantong (1911), Huang Xing returned to Hong Kong to take charge of the preparations for the Guangzhou Uprising. It was agreed to set up a coordination department, with Huang Xing as minister and Zhao Sheng as deputy minister. On April 23, Huang Qixin wrote a farewell letter to Sun Yat-sen and Comrade Nanyang, saying, "Today, I rushed to the front and vowed to take the lead and try my best to kill the thief. The book is the last word. " That night, Hong Kong sneaked into Guangzhou by ship and set up the uprising headquarters at No.5 Xiaodongying, Yuehua Street. Because of many twists and turns, the uprising was rescheduled again and again, and the original deployment was disrupted, so the attack plan was changed from the original ten roads to four roads. He himself served as the commander of the attack on the governor's office of Guangdong and Guangxi. At 5: 3 pm on April 27th, the Guangzhou Uprising broke out. More than 1 people led by Lin Juemin, Fang Shengdong and other death squads attacked the Governor's yamen, but no action was taken in the other three roads. After breaking into the governor's yamen, he found that Governor Zhang Mingqi had escaped and set fire to the governor's yamen. When the rebel army withdrew, it was blocked by the patrol battalion, many revolutionaries died, and Huang Xing's right hand and two fingers were broken. But he held back the pain and continued shooting with the second wrench of his broken finger. Seeing the gradual encirclement of the Qing army, Huang Xingsui ordered a breakthrough in three ways, and led himself to fight and kill all the way. In the breakout, the team was scattered and only Huang Xing was left. He disguised himself and fled to Xu Zonghan, a female comrade of the revolutionary organs in Henan, Guangzhou, and was escorted by her to Hong Kong for medical treatment. Guangzhou uprising failed. After receiving the martyrs, they got 72 bodies and were buried together in Huanghuagang, known as the "Seventy-two Martyrs of Huanghuagang". Although the uprising failed again, it played a great role in encouraging the revolution throughout the country. Huang Xing was the commander-in-chief of the uprising. He was fearless and took the lead, and won a high reputation among overseas Chinese at home and abroad.
After the failure of Huanghuagang Uprising, Huang Xing was recuperating in Hong Kong. At one time, he was discouraged. He wanted to take the risk to assassinate Lee Joon and other Qing officials and avenge the martyrs, but Tan Renfeng and others dissuaded him. On July 31, Tan Renfeng, Song Jiaoren, Chen Qimei and others set up the Central General Association of the League in Shanghai. In view of the repeated failures of the Southern Uprising, they advocated turning the revolutionary focus to the Yangtze River basin and preparing to launch an uprising in the central region. Huang Xing supported their plan, and envisaged that "with Wuchang as the center, Hunan and Guangdong as the stamina, and Nanjing, Anhui, Shaanxi and Shu also responded at the same time to contain it, so it is not difficult to decide major events at one stroke". This prediction was proved to be basically correct by later revolutionary practice. He also promised to go to Wuhan to preside over the uprising at the invitation of Hubei revolutionaries, but before he left, an uprising broke out in Wuchang.
On October 1th, Wuchang Uprising broke out, and Huang Xing arrived in Wuhan on 28th. As the wartime commander-in-chief of the revolutionary army, he led the civilian army to fight the Qing army in Hanyang front for more than twenty days. Huang Xing went from Shanghai to Hankou, and the Hubei military government held a grand ceremony for Huang Xing in Cavalry Training Arena, Wuchang. As wartime commander-in-chief, he went to the front line to direct the battle to defend Hanyang and counterattack Hankou. In the battle of Yangxia, he fought fiercely with the Qing army for one month, which was extremely difficult to prepare and made outstanding achievements, and won precious time for the independence of the provinces. After the fall of Hanyang, Huang Xing resigned and went to Shanghai to plan the Northern Expedition and organize the central interim government. In Wuchang Uprising, Huang Xing supervised the war in Wuhan, which made great contributions to defending the victory of the revolution. On December 1, 1911, the third year of Xuantong, Huang Xing returned to Shanghai from Wuchang. The next day, Jiangsu and Zhejiang allied forces captured Nanjing. Representatives from various provinces in Shanghai held a meeting and decided to temporarily set up Nanjing in the interim government, and elected Huang Xing as the Grand Marshal to be responsible for organizing the interim government. Because of Li Yuanhong's opposition, the representatives of the provinces will change Li Yuanhong to marshal, and Huang Xing will be the deputy marshal and the marshal's authority. On December 23, Huang Xing learned that Sun Yat-sen was about to return to China, so he refused to go to Nanjing to form an interim government and explained to everyone: "Mr. Sun is the prime minister of the League, and I can represent the League when he does not return to China; Now that he is on his way back to China, if I take office in Nanjing first without waiting for him to arrive in Shanghai, it will make him feel unhappy and make comrades in the party suspicious. At first, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom won successively and developed rapidly, but it eventually failed because several leaders competed for rights. We must take a warning. " On 25th, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Shanghai and was greeted by Huang Xing and Chen Qimei.
