China is known as "Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming and Qing novels". This statement summarizes the spiritual wealth that China has contributed to human society in the form of a cultural chain. "Tang poems, Song lyrics, Yuan operas, and Ming and Qing novels" are the four bright pearls in the treasure house of ancient Chinese literature and art, and are also precious wealth in the forest of world art. Chinese literature, from the Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Pre-Qin prose, and Han Fu to Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, and even Ming and Qing novels, constitutes a history of the development of Chinese culture over thousands of years. And "Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan music, Ming and Qing novels" played the strongest voice of art in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. And transcending their own meaning, they have become an artistic symbol of their respective eras, forming an inherent regularity of Chinese culture, a main line of inner beauty, and a beautiful process.
China is a country of poetry and music, with the idea that "great happiness is in harmony with heaven and earth." In Chinese thought, the process of civilization and the change of dynasties are manifestations of the rhythm of the universe, and the cultural activities of human society are also rhythmic movements. The Chinese Book of Songs, Chu Ci, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, and even the literature and art of the Ming and Qing Dynasties express a rhythmic and beautiful movement in the history of Chinese culture. The Chinese Book of Songs, Songs of Chu, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan operas, and even the literary creations of the Ming and Qing Dynasties are all related to music in a broad sense. In terms of words, they all pursue the rhythm suitable for chanting or singing, and in terms of content, they embody the rhythm and rhythm of heaven and earth. Human heart sounds. From the Book of Songs, Songs of Chu, and Han Fu to Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan operas, and even Ming and Qing literature and art, China has both inheritance and self-independence in content and form, forming a beautiful movement of Chinese culture. Among them, "Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan operas, "Music, Ming and Qing Novels" is the most beautiful note in this movement. The endless energy of life and the various rhythms of life in Tang poetry; the light and sharp artistic conception aesthetics and lingering emotions of life in Song lyrics; the cosmic image of the vast corridors and the suave feelings of the prodigal son in Yuan opera; the Ming and Qing literature and art A colorful picture of human life. It constitutes the melody of China and the United States in the history of Chinese culture.
The history of the Tang Dynasty has opened the most dazzling chapter in ancient China. The Tang Dynasty had enlightened politics, prosperous economy, strong military, free culture, frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries, and strong national power, presenting a glorious and prosperous situation. From the founding of the country by Taizu and the accession of Emperor Taizong to the reign of Emperor Xuanzong for more than 100 years, enlightened politics were adopted, which enabled Li and Tang society to maintain long-term stability and sustained economic development, laying the foundation for the development of cultural undertakings and promoting It led to the overall prosperity of culture and art in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, the imperial examination system was implemented to select scholars based on poetry and books. A very important part of the Jinshi examination was poetry writing. The quality of poetry writing was directly related to a person's political future. Recruiting scholars through poetry has institutionally promoted the trend of advocating poetry in the entire society. From feudal emperors to idle literati, from high-ranking officials to people who sell their pulps, everyone is proud to be able to write poems. The emperors of the Tang Dynasty, such as Tang Taizong, Tang Xuanzong, and Tang Dezong, were enthusiastic fans of poetry. They not only often wrote poems themselves, but also often encouraged others to write poems, and vigorously promoted poets, which played a role in the popularization of poetry. A huge boost. Poetry is a huge monument that builds the peak of the cultural history of the Tang Dynasty. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty flourished unprecedentedly, reaching a perfect artistic realm and becoming a cultural symbol of the Tang Dynasty. Poetry was the focus of the artistic spirit of the Tang Dynasty. Poetry not only expressed the poet's thoughts and feelings, but also showed the atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty when society was prosperous and the humanistic spirit was high-spirited.
The Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) was the heyday of the development of Chinese classical poetry and the peak of Chinese classical poetry. Tang poetry is one of my country's outstanding literary heritages and a brilliant pearl in the world's literary treasure house. In the more than three hundred years of history of the Tang Dynasty, poetry was particularly prosperous. Tang Dynasty poetry has various genres and styles. The number of their works, the breadth of themes, the richness of content, and the refinement of techniques are all unprecedented. There are more than 48,900 poems that have been passed down to later generations. The prosperity of poetry in the Tang Dynasty created many great poets. There were particularly many poets in the Tang Dynasty. Some of them were "labeled" by later generations and became "brands", such as the poet Li Bai, the poet Du Fu, and the poet Wang Wei. , Poetry Monster Li He and others. The themes of Tang poetry are very wide, some depict the beauty of the motherland’s rivers and mountains; some praise the just war and express patriotism; some describe personal ambitions and experiences, expressing the joys and sorrows of life; some reflect the social classes of the time from the side. conditions and class contradictions, revealing the darkness of feudal society and so on. In short, everything from natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs, to personal feelings cannot escape the keen eyes of poets and become the subject matter of their writing. In terms of creative methods, there are both realist and romantic schools, forming an excellent tradition of Chinese classical poetry. In form, there are five-character and seven-character poems, quatrains and rhymed poems. The Tang Dynasty also created modern poetry with a particularly beautiful and neat style, pushing the artistic features of syllable harmony and word refinement of ancient Chinese poetry to unprecedented heights, and finding the most typical form for ancient lyric poetry.
Tang poetry is beautiful. The biggest characteristic of Tang poetry is that it is full of vitality, majestic and colorful, just like spring, when thousands of trees are blooming, showing a prosperous atmosphere. This is the vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Tang poetry is the spark of the vigorous vitality of the Tang Dynasty. Walking into Tang poetry is like walking into a spring forest, with birds singing and flowers fragrant, and the fragrance assails your nostrils.
Tang poetry is mostly known for its richness of spirit and charm. The lines are filled with a full, youthful passion and imagination, gleaming with freedom and joy. Tang poetry has a lively rhythm, and in the continuous and lingering melody, there is a thriving mood. Even the poems that lament the loneliness of life and describe the border battles are smooth, beautiful, and brisk. The pinnacle of poetry in the Tang Dynasty was Li Bai. Relying on his genius imagination, he integrated the elegance of Zhuangzi and the magnificence of Qu Yuan into one, playing the strongest voice of the poetry art of the Tang Dynasty. It was called the sound of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and reached the level of ancient Chinese romance. The pinnacle of literature. Tang poetry is still particularly popular among the people. There is still a popular saying in China: "Read 300 Tang poems by heart, and you can write poems if you don't know how to write them." This shows the Chinese people's love for Tang poetry.
Ci, also known as modern Yuefu and Qinqu, is also known as Shiyu and long and short sentences. These many names illustrate the close relationship between Ci and music, and have certain internal connections with Han Yuefu, Tang poetry, etc. Song lyrics are lyrics that are sung to match emerging music, and are filled in according to the music and beat of a certain tune. The names of tunes such as "Bodhisattva Man", "Butterfly Love Flower", "Niannujiao", etc. are called "Ci Tiao" or "Ci Pai", and writing lyrics according to the Ci Tune is called "Yi Sheng" or "Ci Ly", which is equivalent to the lyrics of modern songs. The lyrics are developed on the basis of Han Yuefu tunes and Tang poetry rhythms. They use five or seven-character sentence patterns of varying lengths, and varied and iterative rhythms and rhymes to express light and cutting-edge or bold and majestic artistic conceptions and lingering romance. Or impassioned life emotions. The lyrics in the late Northern Song Dynasty concentrated on reflecting the mentality of ancient Chinese literati and became a popular singing style. The singing method of Song lyrics has long been lost, and now it has become a half-bill "dumb word" that has lost its "voice and emotion". However, readers can still feel the beauty of the musical rhythm from the lines of the words, which are either lingering, elegant, impassioned, or melancholy. The poets of the Song Dynasty created acrostic, gyration, The wonderful artistic realm of going back and forth and blending scenes is breathtaking and has an infectious power. If Song lyrics and singing can be passed down to the present, it will definitely be no less than the current music scene. Nowadays, Song lyrics only have "literary sentiments" and no sound and music. This is an irreparable and eternal regret in the history of world art.
