pre-Qin period
It is the period of China literature, and the pre-Qin literature is the source of China literature, which refers to the literature in this historical period. As far as genre is concerned, the main achievements of pre-Qin literature lie in poetry and prose. The pre-Qin literature highlighted several lofty peaks in the history of China literature: The Book of Songs with realistic character, Lisao with romantic spirit, essays of various schools as the source of China's traditional thoughts, narrative essays as the source of ancient historians' notes, etc., which had a great and far-reaching influence on ancient literature and even culture.
Chapter I Ancient Myths
(a) a general understanding of the origin, nature and types of myths.
(2) Be able to explain and analyze several famous myths.
For example, * * * workers fumed at the mountain where they didn't make progress, which reflected primitive people's naive explanation and bold imagination and exploration of some natural phenomena. Goddess of mending the sky reflects the struggle between ancient human beings and natural disasters, and summarizes human wisdom and confidence in their own strength.
(3) Understand and master the position and influence of ancient myths in the history of literature.
The influence of myth historization and myth prototype on later literature.
Chapter II The Book of Songs
(1) Understand the compilation and system of The Book of Songs and Four Books.
(2) To master the ideological content and artistic features of The Book of Songs and its position and influence in the history of literature.
The Book of Songs has a far-reaching influence on later literature, mainly in the following three aspects: First, it created the fine tradition of China's poetic realism. His creative spirit of "Hungry people sing about their food and laborers sing about their things" has inspired and promoted the writers of later generations to pay deep attention to reality, national destiny and people's livelihood. Secondly, his artistic techniques of fu, bi and xing provided a successful artistic reference for later literary creation. Thirdly, the position of folk literature in the history of literature was established. Most of the poems in The Book of Songs are folk songs, which are simple, fresh, lively, harmonious and natural, opening up a broad road for later scholars to learn folk literature.
The third chapter is the pre-Qin narrative prose such as Zuo Zhuan.
(1) Master the definitions of Shangshu and Chunqiu, the originator of narrative.
(2) Mastering the narrative and narrative characteristics of Zuo Zhuan.
Zuo Zhuan is the highest model of narrative style of pre-Qin historians. First of all, with the historical development of more than 200 years in the Spring and Autumn Period as the background, it shaped and reproduced a number of characters with great personality. Secondly, it pays great attention to detail description. Third, there is a relatively complete and tortuous story. Fourth, the composition is modest and the words are rigorous.
(3) Understand the literary achievements of Guoyu.
(4) Understand the literary achievements of the Warring States Policy.
In pre-Qin prose, the most striking feature of Warring States Policy is that it is good at expressing ideas with metaphors and fables, and it is also very good at narrative, often telling small things, and it is delicate. The writing of Warring States Policy is vivid, fresh and beautiful, and it is good at telling stories about people's activities. Especially good at rendering the atmosphere, narrating and reasoning, and using gorgeous words. His artistic skills are superior to previous historical prose, which has a considerable influence on later prose.
(5) Understand the influence of pre-Qin narrative prose on later literature.
The fourth chapter is Mencius, Zhuangzi and other pre-Qin reasoning prose.
(1) Master the artistic achievements of the prose of Mencius.
Many articles in Mencius are debates between opposing sides. The author often cleverly sets up organs, hides hidden dangers and is good at reasoning with fables and metaphors. The narrative characters in Mencius have formed a novel. Mencius can elaborate on a central issue, which is close to a complete argumentative paper. Mencius has a magnificent style and rich feelings.
(2) Understand how Zhuangzi's philosophical thoughts are expressed poetically.
Zhuangzi is a reasoning work with the most literary value in the pre-Qin period. Zhuangzi, with its rich fables and absurd imagination, constitutes a magnificent artistic realm with the artistic effect of prose poetry. Its reasoning is not based on logical reasoning, but shows a complex argumentative style.
(3) Master the prose features of Xunzi and Han Feizi.
(4) Understand the influence of pre-Qin reasoning prose on later literature.
Chapter V Qu Yuan and Chu Ci
(1) Master the generation and definition of Chu Ci.
Chuci is a new form of poetry, which originated in the state of Chu in the 4th century BC. In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu and the Han people's copies, and compiled a special book, also called Songs of the South. Chuci is also called "Sao" or "Sao style".
