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[Introduction]
The earliest poems of China were not restricted by metrical rules. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the use of poetry as a means of imperial examinations, there were strict rules on phonology and syntax, which were called metrical rules. Since then, China's classical poetry has reached a new level in form and art.
The meter of poetry mainly includes three parts: tone, rhyme and composition. Tone is the most important. Learning and understanding the rhythm of poetry is very important for our creation. If you know how to use it, you can use it. If you can't use it, you can only use it indiscriminately.
The following is a summary of the common sense of poetry meter, which is also the most basic thing.
The meter of poetry mentioned below is only the basic knowledge that people who learn to write old-style poems should know, but there are basically no courses in this field in current school education. Only the "Chinese Language and Literature" major in universities will involve a small amount of things. Therefore, it is absolutely normal that you can't understand the following introduction at the moment, and you don't need to delve into it.
Important note: it is not worth it to limit your inspiration in order to pursue the rigor of metrical rules. Nowadays, people learn to write old-style poems, that is, they don't need to strictly follow the rules. Even in ancient times, excellent poets and poets boldly broke through the shackles of metrical rules and created a large number of excellent "variants".
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[noun]
Poetry in ancient style
It is the "ancient style" that we will talk about later. It came into being at the earliest, with various forms, no rules and restrictions, and relative freedom.
Old-style poetry, modern poetry, modern poetry
They all refer to "metrical poems", which are mainly divided into five sentences, seven sentences, five laws, seven laws and arranged laws. Now don't confuse "modern poetry" with "new poetry".
Rhyme based on five-character or seven-character rhymes and folk rhymes
As far as "Ci" is concerned, there are different formats, such as long tone, short order, slow and quotation, with "Ci" as the symbol of the format.
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Pingping
"Flat lines" is the first obstacle for modern people to write old-style poems, but it is not difficult to master flat lines as long as we understand its laws.
"Pingdiao" is the ancient people's distinction between tones. In today's Putonghua, "flat tone" refers to the rising tone (flat tone) and the second tone (flat tone), and "flat tone" refers to the three tones (rising tone) and the four tones (falling tone). Take two poems as examples:
"Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward." (Du Fu's sentence)
In these two poems, "boundless", "rustling", "Yangtze River" and "coming" are flat sounds, and "falling wood", "falling", "endless" and "rolling" are flat sounds, thus forming one of the standard sentence patterns of seven-character quatrains: "flat" You may say, no, the second sound of the word "no" Yes, reading Mandarin today, the word "no" is indeed a flat word, but the pronunciation in ancient times is different from today. The ancient sound of "bu" belongs to another tone-"Rusheng", which the ancients classified as "Rusheng". Therefore, these two sentences of Du Fu fully meet the requirements of "metrical". It's just that the word "Rusheng" has become the other three tones in Mandarin today, so how to distinguish them? There is no need to distinguish, just classify "no" as a flat sound according to today's pronunciation. However, in some dialects, such as Guangzhou dialect, there are still a large number of entering tones, such as "month", "one" and "ten". If you can distinguish them clearly, you can use them as syllables. Rusheng characters are characterized by short pronunciation, that's all. Southerners should be easy to distinguish, and northerners may be a little confused.
Examples of words with gentle voices: West, wind, sky, nothing, bow, peace.
Examples of sound words: far, sword, letter, general, electricity, guest.
Examples of entering voice: going out, working, setting, speed, entering voice, outstanding.
Thirdly, friends who can't distinguish the entering tone should use it according to the pronunciation in Putonghua. Anyway, we are not writing modern poems for the ancients.
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sentence pattern
Sentence patterns are actually not the content of poetic meter, and there is no strict constraint, so it is enough for scholars to understand them. Sentence patterns are "meaning units" based on sentences.
