In Wei Chu at the end of the Han Dynasty, under the social background of "the world is divided, the wind decays and the people are resentful", the works of Jian 'an literati also have the "generous" style of the times. Among them, Cao Cao's poems reflect the turbulent social reality and show the poet's ambition to make contributions and unify the world.
At the turn of Wei and Jin Dynasties, with the change of social customs, poetry creation showed a different style from that of Jian 'an era. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang's works are either gloomy and difficult, or sharp-edged. They inherited the excellent tradition of Jian 'an literature and further promoted the development of five-character poems. In Tao Yuanming's era, "Zhen Feng died, and the Great Pseudo prospered". He walked out of poverty and witnessed the darkness of officialdom, unwilling to go with the flow. He is determined to resign and retire, keeping his personal spirit. His pastoral poems depict the beauty of natural scenery, praise the tranquility of rural life, and show the joy and hardship of personally participating in agricultural production and labor. It has created an artistic realm that combines emotion, scenery and reason, and is plain and mellow.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, many literati devoted themselves to literary creation, and the main literary styles used were poetry and parallel prose.
2. A brief analysis of the times
The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (222-589), also known as the Three Kingdoms and the Southern Jin Dynasties, was an era in which China was unified for only 37 years, while other dynasties changed rapidly and many countries coexisted. During this period, Sun Quan became king in 222, the Sui Dynasty destroyed the Southern Dynasties in 589 and unified China in 369. It can be divided into three kingdoms period (Cao Wei orthodox, Shu Han and Sun Wu coexist), Western Jin period (called Jin together with Eastern Jin), Sixteen Countries period of Eastern Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties period (the period of opposition between Southern and Northern Dynasties, *** 150). In addition, the six countries of Sun Wu, Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, including Song, Qi, Liang and Chen, all took Jiankang (Jianye in Sun Wu's era, that is, today's Nanjing) as their capital, also collectively referred to as the Six Dynasties.
3. Cultural characteristics
(1) Outstanding achievements in science and technology. For example, Zu Chongzhi's calculation of pi, Li Daoyuan's notes on water classics, etc.
The ideological circle is extremely active. With the systematization of Taoism, the fierce struggle between Buddhism and anti-Buddhism, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism began to merge, and literature, painting and grotto art were branded with Buddhism.
(3) Reflect the characteristics of national integration. Representative cultures and achievements reflect national characteristics and different national styles.
(4) under the brand of separatist regime. During this period, China society was in a state of separatism, and different regional cultures had their own characteristics and obvious differences, especially the cultural differences between the north and the south, and the styles of folk songs between the north and the south were quite different.