Cao Cao truly described real life and created many poems with the spirit of the times. For example, Lu Xing and Hao were all called "the Book of the Later Han Dynasty" by later poetry critics Zhong Xing and others, which played the role of a generation of "poetry history".
Cao Cao's Lu Lu Xing and Good Li Xing both use elegies to describe current events. It completely got rid of the old shackles of Yuefu and directly reflected the broad social life in the turbulent period at the end of Han Dynasty. With a simple and vivid description, it effectively accused the warlords of all kinds of evil consequences.
Cao Cao's poetry has great artistic charm because it is based on emotion, advanced in thought and profound in content. For example, in "Du Guan Shan" and "Out of Summer Gate", Cao Cao dared to face the reality and express his mind directly, just as Chen Zuoming of A Qing Dynasty said: "There is no universal language, but it is rooted in temperament; Therefore, it is ups and downs, and it transcends itself. "
The realistic spirit of poetry;
Realistic spirit since The Book of Songs
The so-called "poetry expressing ambition and singing expressing ambition" in literature is nothing more than expressing people's thoughts and feelings, while the elegance and vulgarity of the Book of Songs and the style of the Romance of the Fifteen Kingdoms especially reflect the real social life. Preface: "The vocal music that governs the world is its politics; The voice of troubled times is angry and its politics is embarrassing. " Poetry is regarded as a social and political response. Therefore, The Book of Songs, which truly reflects reality and expresses emotion, has established a fine tradition of realism in China's poetry creation.
Although Chu Ci and pre-Qin prose not far from the Book of Songs have some realistic projections, they have not been carried forward in this tradition. The romantic beauty of Chu Ci provides the material for later poetry creation. Prose in the pre-Qin period can be divided into two categories, one is historical prose, the other is hundred schools of thought's essays, which laid an unshakable foundation for historical biography and philosophy. Although the literature of the Han Dynasty is dominated by Fu, which is mostly expensive, the folk songs hidden in the people have written another chapter for such a fine tradition.
Poetry in Han Dynasty was developed on the basis of poetry agitation, Chu Ci and folk songs. Among them, Yuefu poems and Wuyan poems in the two Han Dynasties have the highest achievements and the greatest influence. The distinctive features of Yuefu in the Han Dynasty are a wide range of themes and rich thoughts, and "feeling sad and happy, starting from things", so the social content is rich and ideological. The most outstanding work is the long narrative poem Peacock Flying Southeast; Nineteen ancient poems, most of which are frustrated and cynical works of unknown literati, express their desire for career, love and friendship, so they have high artistry. Therefore, they inherited the realistic spiritual tradition initiated by The Book of Songs, connecting the preceding with the following, and set an example for the later traditions.
During the Jian 'an period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the ancient Yuefu poems of Han Dynasty were used to reflect the reality, and a "Jian 'an style" with realism as the core was formed. Since then, Zuo Si in the Western Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Bao Zhao in the Liu and Song Dynasties have all shown realistic achievements in their poems. And this kind of sharpness spread to the Tang Dynasty, and it produced brilliant flowers.
Poetry is the mainstream of literature in the Tang Dynasty, and there was not much realism in the early stage, but Chen Ziang wrote many poems with strong practical significance in the early Tang Dynasty. Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, because of the Anshi Rebellion, his poems were particularly realistic. Both narrative poems and lyric poems contain rich social life contents, which are not only called "the history of poetry", but also push the spirit of realism to another peak. Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi in the middle Tang Dynasty and Du Xunhe and Nie Yi in the late Tang Dynasty were not only good at absorbing the characteristics of folk songs, but also popular in language. The "New Yuefu Movement" advocated by them made the realistic spiritual tradition of Yuefu in Han Dynasty get unprecedented development. As for the movement of ancient prose, the legends of the Tang Dynasty and the literary reform in the Tang Dynasty, although they were also influenced to some extent, they did not become a trend.
In Song Dynasty, Ci was the mainstream of literature, and the ancient prose movement advocated "writing carries Tao". Neither of them played much role in realism. In the Song Dynasty, except for Mei and Yang Wanli and Fan Chengda in the Northern Song Dynasty, this tradition continued, and quite a few works showed the spirit of realism. The disaster of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty created a group of poets and poets, especially Lu You and Xin Qiji. On the other hand, the popular scripts of the Song Dynasty developed in the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Qu is divided into Sanqu and Zaju, but most of them were Zaju writers with high achievements and great influence in the early stage, such as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu and Zhang. Their works are simple and natural, fresh and lively, with strong folk literature color. As for the later writers, apart from Guan Yunshi, who was born in the transitional period before and after, there are also early styles, which tend to be graceful and full of thoughts.
Novels in the Ming Dynasty developed gradually, but the number of monks increased greatly, and the theory of retribution reincarnation went deep into the people. Coupled with the weakness and decadence of the late Ming dynasty, it became the material of novels, which made novels reflecting reality emerge as the times require. For example, "Jin Ping Mei" in "Four Wonders" is very realistic and the times are very clear! Feng Menglong's three statements also mostly reflected social problems such as social darkness, moral hypocrisy, family conflicts, and fornication between monks and nuns.
In Qing Dynasty, Huang Zunxian was a leader who inherited the spirit of realism and carried forward the "revolution in poetry" again. In addition to advocating that poetry should have the characteristics of the times and reflect the reality, he also wrote all the major events in China's history at the end of19th century into his poetry, which fully developed his sincere patriotic feelings as an reformist poet! On the other hand, the mainstream literature that truly reflects the reality-Qing Dynasty novels, especially developed in the late Qing Dynasty! In particular, there are four condemnation novels involving various fields of society: Li's red tape, Wu Woyao's strange phenomenon witnessed in 20 years, Liu E's Travel Notes of the Old Disabled, and The Flowers of Evil. , has made outstanding achievements.
It is worth noting that the realistic spirit of The Book of Songs has influenced all fields of literature, but the so-called "fine tradition" of realistic spirit is mainly expressed through poetry. Therefore, in the history of literature, it can be clearly seen that in the achievements of poetry, the traditional characteristics of "realistic spirit" are emphasized. Poetry gradually declined after the Song Dynasty, and many people think that the spirit of realism has declined! Actually, it's not, it's just a different presentation! But then again, poetry has the tradition of "realistic spirit", but it is also the uniqueness of China's literary achievements!
In the future, whether modern poetry that inherits and remoulds itself can occupy a place in the tradition of realistic spirit depends on your efforts and mine!