How did printing and dyeing develop?

In the Paleolithic Age 5000-65438+ ten thousand years ago, human beings had dyed stone necklaces red with mineral pigments. In the Neolithic age, people have invented the use of hematite powder to dye linen red, and began to use plants to make dyes to dye textiles. The colors of clothes and textiles recorded in The Book of Songs, China's earliest collection of poems, are white, red, yellow, dark green, turquoise, crimson and mysterious yellow, showing the categories of colors at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, bluegrass was the most commonly used dye. Xunzi mentioned the conclusion that "shine on you is better than blue", and at the same time appeared the practice of decorating fabrics with "painting". The relief printing technology successfully tested in this period reached a quite high level in the Western Han Dynasty, and the unearthed objects included "printed colored yarn" and "printed gold and silver yarn" from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha.

Through long-term practice, people realize that "anti-dyeing" can effectively control the dyeing area and shape. The method of dyeing flowers in resist agent with wax first appeared in southwest minority areas, and it was successful. This kind of cloth with blue background and white flowers or colored background was called "dry patchwork" in ancient times, and now it is called "batik cloth". Until now, batik is still popular in Guizhou, Yunnan, Guangxi and other places. Valeriana officinalis appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, then called Hua Cuo, Hua Cuo and Hua Cuo, and now it is called tie-dyeing. The specific production method is to fold and match the fabric first, then bind or sew it with thread, and remove the thread after dipping, that is, white patterns appear. In the Tang Dynasty, amazing works of Di Valle, Jia Valle and Wax Valle appeared, with exquisite patterns, mostly in pairs, and quite rigorous composition and modeling. Bird trees, flowers, hunting patterns and beaded patterns all have extraordinary performances.

In Song Huizong, people are not allowed to use clip-on products, and businessmen are not allowed to sell clip-on flower plates. Due to repeated prohibitions, the Southern Song Dynasty had to lift the ban. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Yao people in Guangxi appeared "Yao spot cloth", which was made by printing wax liquid with wax paper.

Dyes in the Ming Dynasty were controlled by the official Pigment Bureau. According to the woven strips, the dyes in the Ming Dynasty are "hematoxylin, Huang Dan, alum, gardenia, indigo, Sophora japonica, ebony, soda refining, madder, etc.", and the relics unearthed in the Ming Dynasty can show the dyeing level of textiles at that time. In the Ming Dynasty, anti-dyeing technology developed into a variety of anti-dyeing products, such as Shugu, Jingu, Cuogu, Jiangshui, Sanju and Deer Fetal Valley. Handed down works include Xuande Colorful Valley and Seven-color Dyed Valley in Five Episodes of Chongzhen.

Batik technology in Qing Dynasty reached its peak among ethnic minorities, with fine technology and accurate wax pattern. Many exquisite batik products were presented to the imperial court as tributes. Besides clothes, Chinese-style chest covering and apron, blue calico is also the first choice for daily necessities such as quilt cover, door curtain, table towel, luggage cloth and pillow towel.