1. Classification of Tang Dynasty dance
2. Formation of Tang Dynasty dance
3. Characteristics of Tang Dynasty dance
4 .The contribution of Tang Dynasty dance to dance culture
The above is my research, thank you teacher!
Classification of dances in the Tang Dynasty
Soft dance
The movements of soft dance are lyrical and graceful, and the rhythm is relatively slow. It is a kind of performance specially performed in palace venues for dignitaries. The dancers of this dance are usually groups of palace maids or dancing girls. When performing soft dances, they usually wear robes with water sleeves to emphasize the soft and coherent movements of the back of their hands. Emphasizing the movements of the back of the hands, group dances are performed by only women. They are noble and a manifestation of power
Jianwu
The movements of Jianwu are vigorous and powerful, and the rhythm is lively. This dance is sometimes performed as a group dance, but most of it is performed as a solo or duet. The dancer can be a man or a woman. Men wear armor when performing aerobics. The clothing worn by women is a tight top with carved ornaments and a skirt that is similar to bell-shaped trousers. These costumes are used to emphasize the unique and crisp body and waist movements of the sword dance. Emphasis on the movements of the waist and legs
There are more solo and duet dances, mostly male and female dancers, mostly describing war stories
The formation of dance in the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty There are two ways to form a dance. Soft dance and vigorous dance each have their own different ways of formation.
Soft dance
The formation of soft dance follows the previous dance style and develops on the basis of previous dances. Dances in the past dynasties were generally court dances. The dances we see in most ancient TV dramas are similar to soft dance styles.
Jianwu
Jianwu emerged in the Tang Dynasty. The exchanges between China and neighboring countries are closely related to the formation of dance in the Tang Dynasty. In many commercial exchanges, other countries not only brought their goods to China, but also brought their country's unique art and culture. When their dances were performed on the streets, folk artists imitated them, and they slowly spread to the court.
Characteristics of Tang Dynasty dance
There are many differences between Tang Dynasty dance and dance in previous dynasties. Most of them are new creations, which enrich the dance art.
1. All dances in the Tang Dynasty have storylines; the dance "Lanling King" is an example. This dance is a man dancing solo in a mask. Because King Lanling looks surprisingly handsome, like a beautiful woman, he is often despised by his enemies in battles. So in order to frighten the enemy, King Lanling ordered someone to make a hideous mask. Whenever he went into battle, King Lanling would wear this mask. This dance vividly and vividly expresses a famous general's heroic deeds on the battlefield in his life.
2. In addition to being performed in the palace, dance in the Tang Dynasty also had its place in temples. People often perform dances on stages in temples to entertain the masses.
3. Dance in the Tang Dynasty created and enriched many dance-specific terms. Many of the terms used in dance today were handed down from the Tang Dynasty. Such as big hanging hands, small hanging hands, shaking, sending, etc. are all dance terms that are frequently used today.
4. Dancers in the Tang Dynasty also created dance scores. The form of a dance score is very similar to that of a musical score. Musical notation uses musical notes to record music, making it easier for future generations to learn and understand the music of past generations. The dance scores use simple pictures to record the dance formations and movements, so the dances of the Tang Dynasty can be passed down to this day for us to study and study.
The contribution/influence of Tang Dynasty dance on dance culture
1. Tang Dynasty dance inspired many choreographers to create new creations. For example, the creation of the large-scale dance drama Silk Road Flower Rain was an innovation based on the dance of the Tang Dynasty. The classic movements in dance all evolved from the dance of the Tang Dynasty. For example, movements such as bouncing the pipa and flying are all inherited from the dance of the Tang Dynasty.
2. Tang Dynasty dance became the source of dance in neighboring countries, such as Japan, and has been passed down to this day. Japan's famous mask dance is a typical example of other countries citing Chinese Tang Dynasty dance. The Japanese mask dance is a solo dance performed by a man wearing a mask. It is very similar to the Lanling King Dance of the Tang Dynasty, almost exactly the same. This not only proves the appeal and vitality of Tang Dynasty dance, but also proves that Tang Dynasty dance was a glorious period in the history of Chinese dance. (Recommended by teacher Shen Xueling of Xinjinshan Chinese School in Australia)
Tang music and dance is majestic and spectacular. It combines poems, lyrics and songs with wind and singing; it integrates bells, drums, piano and psalter into light singing and dancing. The music is high-pitched and melodious, the movements are stretched and smooth, and the costumes are gorgeous and purple. It can be called the best song and dance in the past. The prosperity of Tang music and dance is a perfect reflection of the prosperity of singing and dancing in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and the prosperity of the country and the people.