The most common five-character sentence pattern of "Eelsen" is:
The country is broken/the mountains and rivers are there, the city is spring/the vegetation is deep; (Du Fu)
May/Tianshan snow, no flowers/only cold; (Li Bai)
Floating clouds/wandering, sunset/old feelings; (Li Bai)
There are also very complicated sentence patterns, which can be used for cadence occasionally:
Dew/From/Tonight/White, Month/Yes/Hometown/Ming; (Du Fu)
Backyard flowers/songs; (Liu Yuxi)
Read/er/a person; (Cui Tu)
The most common seven-character sentence pattern is "43":
Black wind outside/blowing in the sea, flying rain in eastern Zhejiang/crossing Jiang Lai; (Su Shi)
Oblique shadows/shallow water, fragrance floating/dusk; (Jiang Kui)
Outside Gusu City/Hanshan Temple, at midnight/to the passenger ship; (Zhang Ji)
There are also complicated situations:
Pull? Mountain? Are you kidding? br/>；
Flash? Hey? Are you bluffing? br/>；
It can be seen that the ancient characters do not conform to the law in sentence patterns, and strive for diversity. This is the purpose of learning "sentence patterns".
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rhyme
In ancient times, poetic rhyme and word rhyme were different, and there were great differences in the choice of rhyme words, the arrangement of rhyme feet and the tolerance of rhyme. Great changes have taken place in ancient rhyme and modern rhyme. For example, "Dong" and "Dong" in ancient times are words with different rhymes, but they can be replaced by "Hua" and "Xie". But when we learn to write modern poetry today, we don't need to study so much, just use it according to the rhyme of Mandarin.
For details about rhyme, please refer to "Poetry Rhyme".
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[dual]
Duality is an important factor in modern poetry, and it is extremely important to enhance the beauty and rhythm of poetry.
To meet the requirements of duality, two opposing sentences must have the same sentence pattern and the same part of speech, and even words should conform to their own laws according to different genres.
The bright moon shed clear light from the cracks and cleared the fountain on the rocks. (Wang Wei)
The old lady didn't sweep the flower path for the guests. Today, it's only for you. Chai Men hasn't opened it for you yet, but it will open it for you today. (Du Fu)
There is nothing to do, but the flowers fall and the geese return. (Yan) according to
In the first sentence, the sentence patterns of "bright moon" to "clear spring", "pine room" to "stone" and "photo" to "flowing water" are consistent;
In the second sentence, "Hua" belongs to the nominal plant pair, "Jing" belongs to the nominal vessel pair, "Never" belongs to the personnel pair, "Yuan" belongs to the interpersonal pair, "Ke" belongs to the interpersonal pair, and "Sweep" belongs to the verb pair.
The third sentence "helplessness" is a continuous word pair of "deja vu".
The ancients summed up a lot of experiences worth learning from Duizhou, and I will gradually increase this introduction.
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[plan]
As far as the structure and composition of poetry are concerned. For poetry, predecessors have summed up a lot of experience, but in general, there are no four words: Qi, Cheng, Speciality and Harmony.
For example, he Zhang's Homecoming Book:
When young people leave home, old people will come back.
The local accent has not changed. (bearing)
Children meet strangers, (turn)
Smile and ask the guest where he is from. (merger)
There is even a "from beginning to end" arrangement in one sentence. Such as: "Young people (from) leaving home (from) older people (from) to (from)".
Of course, "connecting the past and the future" is not a simple method. After all, form should serve the content.
It is difficult to distinguish between "inheritance and combination" because of its changeable style. Therefore, when discussing ci, predecessors often started with "passing films". All the words except this poem are divided into several paragraphs. The transition from the previous piece to the next piece is "passing the piece", also called "changing the head".
The "passing through the film" of words is based on close connection and nature, and is based on the ability to dig out new ideas. For example, Su Shi's "Water-Master of the Second Rhyme of Huayang Ci":
Much like a flower, it seems that it is not a flower, and no one falls to the ground. Throwing it on the side of the road seems heartless, but it is full of affection. It was she who was injured, euphemistically confused, trying to open her mouth but closing it tightly. To go with the wind, to find a loved one, but also by the relentless call of the oriole. I don't hate this kind of flowers falling completely, but I hate the West Garden, which is full of withered flowers. Where are the traces of falling flowers after the rain in the morning? Drift into the pool and become a pool of duckweed. Three points of spring scenery: two points of dust, one point of running water. It doesn't seem to be flowers, but a little tears.
The meaning of the upper and lower parts is continuous, and the next part is more innovative.
