What are the passes in Shanxi?

This piece of land in the west has played a unique role in China's political and military history. Its unique terrain is characterized by mountains and rivers, so the famous passes in Shanxi are particularly densely distributed in history. Here, we can list many famous passes with high reputation in Sanjin in history, and point out the geographical location of their sites. Such as Malingguan, 30 kilometers southeast of Taigu County; Pianguan County Piantouguan; Huangzeguan, 60 kilometers southeast of Zuo Quan County; North of Daixian County 15km Yanmenguan; Niangziguan, 40 kilometers northeast of Pingding County; Ningshiguan, ningwu county; Pingxingguan, 60 kilometers northeast of Fan Shi; Weifang Pass to the east of Xingxian County; Huangluling Pass, more than 30 kilometers west of Fenyang City; Wurenguan, 30 kilometers west of Jixian County; Yonghe Pass, 30 kilometers northwest of Yonghe County; Pingduguan, 27 kilometers southwest of Daning County; Tieluoguan, 30 kilometers southwest of Yonghe County; Tianjin Pass, 23 kilometers south of Jincheng; Dongyang Pass, northeast of Licheng County13 km; Changping Pass, 20 kilometers north of Gaoping County; Eagle Fort, 75 kilometers northeast of Pianguan County; Zhiguguan, 5 kilometers south of Guangling County; Kill the tiger mouth, 30 kilometers northwest of Youyu County; Ruyuekou, 20 kilometers south of Yingxian County; Madouguan, 25 kilometers northwest of Daning County; ..... The passes mentioned above are all on the Great Wall Line in Shanxi Province, and they are the residences of soldiers who have guarded the Great Wall for generations, and they have many functions such as military, administrative and traffic management. Most of these passes are named after Fort, Kou and Wei along the Great Wall, which varies from place to place and from time to time. Some passes of the Great Wall are quite dense. For example, in the Northern Song Dynasty, there were more than 20 large and small passes on the Inner Great Wall from Ningwu to Daixian to Fan Shi. Only between Pandaoliang and Pingxingguan, there are passes such as Shuiyu, Huyu, Malan, Yueru, Xiaoshi, Dashi, Daan, Tuancheng, Lingyun, Hulu, Taihe, Baicao, Bacha, Xiaolian, Liu Jia, Yanshui, Diaoke and Yuangang, among which Yanmenguan is not counted and is called "Eighteen Pass". Although some passes of the Great Wall are remote, they are very prosperous in history, such as Eagle Fort in Pianguan County. This is the junction of the Ming Great Wall in Shanxi and the foreign Great Wall. 1985, two young journalists visited Laoyingbao, where an old man named Chen Cheng was able to tell the story of the Great Wall Castle in great detail. He can even accurately tell the scene of the last expansion of Old Yingbao in history without any effort. It was "Wanli Gui You Year". That is, in 1573, Eagle Castle was expanded eastward twice, and the city wall was built with 100 kilograms of bricks. The city wall is five miles around, with thirteen steps, three doors, four towers and 360 stacks. There is a watchtower above the city and an ammunition depot below. ""In the heyday of Laoying City, there were more than 3,000 families in the city, all of which were brick houses; There are many shops along the street with 43 store names. Every year, on the fifteenth day of the first month, the Dragon Boat Festival in May and the eighteenth day of June, the temple fair is crowded and very lively. Sesame oil is sold in the south, cotton cloth and iron goods are transported in the north ... There is a Kuixing Pavilion in the city center, surrounded by Guandi Temple, Niangniang Temple, Chenghuang Temple, Wenchang Temple, Mawang Temple, etc. 13 stage. "In the defense history of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, Pianguan Laoyingbao played an important role." "These two proverbs have been spread from the Ming Dynasty to today. For more than 400 years, many scholars or people have said or heard them. However, today, few people tell two young journalists about the history of Eagle Fort from an old population in a remote rural area of Kan Kan. Later, when two young journalists wrote this passage in their related works, they