The image of ups and downs touches people's hearts ── A comparison between Wu Rong's Huaqing Palace and Cui Lu's Huaqing Palace
The snow in the suburbs darkened the clouds, but the palace collapsed and dried up.
The green trees and the blue curtains set each other off, and no one knew it was cold outside.
-Wu Rong's Huaqing Palace
The grass hides the phoenix, and the clouds and trees are cold.
The bright moon comes and goes, and no one leans on the jade.
-Cui Lu's Huaqing Palace
Huaqing Palace, also known as the Hot Spring Palace, is the name of the imperial palace in the Tang Dynasty. It is located at the northwest foot of Lishan Mountain in the south of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province. Tangquan Palace was built here in the 18th year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (644), renamed Wenquan Palace in the 2nd year of Emperor Gaozong Xianheng (67 1) and Huaqing Palace in the 6th year of Emperor Xuanzong Tianbao (747). Because there are hot springs here and the climate is warm, every October, the dignitaries headed by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty move there to avoid the cold, and after the end of winter, spring blossoms and then return to Chang 'an. It can be said that Huaqing Palace is associated with the luxurious life of emperors. Therefore, when this name is mentioned, people will naturally think of Du Mu's famous sentence "Crossing the Huaqing Palace": "Chang 'an looks back and there are piles of embroidery, and thousands of doors open at the top of the mountain. Riding the world of mortals and laughing, no one knew it was litchi. "Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei pursue a luxurious life. In order to eat fresh litchi, they sent envoys from distant Sichuan to pay tribute. Horses gallop and the world of mortals flies. People thought it was a messenger who sent national information, but they didn't know it was a tribute to litchi. The author has a distinct tendency, and Huaqing Palace and luxury have become synonymous.
The two poems of Huaqing Palace here have the same theme from the topic. However, the different angles, techniques and themes of the poems make the two poems have their own characteristics, which can be considered from three aspects:
1. The material angle is different.
Wu poetry is set in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Huaqing Palace. At that time, it was snowing heavily in the suburbs, and it was chilly. The author uses the word "flying" to describe the magnitude of snow and the fierceness of wind, and uses the word "dark" to describe the intensity and continuity of snow, rendering a strange and cold scene. However, the Huaqing Palace with strict barriers and complete facilities, as well as hot springs, are steaming, so the snow falls into the palace, dries immediately and disappears. Moreover, the palace and the outside seem to be two worlds. The jagged green trees contrast with the blue curtains hanging down from the palace, without any chill, but with the breath of spring. This shows how pleasant the environment of Huaqing Palace is and how happy the life of the rulers is. Cui's poems are based on the Huaqing Palace after the Tianbao Rebellion. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty coveted the luxurious life, instead of governing the country, they only cared about the extravagance of a few people, which led to chaos in the world. The Anshi Rebellion, initiated by Shi Siming, opened the Tang Dynasty, which collapsed instantly, and the Huaqing Palace was doomed to decline. "Climbing the road", that is, climbing the road, refers to the climbing road built with stones. In the past, the emperor came here every year to avoid the cold, and the road was naturally lively. Now, the road is deserted and weeds have covered the kerbs, not to mention the phoenix bell of the emperor's chariot. As for the palace, although the superior geographical environment makes it still tree-lined and lush, because it is uninhabited, the trees are growing wildly in the sky and the grass is growing wildly, giving people a cold breath instead of vitality. At night, the moon is still there, things go and people go, pavilions are everywhere, no one is there, jade railings are still there, and no one is leaning on them. In short, the Huaqing Palace, which was once very lively and warm as spring, is now a mess and lifeless.
2. The artistic techniques of the works are different.
Wu Rong's poems mainly use contrast techniques. The poet wrote about Huaqing Palace, and compared the situation outside the palace with the scene inside. Outside the palace, the dark clouds are overwhelming, the snow is rolling, the weather is cold, the plants and trees are dying, only the shape of snow is floating in the palace, but the scenery of snow drifts is not seen, the Woods are lush, the pavilions are hanging down, and the ruler's life is naturally leisurely, unaware of the cold outside. At this rate, the result is hard to imagine. It is worth pointing out that the contrast in Wu Shi is very distinctive. Generally speaking, poetry is always relative when compared. Poetry, on the other hand, is out of line. One or four sentences are written outside the palace and two or three sentences are written inside the palace, with strange techniques. Cui Lu's poems mainly adopt the method of "separate narration". When writing about the declining Huaqing Palace, the author said one or two words about the feeling of sunlight: from the time he wrote about climbing into the palace, the way to protect the coffin was very neat, and the style was not small when defending the past. Now, the dynasty has fallen, the emperor has not come, and weeds have grown on the road. Write about the scenery of Huaqing Palace. The trees in the palace grow tall and dense because they have been uninhabited for a long time. Surrounded by green trees and flowers, the palace is still green. But there is no one in the empty room. Green gives people not vitality, but a cold atmosphere, which makes people feel gloomy and even horrible. Three or four words about the night scene: At night, Huaqing Palace is shrouded in moonlight. However, only the moonlight shines on the floor, and there is no more singing and laughing. The picture of the jade man leaning against the building looking at the moon and enjoying the scenery has disappeared without a trace. People think of the past scene of "Emperor Xuanzong looked at the fairy tower and Taizhen (Yang Guifei) stood on the ground" (Tang Yuanzhen's Lianchang Palace Ci)! Because the poet used his own unique artistic techniques, the poems of Wu Rong and Cui Lu made readers have a strong impression and feeling on the bustling palace and desolate palace.