Famous Ancient Dance Diva
Xi Shi was a famous court dancer in the Spring and Autumn Period. King Gou Jian of Yue used a beauty trick to take revenge on the state of Wu and gave Xi Tzu to Cuoyong and the lustful King Wu Fucha. After Fu Cha got Xi Shi, he indulged in singing, dancing, drinking and sex all day long, and ignored the government affairs. According to records, when Xi Shi was performing the "Sounding Clogs Dance", Fu Chai ordered people to hollow out a long corridor in the imperial garden, put it in a large vat, covered it with wooden boards, and named it the "Sounding Clogs Corridor".
Xi Shi wears clogs on her feet and a small bell on her skirt. When she is dancing gracefully, her clogs step on the wooden board, emitting a heavy "clang-tat-tat" echo that intertwines with the crisp and cheerful "ding-dong-dang-dang" sound of the little bell on her skirt, which is unique. Charming flavour. The King of Wu was obsessed with Xi Shi and neglected government affairs. The people were in dire straits and complained a lot. King Gou Jian of Yue took the opportunity to send troops to defeat the state of Wu, and Fu Chai was forced to commit suicide.
Zhao Feiyan, formerly known as Yi Zhu, was a famous dancer in the Han Dynasty. As the maid of Princess Yang's family, she is smart and slim. She learns singing and dancing carefully and hard, so she stands out. Because of her particularly light dancing posture, she was nicknamed "Zhao Feiyan". Later, she was favored by Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, summoned to the palace, and given the title "Jieyu" (a female official's name). A few years later, she was made queen.
Zhao Feiyan is as light as a swallow and can dance on the palm of her hand. According to legend, Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty made a crystal plate for Zhao Feiyan and ordered the palace servants to hold the tray with their hands. Zhao Feiyan danced gracefully and freely on the crystal plate, which shows his dancing skills. There is also a legend: "There is a Taiye Pool in the Han Palace. There is a piece of land protruding from the pool, called Yingzhou. On the island, a high pavilion (yin Xie. It is an open house built on a high earth platform) is built, which is forty feet high. Zhao Feiyan wore a Yunying purple dress and Biqiong light silk yarn (yinxiao, tulle) that was paid tribute by South Vietnam, and performed a song and dance - "The Song of Returning to the Wind and Farewell". Emperor Cheng used a rhinoceros chopstick (or hairpin) to strike the jade pot ( Yin Ou (jade basin or jade bowl) was playing time, and Feng Wufang was playing the sheng to accompany him. Suddenly, a strong wind blew up, and the flying swallows fluttered in the wind, as if they were about to fly away. Emperor Cheng hurriedly asked Feng Wufang to hold him. Zhao Feiyan. After a while, the wind stopped, and Zhao Feiyan's skirt was wrinkled. From then on, a folded and wrinkled skirt became popular in the palace. It is said that Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty was afraid that the strong wind would blow away Zhao Feiyan. Zhao Feiyan built the "Qibao Shelter" to live in.
Turn left and right, dance [/size] Music and dance can be roughly divided into two categories: vigorous dance and soft dance. The former is agile and vigorous, while the latter is graceful and gentle. Jian dance is divided into "Aliao", "Zhezhi", "Jianqi", "Huxuan", etc., which are all sports dances. Wu Zetian once ordered the establishment of a "study hall" in the palace to teach the palace ladies to learn poetry. Later, it gradually evolved into a "teaching workshop" specializing in training singers and dancers.
The music and dance of the Tang Dynasty further developed on the basis of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was the heyday of music and dance in ancient China. Music and dance can be roughly divided into two categories: vigorous dance and soft dance. The former is agile and vigorous, while the latter is graceful and gentle. Jian dance is divided into "Aliao", "Zhezhi", "Jianqi", "Huxuan", etc., which are all sports dances. Wu Zetian once ordered the establishment of a "study hall" in the palace to teach the palace ladies to learn poetry. Later, it gradually evolved into a "teaching workshop" specializing in training singers and dancers. After these singing and dancing artists returned to the folk, they brought the music and dance learned in the palace back to the folk and became popular among ordinary people, thus promoting the widespread spread of music and dance in the Tang Dynasty.