The development of Song Ci mainly went through two stages: the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and formed two main artistic styles: graceful and bold, and produced many well-known works that have been passed down through the ages.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the sharpness of national conflicts, from the struggle between the Song and Jin Dynasties to the destruction of the Song Dynasty by the Yuan and Mongols, patriotic songs have always echoed in the poetry world. Their tragic and generous tones have developed at the right time, raising the bold style of poetry to a new level. . Zhang Yuanqian, Xiang Ziyi, Yue Fei, Zhang Xiaoxiang, Lu You, Xin Qiji, Chen Liang, Liu Guo, Liu Kezhuang, Wu Qian, Liu Chenweng, Wen Tianxiang, etc. are like a series of peaks and towering mountains. Among them, Xin Qiji's achievements were the highest. He wrote more than 600 poems in his life. Some of them expressed his ambition to resist the Jin Dynasty and restore the Central Plains, his grief and indignation when his ambitions were suppressed, his criticism of Gou'an's capitulation faction, and his praise of natural scenery and pastoral scenery. , a whisper of deep and sincere affection; the style is mainly majestic, elegant and vigorous, passionate and generous, but there are also some that are unrestrained, elegant, elegant and charming. During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were many outstanding poets who further developed the style of graceful poetry. It was like a clump of wonderful works competing for victory, and it is impossible to summarize them all in one style of graceful poetry. Wife Kui's "clearness" and "elegance", Shi Dazu's "exquisite beauty and elegance", Wu Wenying's "like a seven-treasure tower", Wang Yisun's "lofty destiny" and "exuding rhyme and harmony", Zhang Yan's "qingyuan implication" , "sad and lingering", etc. The poems written by Hao Wen at the end of the Jin Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty are the best in the Northern Kingdom, with various styles of boldness and elegance. The movement is elegant and sentimental, marking the end of the development of poetry in the Song and Jin dynasties.
Elegance and boldness are the two artistic styles of Song Ci, which can also be said to be the perfect aesthetic theory of Song Ci. "Wan" means soft and melodious. "Yue" means refinement, vagueness and subtlety. The name "graceful" can quite sum up the characteristics of a large category of words. The content mainly writes about the love between men and women, the emotions of separation, the sadness of spring and autumn, and the lingering scenery. Most of its forms are graceful and soft, subtle and subtle, with lingering affection, blending of scenes, and harmonious tones. It has the characteristics of "light language with flavor", "light language with meaning", "light and sharp" and "full of gestures". The main representatives are Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao. Liu Yong is an important representative of the development of poetry style. He has been in poverty for a long time. Because his poetry can reflect the life and thoughts and feelings of some urban citizens, he can also use folk songs and common sayings into lyrics, make good use of narrative techniques, and create a large number of slow poetry. . Liu's poems are graceful and subtle, full of details, and the description of the scene is eye-catching. When singing in a low voice, the emotion is refreshing. Liu Ci has a broad social foundation and formed a new trend in Song Ci. His famous poems include "Rain Ling", "Feng Qi Wu" and so on. "The Bell in the Rain": "The cicadas are mournful, facing the pavilion at night, the shower has begun to subside. All the tents are drinking without a trace. Where I am nostalgic, the orchid boat urges me to start. Holding hands and looking at each other's tearful eyes, even more speechless. Thinking about it, thousands of miles away, the mist is gone. , the dusk is heavy and the sky is wide. The sentiment has been sad since ancient times, how can it be neglected in the Qingqiu Festival? Where can I wake up tonight? The willow bank, the dawn breeze and the bright moon have been here for a long time, but there are thousands of beautiful scenes. , who should I talk to? "Use "chilling cicada", "shower rain", "smoke wave", "twilight mist", "willow bank", "xiaofeng" and "waning moon" to write the dark and desolate space and emotions, and the scenery is affectionate and blends into the scenery. The upper column depicts the scene of being inseparable from the lover and reluctantly parting, mainly describing the scene, but every word is emotional; the lower column imagines the virtual life scenes after parting to elicit the expression of emotions. "Where can I wake up from the drunkenness in the sky today? The dawn wind is waning on the bank of the willow bank." This is Liu Yong's famous saying, which has always been popular among people. The questions are clear and clear, the answers are implicit and vivid, the answers are vague but not the answers, and the charm is endless.