generously took the Great Wall, which should not be forgotten, as the chapter title, which is the vision of an era. In addition to the Great Wall, there are many passes in Shanxi, and there are many other ancient passes different from the Great Wall Pass, which exist between Yishan and Dachuan in Shanxi. Wait, we can also say some names and geographical locations of them. Shilingguan, 25 kilometers north of Yangqu County; Baimaguan, 35 kilometers northeast of Yuxian County; Yinshiguan, 25 kilometers southwest of Lingshi County; Tianmen Pass, the northern suburb of Taiyuan; Huang Yuling Pass, 35km east of heshun county; Lengquanguan, 20 kilometers north of Lingshi County; Shimenguan, 35 kilometers northwest of Yuanping City; Ping Ling Pass to the north of Guangling County; Chitangguan, 25 kilometers southwest of Xinzhou City; Liangling Pass, 30 kilometers south of Jingle County; Xiaoyi City West 10km Baibiguan; Heheguan, 30 kilometers northwest of Xingxian; Mengmen Pass, Mengmen Town, northwest of Liulin County; Northwest of Fenyang City 15km Jinsuo Pass; Quanziguan, 20 kilometers southwest of Zhongyang County; Taipingguan, northwest of Xiangfen County 10 km; Fenglingguan, fenglingdu Kou, southwest of Ruicheng County; Heilongguan, 25 kilometers east of Puxian County; Longmen Pass and Yumen Ferry in the northwest of Hejin City; Pujinguan, Xipujin Ferry, Xupu District, yongji city; South of Jiangxian County 12.5km Henglingguan; Jiaoguan, 35 kilometers east of Yuanqu County; Tunliu county goes to Dangguan in the west; Tielingguan, 6.5km south of Houmaguan Village; Wuling Pass in the northwest of Qinshui County 15km; Southwest of Wanrong County 17.5km Mulingguan; Wuduguan, 40 kilometers south of Lingchuan County; Yuxiaguan, 32.5 kilometers southeast of Pingshun County; Angcheguan, 4 kilometers east of Wuxiang County; Hongtiguan at the east of Pingshun County 17.5km; Different from the passes along the Great Wall, most of these ancient passes mentioned above are located in the traffic arteries in the hinterland of Shanxi, or in the naturally formed mountain canyons, or in the famous river ferry. For example, at the beginning of the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, there was a famous battle of Xinkou, and this is the location of the ancient Xinkou Pass. To the west of Guancheng, there is a remnant vein of Jinshan in the west and Wutai Mountain in the east. Another example is Shilingguan at the junction of Yangqu County and Xinzhou. In ancient times, on both sides of Guancheng, there were remnants of Yunzhongshan on the west and Zhoushan on the east. Another example is Hongtiguan and Yuxiaguan in the east of Pingshun County, which are completely located in the vast Taihang Mountains. The ancients wrote inscriptions for the two customs and sealed them with stones. " "The Bright of the Rainbow Ladder" says: Climb the sky from the cliff, thousands of miles away. Gan Yang Semin overlooked the mist. The iron wall is hook-shaped and opens in the middle. The audience was frightened and their spirit was destroyed. As long as Changhong, we can cross day order. The unconscious is self-protection, and the arrogant is oneself. According to the training, earthquake resistance is necessary. It's a pity to die in the big punishment. Too good, the river. It's too strict to close the door. Di Wei misses it. There are stones in Beishan and materials in Nanshan. After the camp, if Cui Wei suddenly. Courtiers wrote inscriptions for the future. Preface to Yuxia is more impressive than Preface to Rainbow Ladder. It is said that Xia Zi, who is the gate of Jade Canyon, created the name of his life. In the old days, he said, at the entrance of the wind, at the top of the mountain, it is the boundary between the two rivers and the three Jin dynasties, which covers the dangers created by nature. Prior to this, the Buddha set up a guard, which often refused to obey the official in a rebellious way. This is all wet! Yes, it's Yan Guan. The inscription on Guancheng's face reads: Taihang Plate, across Li Zhongyuan. Near the river, near Kunlun. Guo Wei Fan Xiong Taiyuan Girder. Huguan forest is worrying; Bound by the garden. The bird's way is clear, and