Of course, the most famous among these dances is the sword dance, also known as "Sword Dance". There are two types of dances, folk and military. The famous folk sword dances are Gongsun Auntie and his wife. A group of disciples. Du Fu wrote a poem and said: "In the past, there was a beautiful lady Gongsun. Her sword dance moved all directions." In the third year of Kaiyuan (715), Du Fu watched Gongsun's sword dance performance in Yancheng. In the second year of Dali (767), there was another In Kuizhou, Sichuan (now Fengjie), I witnessed the sword dancing by Gongsun's disciples, which made me sigh with emotion about the changes in the world. Zhang Xu, who loves to write wildly, once watched Aunt Gongsun's sword dance and felt the fierce momentum, which greatly improved her art. Women who dance swords often wear military uniforms. Sikong Tu of the Tang Dynasty has a poem that goes: "Downstairs, Gongsun Xi is good at dancing, and Kong calls women to love military uniforms." This shows that this fashion has a wide influence.
The leader in sword dancing in the army was General Pei □. When Pei □ was in Luoyang, Wu Daozi happened to be painting in Tianguan Temple in Luoyang. He couldn't find the feeling for a while, so he asked Pei __ to perform a sword dance, saying that it was "to use Qi to help wield the sword." Pei □ rode a horse and galloped. He danced the sword, turning left and right, with a serious attitude, and threw the sword dozens of feet into the air. When it fell, it was as fast as lightning, but Pei was able to catch the sword with the scabbard. There were thousands of people watching at that time, and they all looked in a cold sweat. After Wu Daozi saw it, he also painted a masterpiece. Later Tang Wenzong designated Li Bai's poems, Pei's sword dancing, and Zhang Xu's cursive script as the "three wonders".
An important feature of Tang Dynasty dance is the emergence of word dance. "The character dancer uses the dancer's body on the ground to form characters." It is usually performed in relatively solemn gatherings such as sacrificial ceremonies or guest banquets. According to the "Old Book of Tang Dynasty", Wu Zetian personally rehearsed the "Sheng Shou Le" in which "the dance procession must form characters". Wang Jian, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, vividly described this: "The leaves of the Luo shirt are heavily embroidered, with a cluster of golden phoenixes and silver geese. When dancing, there are two items, among which are the words 'Long Live Peace'." This kind of "writing is like The calligraphy dance of "painting" is actually an ancient group exercise.
In addition, there was a very difficult dance called "Taqiu", also known as "Hu Xuan Dance". Use a large wooden ball one or two feet high, draw patterns on it, and the dancers will jump and spin on it without falling off. Bai Juyi wrote in "Hu Xuan Nu": "Hu Xuan Nu, Hu Xuan Nu, the heart responds to the strings, the hands respond to the drums, and the string drums sound and both sleeves are raised; the snow is floating in the air, spinning and dancing, spinning left and right tirelessly, thousands of turns "Wanzhou Wujishi" This dance was introduced to the Central Plains from the northwest minority areas and has been widely spread among the people.
Music and Dance Artists Music and dance activities were very common in the Tang Dynasty and penetrated into almost every aspect of social life.
As far as the participating classes are concerned, from the emperor's nobles, civil servants and generals to the common people, musicians and singers, no matter men, women, old or young, everyone can dance. The following artists are famous in history for their unique artistic style.
Dance originated from labor and was combined with poetry and music. It is one of the earliest art forms in human history. The poetry style of the Tang Dynasty was very prosperous, and the dance style was also very prosperous. There were countless poems using dance as the material. Xue Neng's "Zhezhi Ci" says: "The new mansion on the balcony is singing and dancing. Little Chanjuans are singing and dancing. They are swaying in a hurry, and their Luo shirts are half off their shoulders." Li Bai's "Gaoguli" says: "The golden flowers fold their hoods, and the white horses return late. Dance gracefully with wide sleeves, like a bird coming from the east." And so on.