3. The emotional tone of the works is different.
Wu Rong's poems are based on satire. Rulers blindly indulge in the pleasures of the court, only covet a comfortable life, not only regardless of the sufferings of people's livelihood, but also regardless of the fate of the country, even confused, and sent away a great state affairs. How did An Lushan have such a team and how did it get in? The court rulers knew nothing about it. From the perspective of a thinker, the poet pondered over this period of history and made a clear satire on the rulers. Choe Yun's poems reveal sentimental feelings. The poet misses the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty and laments the present decline. The poet looked at the palace in front of him and stood for a long time, trying to reproduce the prosperity of the past: busy roads and melodious songs, but all this was impossible. Not during the day, maybe at night? But when night falls, I can only see the moonlight shining, but I can't see the beautiful image of Jade Man. In another poem with the same title, Cui Lu wrote: "The golden lock locks the door, no one is there, and the water is full of autumn moon. The red leaves are cold and silent, the wet clouds are like dreams, and the rain is like dust. " Empty mountains and temples, closed doors and locked doors, the sunset is quiet, the autumn water is silent, the red leaves are flying, and the rain line is floating ... How can this loneliness not touch people's hearts?
Tang and Yang Guifei, two historical figures, have always been the objects of discussion by scholars in past dynasties, important witnesses of their luxurious lives and the focus of poets' attention. In the Tang Dynasty, Li She wrote the image of its heyday in "Topic Hot Springs", "It can make peace for forty years, and the Lord of Kaiyuan will be a good minister. At that time, Yao Song and Xu Yan were drivers of Lishan. " Forty years of Tang Xuanzong's prosperity. Yao Chong, Song Jing, Yan Guogong Zhang and Xu Guogong Su Xian often went on tours with the emperor. How lively it is. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Yue expressed several sighs in "Crossing the Palace of Qing Dynasty": "Your amusement is light, and you can do your best in one song. Yushu ascended to heaven, and there are trees in the Forbidden City. " The monarch pursues debauchery and takes the important events of the national economy and people's livelihood very lightly. As a result, there was a mutiny and the emperor ascended to heaven, but the Millennium tree still grew straight there. This situation makes people feel gloomy! As a page in history, the emergence of Huaqing Palace and its subsequent depression gave people a lot of feelings and expressed some views and opinions on this history in different historical periods. Of course, since poetry is used to chant history, we should pay attention to the artistry of poetry. Different poets can sigh in their unique ways from different angles, but these poems will reflect some artistic ideas of the poets. There are also some similarities and differences between Wu Rong and Cui Lu's two Huaqing Palace. This is manifested in two aspects.
First of all, they are good at drawing pictures to convey the theme. Gorky once said: "It should be description, and the reader's imagination should be influenced by images, not records. Narration is not description. Thoughts and impressions must become images. " It should be said that both Wu poetry and Cui poetry have some views and opinions on history. Poets do not directly evaluate history, but attach great importance to the portrayal of images and pictures. Wu Rong's "Huaqing Palace" describes the luxurious life, the scenes inside and outside the palace, and forms a contrast, thus revealing the author's thoughts and tendencies; Cui Lu's Huaqing Palace makes readers feel the poet's sadness through two pictures of Huaqing Palace during the day and at night. This kind of "poetry" makes people sip for a long time and unforgettable.
Second, they all attach great importance to the moral of poetry. Liu Xie, a famous literary theorist, has a famous saying: "Love is hidden behind the words, and appearance overflows before our eyes." Two poems are not discussed, but readers can try to figure out their feelings; Feelings beyond words give people endless room for aftertaste, which creates the "hidden show" of poetry. Reading their poems, hiding volumes and meditating, and chanting through the ages are the highlights of their works. It is really poetic.
To annotate ...
(1) Gorky: "To Wa Ji Li Yekhovsky", see "On the Theorist of Image Thinking" on page 155.
(2) Zhang Jielun: Liu Xie quoted from Han Sui Tangshi Hua, and The Continuation of Historical Hua is the first volume, punctuated by Zhonghua Book Company 1983, p. 456.
(The author of this article is Zhiming Guo, a young and middle-aged expert with outstanding contributions in Jiangsu Province and a special Chinese teacher in middle schools; This article is included in the book "Eternity of Poetic Beauty —— A Comparative Study of Excellent Ancient Poems on the Same Topic" published by Shaanxi People's Publishing House on 200 1.