The rhythm of poetry
Rhyme is one of the basic elements of poetry meter. Poets use rhyme in their poems, which is called rhyme. From The Book of Songs
There are few poems that don't rhyme to future generations. There are no folk songs that don't rhyme. In northern operas,
Rhyme is also called quotation, and rhyme is also called collocation quotation.
Most people can tell whether a poem rhymes or not. As for what rhyme is, it is
It is not easy. However, today we have hanyu pinyin, and the concept of rhyme is easy to explain.
The so-called rhyme in poetry is roughly equal to the so-called vowel in Chinese Pinyin. As we all know, a Chinese character is used.
Pinyin letters are usually spelled with initials and finals. For example, the word "male" is spelled G instead of G not gōng, where G is
Initial, not ng, vowel. The first letter is always in front and the vowel is always in the back. Let's look at "the East"
D not ng, "tong" Tó ng, "long" Ló ng, "zong" Z not ng, "cong" C not ng and so on all have vowels.
It is ong, so it is a homonym.
Any rhyming word can rhyme. The so-called rhyme means putting two or more rhyming words in it.
In the same position. Generally, rhyme is always placed at the end of a sentence, so it is also called "rhyme foot". Try the following example:
Book Lake, Yinxian County, Bi Sheng
[Song] Wang Anshi
Mao eaves are often cleaned without moss (tái).
△
Flowers and trees grow by hand (zāi).
△
Fields protected by water will be green,
Two mountains lined up to send green (lái).
△
Here "moss", "plant" and "lai" rhyme, because their vowels are all ai. Word wrap doesn't rhyme because
The word "Rao" is spelled as Rao and its vowel is ao, which is different from "moss", "plant" and "lai"
Rhyme. According to the law of poetry, the third sentence of four poems like this doesn't rhyme.
In pinyin, a, e and o may be preceded by I, u and u, such as ia, ua, uai, iao and ian.
Huang, An, Ang, Huang, Yi, Yi, Ang, etc. This I, u, u is called rhyme, no.
Homonyms are homophones, and they can also rhyme. For example:
Four seasons pastoral miscellaneous interest
[Song] Fan Chengda
Tilling during the day, getting hemp at night (m×),
△
The children in the village are in charge (jiā).
△
Children and grandchildren have not been liberated to engage in farming and textile,
Also learn to plant melons in the shade of mulberry trees (guā).
△
The vowels of "hemp", "home" and "melon" are A, ia and ua. Although vowels are not exactly the same, they are the same
Homonyms are equally harmonious when they rhyme.
The purpose of rhyming is to rhyme harmoniously. The repetition of the same music in the same position constitutes
This has become the beauty of sound circulation.
However, why do we often feel that the rhymes of ancient poems are not very harmonious when we read them?
Even very discordant? This is because times have changed. Language has developed and pronunciation has changed. I
It is naturally impossible for children to read with modern pronunciation. For example:
Yamayuki
Du Mu
Far from Hanshan Mountain, the stone path is inclined (xié).
△
Someone in the depths gets something for nothing (jiā).
△
I stopped the carriage and was fascinated by Fenglin.
Frost leaves are redder than February flowers (huā).
△
Xié, jiā and huā are not homonyms, but in the Tang Dynasty, the word "Xie" was pronounced as xiá(s is pronounced as voiced), which is similar to that in modern times.
The pronunciation of the word "oblique" in the sea is the same. So, it was harmonious. Another example is:
Jiangmianqu
Li yi
Ever since I married a Qutang businessman,
He doesn't keep his promise every day (Q: and).
△
If I think that the tides are so regular,
I'd rather choose a riverside boy.
△
In this poem, "Chao" rhymes with "Er". If you read in Mandarin today, Qι and ér can't.
Rhyme. If the word "er" is pronounced according to the Shanghai vernacular, it can be pronounced like the sound of ní (this sound is just close to the ancient sound.
), that would be harmonious. Today, it is certainly impossible (and unnecessary) for us to read the poems of the ancients according to the ancient sounds.
However, we have to understand this truth, so that we won't doubt that the ancient people rhymed unharmoniously.