Dance in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into vigorous dance and soft dance. According to relevant literature, there are more than ten kinds of dances in both categories. Strong dances such as "Sword", "Hu Xuan", "Hu Teng" and "Zhe Zhi", soft dances such as "Green Waist", "Spring Orioles", "Liangzhou", "Echoing Music", are for Representative work. The vigorous dance is strong and vigorous, while the soft dance is graceful and gentle. Du Fu's "Watching Gongsun's Disciples Dance with Swords and Utensils" and Li Qunyu's "Changsha September on the East Tower to Watch Dances" respectively write about the most famous vigorous dance "Sword Utensils" and the soft dance "Green Waist". ”, the dance performance styles of one martial and one literary and the strong and soft dance postures they described are vivid and lifelike.
Jianwu "Sword" is gradually developed from folk martial arts. It is usually performed by women in military uniforms alone, but also by sergeants in groups. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius's disciples dressed in military uniforms and danced swords in front of Confucius. When the Chu and Han Dynasties were fighting, at the Hongmen Banquet, "Xiang Zhuang danced with sword, aiming at Pei Gong." What Xiang Zhuang danced was the sword dance. In the Jin Dynasty, Liu Kun and Zu Ti "heard the chicken and danced", which was also a sword dance. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Pei's sword dance, Li Bai's poetry, and Zhang Xu's cursive script were known as the "Three Wonders". Aunt Gongsun was a famous dancer in the Tang Dynasty, and her sword dance was uniquely famous in both internal and external schools. "Jinyang Gate Poems" written by Zheng Xi in the late Tang Dynasty said: "Gongsun and Sun's sword skills are all magical", and the self-note said: "There was a lady Gongsun who danced a sword, and it was called Xiong Miao at that time." Sikong Tu's "Sword Equipment" poem also said: "Lou Gongsun was good at martial arts in the past, and Kong taught women to love military uniforms." Even when Zhang Xu talked about his progress in cursive writing, he said: "I saw Gongsun dancing with swords and got her inspiration" ("History of the Tang Dynasty"). ).
At the beginning of Du Fu's poem, he recalled and described the scene when he was a child and watched Gongsun's sword dance with smooth movements, smooth movements and frustrations, and the scene when he was the best alone. "In the past, there was a beautiful lady named Gongsun who moved all directions with her sword dance. The spectators were as depressed as the mountains, and the sky and the earth were depressed for a long time. It was as bright as Yi shot the nine sunsets, as powerful as the emperors flying dragons. It came like thunder to collect its wrath, and then it was like this. "The river and the sea condense with clear light." The first four lines of these eight lines describe the momentum and popularity of the dance: it is famous from all over the world, and the viewers are like mountains, moved by it, and moved the world. The last four sentences may be called "Four Ru Sentences", which describe the beauty and rhythm of the dance: like Yi shooting for nine days, like a flying dragon dancing, like thunder calming down its anger, like the condensed light of the river and sea. The poet's deep admiration and appreciation for Gongsun's dance art stirred up between the lines, and he never forgot it even when he was old. He looked back on the present and thought about the past, and was quite emotional.
The soft dance "Green Waist", also known as "Six Yao", "Lu Yao", or "Le Shi", is a female solo dance. The rhythm goes from slow to fast, and the dance is light and gentle. The music of "Liu Yao" is widely circulated. Bai Juyi's "Willow Branches" says: "Everyone sings "Liu Yao" and "Shui Diao"." "Pipa Xing" also says: "It was first called "Nishang" and then "Liu Yao". "Han Xizai's Night Banquet" by Gu Hongzhong of the Southern Tang Dynasty contains a scene of Wangwushan dancing "Six Yao". Li Qunyu wrote a poem about the close impression of the dance of "Green Waist": "There is a beauty in the southern country, dancing with a light green waist. Huayan is a nine-autumn twilight, and the flying sleeves are blowing in the clouds and rain. They are as graceful as orchids and emeralds, like swimming dragons. The more beautiful the river is, the more Wu Ji Ting's white dragonfly is slow and winding, and its graceful posture is turning towards the end. The wind is messy with the snow, and it is anxious to catch the sky when it falls. "Go chasing the Jinghong." The poet describes this dance better than "Qianxi" and "White Butterfly", using kingfishers, swimming dragons, weeping lotus, and Lingxue to describe the changes in dance postures and the gentle rhythm, highlighting the waist and waist of the dance. The characteristics of dancing sleeves are extremely light, graceful and elegant. It is a poem and a dance, which can be called two gems.