The emergence of Chu Ci is closely related to southern folk songs, among which the most influential is the "witch song" in Chu, which is influenced by the Book of Songs and the prose at that time, and is even more attributed to Qu Yuan's creation.
(2) Understand Qu Yuan's life and works.
Qu Yuan was a statesman and writer of Chu State during the Warring States Period, and the first great patriotic poet in China history. He worked as a doctor and a left-hand man in San Lv. The ancients once said with emotion: "The Chu-Han rebellion depends entirely on Qu Zi."
Qu Yuan's poems mainly include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs and Nine Chapters.
(3) Master the ideological content and main artistic features of Li Sao.
Li Sao is a magnificent political lyric poem, which shows the poet's lofty political ideal and great spirit of dedication to the country, advocating noble and noble personality and the struggle spirit of "dying without regret".
The great artistic achievements of Li Sao are: shaping a pure and tall lyric hero image; Positive romantic spirit; He also made some innovations in poetic style and language, and the use of the word "Xi" in poetry enhanced the lyrical atmosphere and musical beauty of poetry.
(4) Understand and master Qu Yuan's position and influence in the history of literature.
Qu Yuan initiated a new era of poetry from collective singing to individual independent writing, created a brand-new poetry style, developed poetry metaphors, directly influenced the formation of Han Fu, and paved the way for the emergence of five-character poems and seven-character poems. Qu Yuan's main contribution in the history of China's poetry lies in upgrading the unconscious surreal imagination contained in the original myth into a conscious artistic creation method. His active romantic writing method initiated the romantic tradition of China literature.
Qin and Han literature
The literature of Qin and Han Dynasties is the second important stage of the development of ancient literature in China.
The short-lived literary achievements of the Qin dynasty were quite limited, and the Qin regime did not provide suitable soil for the growth of literature. However, under the premise of unifying the country, social and political measures such as unifying thoughts and words were adopted, which had a far-reaching impact on later literati and literature.
The Han Dynasty is a crucial period for China's cultural stereotypes. Inherited from the centralized and autocratic politics of Qin dynasty, the social ideological construction of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and the system of selecting scholars as officials based on "enlightenment and practice" have all become important backgrounds for the development of literature. It is generally believed that the literary achievements of the Han Dynasty are mainly fu, prose, Yuefu and five-character poems and songs. The position of the Han Dynasty in the history of China literature is far-reaching: a clear understanding of the aesthetic effect of the writing itself, the maturity of the style, the development of the concept of the article, the more widespread social consciousness of literary value, the increase of literati and the improvement of social status. With the convergence of these literary elements, literature made great progress in the Han Dynasty, especially in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and showed a more conscious trend. Although the Han Dynasty was not the highest stage of literary achievement in the history of China, it played a vital role in the formation of literary tradition and determined the form and direction of China literature.
Chapter One Prose of Qin and Han Dynasties
Master the definitions of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals and Huainanzi.
Chapter Two: Sima Xiangru and Ci Fu in the Western Han Dynasty.
(a) a general understanding of the era background and social psychology of the emergence and development of three-body Dafu.
(2) Understand the creative characteristics of Zi Xufu and Shang.
Chapter III Sima Qian and Historical Records
(1) Understand Sima Qian's life and the writing process of Historical Records.
(2) Master the narrative art of Historical Records.
A structural framework connecting heaven and man, ancient and modern; The narrative context of the unity of history and logic; Exploration and demonstration of causality; Control of complex events and grand scenes.
(3) Understand and master the skills of characterization in Historical Records.
Lu Xiang's Biography; Display of personality and * * *; Multidimensional perspectives and side-by-side strokes of complex personality.
(4) Understand the status and influence of historical records.
Sima Qian initiated Chinese biographical history and Chinese biographical literature with his Historical Records. Sima Qian, on the basis of synthesizing various systems of previous history books, created a new style of "biographical style" and changed the single style and structure of previous history books.
Historical Records is not only a model of biographical literature, but also a model of ancient prose. Its writing skills, article style and language features all fascinated the later essayists. Many biographies in Historical Records have twists and turns and vivid characters, which have accumulated valuable experience for later novel creation.