The ancients rhymed according to rhyming books. The so-called "official rhyme" of the ancients is the rhyme book promulgated by the court. such
Rhyme books, in the Tang Dynasty, are basically the same as spoken English, and it is reasonable to imitate rhyme books. Song dynasty; surname
After a generation, the pronunciation changed greatly, and the poet still rhymed according to the rhyme book, which became unreasonable.
If we write old poems today, we naturally don't have to rhyme according to rhyme books. However, when we read the ancient people's
You should know the rhyme of the ancients when writing poetry. Under rhyme, word rhyme and ancient poetry rhyme,
Let's go back to this question. Four tones in classical Chinese pronunciation
Four tones, here refers to the four tones of ancient Chinese. If you want to know the four tones, the heart must first know the tone.
How are tones formed? So let's start with the tone.
Tone is the characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). Height, elevation and length of sound.
Shortness constitutes the tone of Chinese, and high and low, rising and falling are the main factors. Take Mandarin as an example, there are four kinds of * * *.
Tone: Flat tone is Gao Pingtiao (flat tone without rising or falling); Rising tone is rising tone (not high)
Not low call); The rising tone is a low rising tone (sometimes a low flat tone); Voiced is a high tone.
Ancient Chinese has four tones, but it is not exactly the same as Mandarin today. ancient times
These four tones are:
(1) flat voice. This tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in later generations.
(2) on the sound. Part of this tone will become unvoiced in future generations.
(3) sounding. This tone is still unvoiced in later generations.
(4) if you are born. This sound is short. Modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu
The western countries and other places still retain the entering tone. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where raw milk is preserved.
The tone of entering tone in Hunan is not short, but it also retains the tone category of entering tone. Most of the north and southwest
In most spoken languages, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some entering tones are flattened, while others are flattened.
Ascending tone, some become upper tone, and some become lower tone. As far as Putonghua is concerned, Rusheng words have become the most disyllabic words.
The second is the rising tone, which becomes the least vocal. In the southwest dialect (from Hunan to Yunnan), the entering tones are all changed.
It became a rising tone.
What is the shape of the ancient four-tone ups and downs? Now we can't know in detail. According to tradition
In other words, the flat tone should be flat tone, the rising tone should be rising tone and the falling tone should be falling tone.
The entering tone should be short. There is a Song formula in front of Kangxi dictionary, which is called "Four Tones Division":
Flat voice, flat road, mo di ang,
The voice above shouted fiercely and strongly:
It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan,
The tone is short and urgent.
This narrative is not scientific enough, but it also gives us a general understanding of the ancient four tones.
The relationship between four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as homophones. exist
In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme.
It is very clear in the rhyme book that what words belong to what tune. Today, the Chinese side of Rusheng still remains.
Between the lines, it is quite clear that a word belongs to a certain sound. Pay special attention to reading one word and two words. Sometimes,
A word has two meanings (usually different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, the word "for",
Used as "because" and "for", read pronunciation. In ancient Chinese, this situation is more than that in modern Chinese.
Much more. Now give a few examples:
Ride, flat voice, verb, ride; Disyllabic, noun, cavalry.
Thinking, flat voice, verb, absence; Out of tune, nouns, thoughts and feelings.
Fame, flat voice, verbs, praise; Disyllabic, noun, reputation.
Dirty, flat voices, adjectives, filth; Voiced, verb, dirty.
Number, consonant, verb, calculation; Disyllabic words, nouns, numbers, fate; Enter the tone (read like a new moon),
What's left? Firm and thin? br/>； Teaching, desensitization, noun, enlightenment, education; Life, verb, make, let.
Command, silence, noun, command; Life, verb, make, let.
Forbidden, silent, noun, forbidden, forbidden; Life, verb, can stand.
Kill, Rusheng, transitive verb, kill; De-sounding (sounds like Sun), intransitive verbs, fade.
Some words, originally pronounced in a flat voice, were later changed to disyllabic, but their meanings and parts of speech have not changed. King,
Words such as "Han" and "Kan" all belong to this category. Both "Wang" and "Tan" are pronounced in Tang poetry.
The word "look" is always pronounced. There are also more complicated situations: for example, the word "Guo" is sometimes used as a verb.