The three scenic spots of "Yangliu Bank", "Xiao Feng" and "Crane Moon" are harmoniously integrated together, forming a distinct, quiet and open artistic conception, which is fascinating. The real scene is clearly described, and the other's emotions are described secretly. The emotion is seen in the scene, and the emotion is associated with the scene, which makes it appear implicit and lingering. The artistic conception of blending scenes and the lingering and graceful style. Liu Yong's "Feng Qiwu": "Standing in the dangerous building, the wind is blowing. Looking at the extreme spring sorrow, the sky is gloomy. The grass color and smoke are still shining in the sky. Who can lean on the railing without saying anything. I want to get drunk with the wild picture and sing to the wine. Strong music is tasteless. The clothes are getting wider and you will not regret it, and you will feel haggard for it. "Wang Guowei described Liu Yong's words as "the clothes will get wider and you will not regret it, and you will be haggard for Yi." It is the second realm of learning, which shows the high level of Liu Ci. Li Qingzhao is a representative poet of the Wanyue School. She was unique in the poetry world of the Song Dynasty and had a great influence on later generations. Li Qingzhao's lyrics are full of true feelings, pay attention to rhythm, and have refined words and sentences. She can use plain language to create a distinct and perfect artistic image. Her words are as clear as words, yet profound and full of beautiful tones. The early stage reflects the life of young girls and young women, which is joyful and bright; the later stage is full of the feeling of wandering life and the rise and fall of the country. Regarding Li Qingzhao's "Like a Dream", "It rained and the wind blew violently last night, and I couldn't get rid of the remaining wine after a deep sleep. I tried to ask the person behind the curtain, but the crabapples were still the same. Do you know? Do you know? They should be green, fat, red, and thin." The author adopts a direct way of expressing his feelings, It expresses a sad emotion of remembering and farewelling the spring time. Her "One Cut Plum Blossom" "The fragrance of red lotus root lingers in the jade mat in autumn, I untie my clothes lightly and wear orchids alone. Who in the clouds sent brocade books? When the wild goose returns, the moon is full on the west tower. The flowers are floating and the water is flowing, a kind of lovesickness. , two places of sorrow. There is no way to eliminate this feeling, so I lower my brows, but it is in my heart. "Write the love and separation between men and women with a clear and sharp pen." In addition, Qin Guan and Zhou Bangyan also made great achievements in the graceful style. Qin Guan's poems are deep and graceful but loose, Zhou Bangyan's poems are rich and sophisticated, and Li Qingzhao's poems are as fresh and ups and downs as the three peaks in the sky. Each is at the top of the graceful poems. . "Bold and unrestrained" is another artistic style of Song poetry. The bold poetry of the Song Dynasty is represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji, advocating a bold, free and informal aesthetic concept. Su Shi's poem "Nian Nujiao·Chibi Nostalgic" "The great river goes eastward, and the waves are swept away, and the romantic figures of the ages. To the west of the fort, there is a human road, the Three Kingdoms Zhou Lang Chibi. The rocks penetrate the sky, the waves crash on the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up. The country is picturesque, and there are so many heroes at one time! I think back to Gong Jin's time, when Xiao Qiao was newly married, wearing a feather fan and a silk scarf, and the oars and oars disappeared into ashes while talking and laughing. "A Bottle Returns the Moon in the River" This poem unfolds in the grand realm of thousands of years and thousands of miles. It is magnificent and has a broad vision. It uses bold and smooth words to praise the magnificence of the mountains and rivers of the motherland and praise the history. The appearance of a heroic figure. In such a vast space and time of the universe, individuals are small and life is short. People should put themselves into the vastness and infinity of the universe, which embodies the bold artistic style. Xin Qiji was an outstanding poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He inherited Su Shi's bold style of poetry. His poetry broke through the rhythm of poetry to a greater extent. He used words as words, questions and answers, and discussions were lively and unrestrained.
