A. History: Charles Baudelaire (182 1- 1867),1a maverick genius in the mid-9th century, relying on the shocking poetry anthology Flowers of Evil (1857) and dozens of unique literature. (1) He sublimated ugliness and evil into artistic beauty, which opened the way for future generations to express the morbid beauty of society. (2) He introduced the poems in nature into the metropolis and described the abnormal life in Paris from his own unique perspective, which opened up a new field for poetry creation. (3) Its synaesthesia theory laid a theoretical foundation for symbolism. In the poem Induction, the world is regarded as a symbolic forest, and there is some mysterious connection between subjectivity and objectivity, as well as between human senses.
In 1970s, symbolism rose in France. A group of depressed, cynical, cynical, sensitive and witty young people have formed many literary groups and published many literary publications. They turned to their inner world for truth. 1886, Moreas published the Manifesto of Symbolism, which named this new school.
Theory B: anti-romanticism, aestheticism, realism and naturalism. Trying to re-grasp the characteristics of literature, trying to explore the convergence of subjectivity and objectivity, therefore, "synaesthesia" has become the theoretical cornerstone of symbolism. They believe that there is a more real and truly eternal world hidden in the depths of the perceptual objective world, and people can only understand it by instinct. It is the poet's highest task to convey this secret artistically. A real poet, with a feeling different from ordinary people, can profoundly grasp the bizarre nature and life, reach the realm of communication between things and me, and create art with unique charm.
C. Style features: hazy beauty and mysterious color. There are many symbols, hints and metaphors, and poetry is erratic, half bright and half dark, leaving more room for taste. In addition, the pursuit of music makes poetry full of musical sense and inherent rhythm, which adds dreamy poetry and polysemous charm to poetry.
D, representative writer: (1) paul verlaine (1844- 1896), a famous French symbolist poet. He began to write poems in 1960s, and was deeply influenced by panas School. His first collection of poems, Sentiment (1866), shows his ability to express complex feelings by suggestive means. 187 1 year, he met the poet Bo Han and went to London, Brussels and other places together the following year. During this period, his most mature work, The Silent Roman (1874), was fully displayed in musicality and suggestibility. There are also many kinds of poems. His poems, with melancholy mood and delicate rhythm, contain the pain and sadness of life in simple and smooth verses.
(2) aldo Bo Han (1854- 189 1) is a symbolic poet with the most rebellious spirit. His writing period is only five years (from 16 to 20 years old), leaving only 140 electric poems and two prose poems, but his position is unshakable. He believes that poets should be "psychics" and their task is to explore the mysterious "unknown" through emotional dislocation. His poems "Vowel" and "The Alchemy of Literature" vividly developed Baudelaire's synaesthesia theory, while his masterpieces "Drunk Boat" and "Dawn" are famous for their magnificent imagination and ingenious synaesthesia.
(3) Stephane Mallarme (1842- 1898), a master of symbolism. He devoted himself to the study of poetics and wrote works such as music and literature. He is a "pure poetry" theorist, whose poetic form is extremely rigorous and emphasizes musicality. He believes that the poet's task is to reveal the "absolute world" behind ordinary things in a strange way. His poems are few, but they are ingenious, profound, obscure and dreamy. The famous ones are Afternoon of the Faun (1876) and the chance will never be ruined by rolling dice (1897). Malarme is recognized as a symbolic leader, because he held a "Tuesday Party" in his apartment at No.5 Rome Street for ten years. Guests include Gide, Valery and Claudel, as well as Wilde of England, Verhalen of Belgium and Og of Germany. In the 1990s, the disintegration of this rally marked the decline of the symbolism movement.
Attachment: Late symbolism
First of all, what is a symbol:
Symbol in ancient Greece means "patchwork" and "analogy". At first, it refers to two and a half pieces of a book board, taking half pieces from each other as a souvenir. It is gradually used to refer to a sign, code word or ceremony that those who take part in mysterious activities know each other secretly.
Symbol is that there is an important close relationship between nail and object B, and object A represents and implies object B. In symbolic activities, symbol implies and represents a big object far beyond its own meaning, such as the cross Christ, and implies an abstract and imperceptible human emotion or concept, such as wolf-greed, with concrete objects that can be perceived by human feelings.
The world of myth is the world of symbols, because myth is the mother of literature, so literature and symbols are inseparable.
Second, what is symbolism:
Symbolism, as a creative aesthetics, has existed since ancient times. Together with romanticism and realism, it is three basic creative aesthetics with prototype significance in the history of literature. Starting from Plato, he divided the disunited material world into binary phenomenal world and ontological world, and the phenomenal world is the model of ontological world.