in January of the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Nanjing provisional government was established, with Huang Xing as the chief of the army. After Yuan Shikai became the provisional president of the Republic of China, he reorganized his cabinet. Southern provinces and many organizations have called Yuan Shikai to ask Huang Xing to remain as the army chief. However, Yuan Shikai did not want to relax his control over the army, so he appointed his cronies Duan Qirui as the post and Huang Xing as the chief of staff with no real power. Huang Xingci will not take office. Yuan Shikai then appointed Huang Xing to stay in Nanjing, to handle the closure of government agencies and to take over the management of troops stationed in Nanjing. On June 3th, he attended the summer regular meeting of the Shanghai branch of the League, and expressed his political views, saying that the Republic of China had been established for half a year, but everything was not ready. "The reason was that the political party was not established", emphasizing the implementation of the Three People's Principles, especially the People's Livelihood Principles. In August, the League and other organizations were reorganized into the Kuomintang and served as directors. In order to paralyze and win over revolutionaries, Yuan Shikai invited Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing to Beijing for talks that month. After Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing arrived in Beijing on September 11th, and Yuan Shikai gave him a grand reception. Blinded by Yuan Shikai, Huang Xing expressed deep trust in Yuan, claiming that "yuangong was indeed a hero and a first-rate figure in the Republic of China". In December, he accepted Yuan Shikai's appointment as the supervisor of Chuanhan Railway, and soon resigned.
In August, 1912, he wrote in the Preface to Railway Magazine: "Today's people are in harmony, and they want to be trapped in Su Min and have a strong national strength, but they have to give up their industry." It is advocated that "the railway should be the first strategy to save the nation, and we should catch up quickly to follow in the footsteps of advanced countries, so that the industry will flourish!" Due to the political turmoil and changes, Huang Xing's idea of developing industry and education has largely failed to come true. This made him have a clearer understanding of the relationship between industry, education and politics. He once said: "I think that in the future, Chinese people should have their own sense of responsibility, and if they have a sense of responsibility, they will take the country as the premise and be selfish." And the so-called responsible person has a wide path, except for politics, especially industry as the mother of developing national strength. " In March 1913, Yuan Shikai sent someone to assassinate Song Jiaoren, the acting chairman of the Kuomintang. Sun Yat-sen advocated that Yuan should be immediately recruited, while Huang Xing advocated that the southern provinces were disunited, the army was weak, and he lacked confidence in Yuan's pursuit, and he advocated a legal solution. In July, Sun Yat-sen mobilized his troops to discuss Yuan and the second revolution broke out. On 14th, Huang Xing went from Shanghai to Nanjing, forcing Cheng Dequan, the governor of Jiangsu Province, to declare independence, and Huang Xing was promoted as commander-in-chief of Yuan Jun in Jiangsu Province.
After the Yuan War began, some troops in Nanjing were bribed by Yuan's family, resulting in internal changes. As the basic team, the eighth division has allocated two regiments, leaving only about 2 people; Most of the other troops are untrained and have weak combat effectiveness. On July 22, Xuzhou fell. On 25th, Hukou, Jiangxi Province was occupied by Yuan Jun, and Li Liejun was defeated. Shanghai begged Yuan Jun to attack the manufacturing bureau for a long time. The Hunan armory, the rear of Nanjing's begging for Yuan Jun, was set on fire by Yuan Shikai's spies, and the support was cut off. Seeing that the tide had run out, Huang Xing had to leave Nanjing on the 29th by a Japanese coal steamer and go into exile in Japan. Subsequently, Anhui also disintegrated on its own due to internal disagreement, and Bai Wenwei left. Fujian, Hunan and Sichuan have successively announced the abolition of independence. The "second revolution" ended in failure. Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and many key members of the Kuomintang once again went into exile in Japan. The Kuomintang who participated in the defeat of Yuan in China also came to Tokyo one after another. Dr. Sun Yat-sen summed up the reasons for the failure of the "Second Revolution" and thought that after the Song Jiaoren case, Yuan should be recruited. However, many Party members did not listen to his command and missed the opportunity, resulting in Yuan Shikai getting a "big loan" and being able to arrange it calmly. Therefore, he blamed Huang Xing a lot. Regarding the main reason for the failure of the "Second Revolution", Huang Xing thought: "Justice was destroyed by money and power for a while, not a real failure. Try to turn over the history of China and foreign countries, and push the example of natural performance. There is no justice that does not stretch. The final victory will ultimately be our party. "
In p>1914, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang into the Chinese Revolutionary Party in Japan, and asked party member to swear to obey Sun Yat-sen's orders according to his fingerprints when he joined the Party. Huang Xing disagreed with Sun's party and refused to join. Arrived in the United States in July 1914. In the autumn, Huang Xing also launched a campaign to boycott Yuan Shikai's borrowing from the US government, which had a certain impact on the US government's suspension of contacting Yuan Shikai's representatives on loan terms. He also started fund-raising work in the United States, and wrote in a letter to his domestic friends: "As for fund-raising and other matters here, those who are within my ability should do their best to help the public. Overseas Chinese fundraising has been launched, and it should be remitted with the collection. " In 1915, Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor. At the end of September, Cai E sent someone to send a secret letter to Huang Xing, in which he talked about the domestic situation and Yuan Shikai's various activities of conspiring to proclaim himself emperor, and put forward his own ideas.