As for the second reading, as for the use as a noun, when it is interpreted as wrong, you only need to read it in the sound.
Distinguishing four tones is the basis of distinguishing flat tones. Next we will discuss the problem of leveling. Flat tone
Knowing what four tones are, it is easy to understand the flat tone. Pingdiao is a term of poetic meter: poet.
Divide four tones into two categories: flat tone, that is, flat tone, and flat tone is three tones. Well, literally,
It means uneven.
What makes it possible to divide it into two categories? Because the flat tone does not rise or fall, it is longer, while the other three tones
There are up and down (the incoming sound may also increase or decrease slightly) and shorter ones, so they form two big ones.
Type. If these two tones are interlaced in poetry, the tones will be diversified, not single.
Tune. The ancients called it "sonorous voice". Although there are many stresses, balance and harmony are one of them.
Important factors.
How are the flat lines in poetry staggered? We can sum it up in two sentences:
(1) even lines appear alternately in this sentence;
⑵ Flat lines and even lines are opposites in the dialogue.
This kind of flat and even rule is particularly obvious in metrical poems.
For example, the fifth and sixth sentences of Chairman Mao's Long March poem:
Jinsha water pats the clouds and cliffs warm,
The beams of Dadu Bridge are cold.
The level of these two poems is:
Flat, flat, flat,
Flat | flat | flat | flat.
As far as this sentence is concerned, every word has a rhythm. Flat sentence is followed by flat sentence, followed by flat sentence.
Very flat, the last one is awkward. A sentence is flat at the beginning and flat at the back.
One is flat and the last one is flat. This is alternation. As far as sentences are concerned, "Jinsha" is opposite to "Dadu".
Is flat to flat, "water beat" to "bridge crossing", flat to flat, "cloud cliff" to "iron rope",
It is flat to flat, and "warm" is flat to "cold". This is opposition.
Regarding the rules of poetry, we will discuss them in detail from the following aspects: the rules of poetry, the rules of poetry. at present
Let's talk about how to distinguish flatness.
If your dialect has tones (for example, you come from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hunan and South China)
People), then the problem will be solved. In those dialects with entering tones, there are not only more than four tones.
Pingsheng is divided into yin and yang, and even rising tone, falling tone and entering tone are often divided into yin and yang. Like Guangzhou Rusheng, it can be divided into three categories.
It's simple: just combine them, for example, combine Yin Ping and Yang Ping into a flat sound, and combine Yin and Yang Ping into a flat sound.
Up, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down, up, down into a muffled voice, that's all. The problem is that you must do it first.
Know how many tones there are in your dialect. It is necessary to find a friend who understands the tone to help. If you ...
In Chinese class, I have learned the corresponding rules of dialect tone and Mandarin tone, and I have made it very clear.
The tone in the words is better.
If you are from Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Guangxi, then Rusheng is on your side.
It's all rising tones. In this way, we should pay special attention to the words with rising tones, some of which are ancient.
Belonging to the tone. As for which words belong to entering tone and which words belong to entering tone, you have to look them up in a dictionary or rhyme book.
If you are from the north, then the method of distinguishing flat tones is slightly different from that in Hubei and other places. Ancient entries
Because most of the phonetic symbols of Putonghua have become disyllabic, disyllabic is also a kind of disyllabic. The other part changed its voice, up.
The voice is also awkward. Therefore, the words from entry to change and from entry to change do not prevent us from distinguishing levels; Only by
Only when the entrance is flat (Yin Ping and Yang Ping), it is difficult to distinguish flat. When we meet the poetic rules, we should use conjunctions.
Place, and the poet used a word that sounds very flat today, which aroused our suspicion. We can look it up.
Canon or rhyme book to solve.
Note that any word ending in -n or -ng will not be an entering tone word. If Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan,
As far as Guizhou and northern Guangxi are concerned, there are basically no syllables such as ai, ei, ao and ou.
In a word, the problem of entering tone is the only obstacle to distinguish flat tones. This obstacle can only be removed by looking it up in a dictionary or rhyme book.
Except; However, the truth of leveling is easy to understand. Moreover, about half of China is reserved.