Chinese literature and art developed into the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became completely secular. In particular, the novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties achieved brilliant achievements. The Ming and Qing dynasties were the golden age of Chinese classical novel creation. "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Journey to the West" and "A Dream of Red Mansions" are the four most familiar novels. The literature and art of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, represented by novels and operas, depicted secular human feelings and market life. It comes from rap literature and serves the "common people". Paying attention to the twists and turns of the plot and the richness of details, it forms a comprehensive art that combines rap, performance, music, and dance - Ming and Qing literature and art. The literature and art of the Ming and Qing dynasties included songs and praises of innocent love and hate, satirical ridicule of feudal marriages, and appreciation of pornography and debauchery. One of the popular and prominent subjects or themes is the love between ordinary men and women. The literature and art of the Ming and Qing Dynasties is a colorful picture of the world, a picture of ordinary but colorful social customs, which has become a Chinese and American movement in the history of Chinese culture.
The Ming and Qing novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is my country's most accomplished historical novel. Its central content is to interpret the various conflicts, struggles and even wars between the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu and Wu, and tell twists and turns of the story. . "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" uses popular, concise and bright language to describe a number of personalized characters, such as Zhang Fei's boldness, Guan Yu's arrogance, Cao Cao's cunning, Kong Ming's intelligence, etc. The plot of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" develops consistently, but is full of twists and turns. The clear and clear context forms a majestic and rigorous structure that is rare in classical novels. The story of "Water Margin" originated from the Songjiang Uprising in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and the author was Shi Naian. The main content of "Water Margin" is about 108 heroes, mainly Song Jiang, Li Kui, Lin Chong, Lu Zhishen, Wu Song, Wu Yong, etc., who were persecuted by corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry in various places, and gathered in Liangshanshuibo, the story of confrontation with the Song Dynasty. "Water Margin" can be called a milestone in Chinese vernacular literature. The author uses a high degree of cultural accomplishment and masters fluent and proficient vernacular to depict the characters' personalities and describe various scenes, making them extremely lively and lively. Especially when writing dialogues between characters, hearing their voices feels like seeing them. The successful creation of one or twenty heroic characters with distinctive personalities is an important factor in the glorious artistic life of this novel. With "Water Margin", the advantages of vernacular style in novel creation have been completely established, which has far-reaching significance in the entire history of Chinese literature.
The emergence of the two novels "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Water Margin" marked a new peak in the development of ancient Chinese novels. It also has epoch-making significance in the entire history of Chinese literature. The novel creation in the mid-Ming Dynasty is represented by Wu Chengen's "Journey to the West". This novel is a novel full of fantasy and bizarre plot. It describes the process of Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie, Tang Seng and others going to the West to obtain Buddhist scriptures. The most charming character in "Journey to the West" is undoubtedly Sun Wukong. This monkey with vast magical powers goes to heaven and earth, walks alone and acts as he pleases. He represents the freest and naughtiest part of the human spirit and has become the ideal of countless people. symbol and sustenance. In the Qing Dynasty, Cao Xueqin's "A Dream of Red Mansions" reached the pinnacle of Chinese classical novels with its artistic exquisiteness and perfection. "A Dream of Red Mansions" takes the emotional and marital entanglements of Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, and Xue Baochai as the central clue. In the process of the Jia family's generation of wealth from prosperity to decline, it writes a story centered on Jia Baoyu and a group of women in Red Mansions. The tragic fate of many characters reflects the historical fate of young men and women with a certain awakening consciousness under the constraints of the feudal system and feudal families. "A Dream of Red Mansions" is a masterpiece of genius and careful composition. In terms of art, it has reached unprecedented achievements in Chinese novels.