The earliest modernist literary school in Europe and America. It came into being in France in the middle of19th century, and then spread to other European countries. In the 1920s, it developed further and became an international literary school. Oppose superficial lyricism and explicit preaching, advocate the unity of emotion and reason, express the beauty and infinity of the conceptual world through symbols, hints, images, metaphors, free association and the musicality of language, and express the author's thoughts and complex and subtle feelings and feelings in a tortuous way.
Third, early symbolism:
1. Stage: Baudelaire period/Wei Erlun, Rambo and Malarme period.
2. Advocacy: anti-romanticism, aestheticism, realism and naturalism. Trying to re-grasp the characteristics of literature, trying to explore the convergence of subjectivity and objectivity, therefore, "synaesthesia" has become the theoretical cornerstone of symbolism. They believe that there is a more real and truly eternal world hidden in the depths of the perceptual objective world, and people can only understand it by instinct. It is the poet's highest task to convey this secret artistically. A real poet, with a feeling different from ordinary people, can profoundly grasp the bizarre nature and life, reach the realm of communication between things and me, and create art with unique charm.
3. Style features: hazy beauty and mysterious color. There are many symbols, hints and metaphors, and poetry is erratic, half bright and half dark, leaving more room for taste. In addition, the pursuit of music makes poetry full of musical sense and inherent rhythm, which adds dreamy poetry and polysemous charm to poetry.
4. Communication:19 In the 1990s, symbolism declined in France, but its influence spread across national boundaries to all parts of the world:
Phil Harlan and maeterlinck introduced it to Belgium.
Wilde introduced it to England.
Georg introduced it to Germany.
Rilke introduced it to Austria.
Hamson introduced it to Norway.
Brandeis introduced it to Denmark.
Lydia introduced it to Hungary.
Balmont introduced it to Russia.
Dario introduced it to Spain.
Fourth, late symbolism.
In the 1920s, symbolism reached its second climax, which is usually called post-symbolism. French Valery continued Malarme's road of "pure poetry", while pursuing musicality and increasing philosophical thinking. Pound of the United States raised the banner of Imagism and led the troops of Imagism in Britain and America. Brock of Russia eulogized the Soviet revolutionary cause with symbolic art. Eliot in the United States is inclusive. He has integrated religious consciousness and created a precedent for modern and contemporary western poetry.
1, mainly representative writers: Valery, Rilke, Ye Zhi, Pound, Eliot and maeterlinck.
2. Similarities between early and late symbolism:
Oppose superficial lyricism and straightforward preaching, and advocate the unity of emotion and reason.
Through the symbol, suggestion, image, metaphor, free association and musicality of language, the beauty and infinity of the conceptual world are expressed.
Express the author's thoughts and complex and subtle emotions in a tortuous way.
3. The difference between early and late symbolism:
The symbolic connotation of early symbolism is single, single and simple, and the relationship between suggestion and correspondence is relatively clear, while the later symbolism shows multiplicity, ambiguity and complexity, and its connotation is more suggestive, associative and implicit, and the symbolic images overlap and are complex.
In the early stage, symbolism paid attention to emotional symbols, and through correspondence and suggestion, we can get a glimpse of the author's rich emotional world. In the later stage, symbolism paid attention to expressing rationality and abstract ideas, and paid attention to rational exploration of art, life and philosophy of life.
In the early stage, symbolism pursued the poetic artistic conception of ethereal dreams, integrating intuitive illusion, symbolic meaning and musical dreams. In the later stage, symbolism introduced poetry into religious mystery, established a symbolic myth system, and integrated metaphysics, allusions, religious myths and symbolic images, showing the characteristics of emptiness.
Five, on behalf of the writer's works:
1, paul valery (Valery, 187 1- 1945):
French. When I was young, I worshipped Malamei, and I met Malamei and Gide when I was studying in law school. At the age of 23, he began to settle in Paris. He first met the manuscript drafter in the Ministry of National Defense, and later served as the secretary of President Hawass for a long time. He died shortly after the liberation of Paris. After his death, General De Gaulle insisted on holding a state funeral for him.
The most crucial day in his life was 1892- 10-4-5. He experienced a "thrilling night", from poetry to philosophical thinking and mathematical research. He spent twenty years studying the way of human spiritual activities and the relationship between spiritual activities and human nature. The final conclusion is that the most important function of spirit lies in its comprehensive ability, which can comprehensively sort out sensory impressions. Therefore, the starting point of creation is the effect of reason on feelings, which is a kind of spiritual activity, and the starting point of spiritual activity is form and structure. -the basis of poetic theory.