People in those places listen to sounds, so there is no problem in distinguishing flat tones. contrast
Duality in poetry is called duality. The guards of honor in ancient times were antagonistic and "antithetical".
The origin of this term.
What is duality? For example, duality is juxtaposing similar concepts or opposing concepts.
"Resist US aggression and aid Korea" and "resist US aggression and aid Korea" form duality. Duality can be self-aligned in one sentence or two.
Relational sentences. For example, "to resist US aggression and aid Korea" is self-contradictory, while "to resist US aggression and aid Korea and defend the country" are two opposite sentences.
Generally speaking, duality refers to two opposite sentences. The last sentence is called a sentence, and the next sentence is called a sentence.
The general rules of duality are noun to noun, verb to verb, adjective to adjective, adverb to adverb.
Adverbs. Or take "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea to protect our country and defend our country" as an example: "resistance", "aid", "protection" and "defense"
They are all relative verbs, and beauty, Korea, home and country are all relative nouns. In fact, the first name
Words can also be subdivided into several categories, and similar nouns are relatively regarded as neat duality, referred to as "working pairs". here
"Beauty" and "Korea" are both proper nouns and abbreviations, so they are industrial pairs; "home" and "country"
They are all people's collectives, so they are also workers' right. "Defending the country and defending the country" is also right for "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea" because
If the sentence is self-aligned, it is not required that the two sentences are equally neat.
Duality is a rhetorical device, whose function is to form neat beauty. The characteristics of China people are particularly suitable.
Disyllabic, because there are many monosyllabic words in Chinese, even disyllabic words have quite independent morphemes.
It is easy to cause duality. Because duality is a rhetorical device, it is necessary for both prose and poetry. For example, Yi
The classic says, "Respond with one voice and seek in the same spirit." ("Dry a Classical Chinese") The Book of Songs says: "I once
In the past, the willows were reluctant; The road is muddy and difficult to walk, and people are thirsty and hungry. "("Xiaoya Cai Wei ") these dual are.
Comply with the needs of rhetoric. However, the antithesis in regular poems has its own rules, unlike the Book of Songs.
A little casual. This rule is:
(1) The level of sentence and duality is relative;
The words in the sentence and the words in the dialogue cannot be repeated.
Therefore, the examples mentioned above, such as the Book of Changes and the Book of Songs, can not meet the standard of antithesis of orthodox poetry. Last/better/previous/last name
Two lines in Chairman Mao's poem "Long March": "Jinsha River is warm on the cliff, and the crossbar of Dadu Bridge is cold",
It is in line with the standard of antithesis of orthographic poetry.
Couplets (couplets) are evolved from metrical poems, so they should also be suitable for the above two standards. take for example
The following couple:
The reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow;
Bamboo shoots, sharp mouth, empty stomach.
Here, the words in the upper couplet (sentence) and the words in the lower couplet (dual) are not repeated, but their levelness is relative.
Of:
(flat) flat, (flat) flat;
(Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) Ping (Ping) ②.
Rhetorically, this pair is also very neat. "On the wall" is a noun with orientation, which
Right "mountain" is also a noun with orientation. "Root" is the "belly" of nouns in position ③.
It is also a noun with orientation. "Head" to "mouth" and "foot" to "skin" are nouns to nouns.
"Heavy" versus "sharp" and "light" versus "thick" are adjectives versus adjectives. "Top-heavy" and "Light Footsteps"
"Sharp mouth" and "thick skin" are both self-correcting. This sentence is correct, and the two sentences are relative, which is even more special.
Don't be neat
The antithesis of poetry will be discussed in detail in the following antithesis of metrical poems and antithesis of words. Now, first of all,
Speaking of which.
━
(1) cannot be duplicated at least in the same position. For example, "I have been there, Yangliuyiyi; Today I think, rain and snow
Feifei, the second word in the sentence and the second word in the dialogue are both "I", which is a repetition of the same position.
(2) If there are brackets outside the word, it means that it can be even. (3) "root" The original "root" is a coordinate structure.
The writing "root" is still a parallel structure. We say nouns with locative words because they are really used here.
The fact that "bottom" can also be used as a locative word constitutes duality.