the wheel destroys the horse. Strange, the bear climbs the leopard and squats. Even the cliff stands, like a cliff. Extreme interruption, called air door. Leaning against the valley at night, I was forced to make a pilgrimage. Stand up and ride empty. The risk is very solid, and the king can be preserved. He was accused of guarding officials and given a key. Le Yanming, you are favored by Yao Kun. Bandits have no virtue, and they are alarmed. Although there are 26,000-year-old ancient passes, many of them have become dilapidated relics and sites; However, the historical figures preserved in these surviving stone tablets and local chronicles have become precious and true historical basis for us to understand the historical and cultural heritage that has lost its complete face. These ancient passes unrelated to the Great Wall have one thing in common with the passes on the Great Wall, that is, they are closely related to many wars in ancient China. Wei Yuanshu, a native of Hebei Province, was a magistrate in Ningwu, Shanxi Province in the early Qing Dynasty, and wrote a poem "Two Records of Investigating the Pass". The first two lines of the poem are: "The Great Wall must make this trip every day. Who will take Tianhe to wash the five soldiers? "It means that when I visited the Great Wall, the war was a thing of the past, but who can wash away the wounds and memories left by the war, even if the water of Tianhe poured down? The first two sentences of the poem are: "Drive thousands of miles out of the customs, with high volume, and connect the whole city." "The description here seems to mean that my reconnaissance car rode through one pass after another, but what I saw was a bustling scene without any war atmosphere. The flag in the war should have been rolled up and put on the shelf! Yes, the ancient Great Wall and Pass in China, as symbols of war, have become a thing of the past, but they are still unforgettable history. As a precious historical and cultural heritage and unique landscape ecology in the world, it has long attracted the yearning and attention of all mankind. Some people say that the Great Wall of Wan Li is the only human cultural building on the earth that American astronauts can see with naked eyes when they visit the earth on the moon. It is also said that Shanxi is the only ancient land where the Great Wall and the Yellow River are juxtaposed. The Yellow River connects two famous symbols of China civilization. It is a natural heritage, but it has nurtured a great and long-standing China culture. Although the Great Wall of Wan Li is a cultural heritage, it has been closely linked with natural mountains, rivers, grasslands and deserts since its birth. Therefore, some people say that these are two dragons, one is the cultural dragon of human beings, and the other is the natural dragon that gave birth to human culture, and both belong to the Chinese nation and are regarded as the miracle of civilization by all mankind. All this really constitutes a fascinating and timeless topic, which has a long history in Shanxi. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _1.Zuo Zhuan, Yuelu Bookstore, 1988 edition. Page 52. 2. Luo, Great Wall, Beijing Tourism Publishing House, 1988, p. 1 1. 3. Historical Records, Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 1845. 4. Historical Records, Zhonghua Book Company, 1959, p. 1802. 5. Collection of Investigation Reports on the Relics of the Great Wall in China, Cultural Relics Publishing House, 198 1 Edition, p. 59. The quotations in brackets are all the original texts of Mr. Shi. 6. Hanshu, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, p. 164. 7. Hanshu, Zhonghua Book Company, 1962, p. 130. 8. Shu Wei, Zhonghua Book Company, 1974, p. 10 1. 9. 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Bu and Sun Piren: Selected Poems of Kangxi, Feng Chun Literature and Art Publishing House, 1984, p. 42. 24. Ma Xiaolin and Zhang Jingmin: The Great Escape to the West, China Radio and Television, 1990, p. 78. 25. "Shanxi Tongzhi" is based on this school, Zhonghua Book Company, 1990 edition, p. 2846. 26. "Shanxi Tongzhi" school-based, Zhonghua Book Company 1990 edition, p. 2846.