Fu Yi of the Han Dynasty said in "Dance Fu": "Singing chants words and dancing expresses thoughts." The medium of dance is the human body itself, which uses unique dance language and aesthetic synaesthesia to express emotions. When poets write about dance, they are also full of emotions. For example, Bai Juyi wrote the poem "Dance of Colorful Clothes and Feather Clothes", and wrote "Dance of Colorful Clothes and Feather Clothes", which is the court music and dance of the Tang Dynasty, and can be said to be the culmination of the history of Chinese dance. Music and dance were integrated in the Tang Dynasty. The music "Neon Clothes and Feathered Clothes" is said to have been composed by Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, who partially absorbed the "Brahmin Song" presented by Yang Jingshu, the military governor of Xiliang. Concubine Yang was the first to compile this piece into a dance, and her performance was the most beautiful. Its dance, music and costumes all focus on depicting the ethereal fairyland and the image of fairies. At the beginning of Bai Juyi's poem, he said: "I, the Emperor Xian of the Yuan Dynasty, once accompanied me to a banquet in Zhaoyang. There were countless songs and dances, among which the neon clothes dance was my favorite." The poet's special status and love for neon clothes dance are very clear. of. Then he gave a detailed description of the dancers' costumes, dance postures and the structure of the music. "The rainbow dress and rosy robes are waving their crowns while walking, and they are adorned with numerous pearls and pearls." The dancers wear colorful "cloud shoulders" and their skirts are like rainbow neon. "Floatingly whirling back to the light snow, sending off the wandering dragon with beauty. The willows behind the little hanging hands are weak, and the clouds are about to grow when the train is slanted. The moths are gathering slightly, and the wind sleeves are low and affectionate. Shangyuan points the servant girl to attract green calyx, The Queen Mother waved goodbye to Fei Qiong. "The first four sentences describe the initial state of dancing, and the last four sentences compare Calyx and Fei Qiong to fairies. But the poet's intention is not just to describe the splendor and elegance of dance. He wants to express this emotion: "As you said, it is true. Please listen to me calmly.
If you want the beauty of the country, you can start to translate it, but I am afraid that this dance will be abandoned in the world. "If you think of what the poet wrote in "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", "The flying sunkens stirred up the earth and shocked the colorful clothes and feathers," we can see that he was deeply concerned about the country and the people.
Tang Dynasty Many poets and dancers in the ancient times often became close friends due to their mutual admiration for their talents. For example, Bai Juyi's poem "Reflecting on Zhang Pu's Shooting of Prostitutes" says: "I don't hesitate to buy gold, but I can pick it up like flowers." Four or five branches. "The "prostitute" here refers to a beautiful woman who is good at singing and dancing. Bai Juyi believed in Buddhism and believed that he was happy and knew his fate. His life seemed to be very indifferent. However, he had many singing and dancing prostitutes in his family. He wrote in "There is also a Moon in the Small Courtyard" It says: "The water chestnut plays the sheng and the grain plays the pipa. The red silk hand dances, and the purple silk sings freely. "There are four of them here. And the "Spring Grass" that Liu Yuxi wrote in his poem "Recalling Spring Grass" is "sentimental everywhere". According to his own notes, he was also a dancing prostitute in Bai Juyi's family. Chu people from the Qing Dynasty won the "Jianhu Xin Ji" Volume Four Clouds : "Chen Hong's "Preface to the Song of Everlasting Sorrow" says: 'Lots of joy are deeper than poetry, and more profound than love. ’ Therefore, I will send chants whenever I encounter them, not for the purpose of fishing. "This is a very pertinent opinion. Another example is Han Yu's poem "Feeling the Spring": "The sweet boy sings for me, and plays the zither and flute in mourning. The beautiful girl is dancing at the feast, her clear eyes are piercing her sword and halberd. "The "Yan Ji" here also refers to the dancing girl in the family.