In the first year of Liang Tianzheng (55 1), Emperor Yuan of Liang sent general Wang Heshang to meet and conquer Jiankang. Chen Baxian made the greatest contribution. In the first year of Liang Shaotai (555), Emperor Yuan of Liang surrendered to the Western Wei Dynasty and was killed. The son of Emperor Yuan Liang, a monk, was named King Liang and "Tai Zai" in Jiankang. The Northern Qi Dynasty (Xianbei nationality) was so powerful that it actually fostered Zhen Yang Hou Xiao Yuanming as emperor. Unfortunately, General Wang Heshang saw through the fear of Qi Bing and agreed to welcome Xiao Yuanming as emperor. Chen Baxian thought that if Xiao Yuanming stood up, the Liang Dynasty of Jiankang would become a vassal of Xianbei, and the Han regime would be lost. He struggled repeatedly with the king and refused to give in to the Northern Qi Dynasty. The king and the monk refused to give in to each other. In order to safeguard the national interests, they fought bravely, killed Wang Heshang Bian, abolished Mianyang Hou, and established Xiao as Jingdi, which pushed Xianbei people out of the south of the Yangtze River and won the support of the general public at that time. Soon, the Qi army invaded the Liang Dynasty and was defeated, which saved the southern people from the ravages of Xianbei nobles. Needless to say, people regard Chen as a "national hero" and he was named King Chen. In 557 10, Chen Ba was widely expected. With the support of civil and military officials and the people, Liang Wudi ceded the throne to the peaceful Chen Dynasty, which was called Shi.
2. Chen Ziang (66 1-702) was born in Shehong, Zhou (now Shehong County, Sichuan Province). Have a chivalrous and romantic character since childhood. When I was a teenager, I studied behind closed doors, read hundreds of classics and history, and set up great political ambitions. At the age of twenty-four, he raised a scholar and wrote a letter on politics, which was highly valued by Wuhou. He was appointed as Lin Taizheng, and then moved to the right to pick up. On the one hand, he supported Wu Hou's political reform, on the other hand, he repeatedly criticized Wu Hou's unreasonable shortcomings. At the age of 26 and 36, he joined the army twice and put forward some far-sighted suggestions on border defense military issues. The last time I left the fortress, I was rejected because I disagreed with the general Wu Youyi. Thirty-eight years later, he resigned and went home. Finally, Wu Sansi ordered Duan Jian, the county magistrate, to persecute and unjustly die in prison.
Chen Ziang's thought is very complicated. He is good at crossing Ren Xia, but the Confucian spirit of statecraft is still the dominant aspect of his thoughts. From many of his political essays, we can see his foresight in understanding national security and his enthusiasm for caring about people's sufferings. For example, in the recitation of "Shang Chuan An", he was worried about the invasion of Qiang people, expressed deep sympathy for the unemployed and fleeing Sichuan people, and angrily accused officials of greed, embezzlement and deprivation of people. His lectures and political comments were quoted four or five times in Zi Tong Zhi Jian. Wang Fuzhi's Zi Zhi Tong Jian thinks that Chen Ziang is not only a scholar's choice, but also a minister's material, which is completely correct. His political enthusiasm is the driving force of his poetry innovation.
In the famous Preface to Raising Bamboo, Chen Ziang once put forward the positive proposition of poetry innovation:
Oriental Princess Gorge: The article is flawed, 500 years old, Han Wei style, Jin and Song Mo biography, but the literature is acceptable. In his spare time, the servant tasted the poems between Qi and Liang, full of colorful and complicated poems, but he was absolutely willing to send them. Every time I sigh through the ages, I often fear decadence and elegance when I think about the past. Yesterday, I saw the "Three Lonely Tong Fu", which is full of vigor and vitality, full of sound and emotion, brilliant in practice and golden. Then decorate your vision with your heart and play the melancholy down. I don't want to start the sound, but I will see it again; Can make Jian' an authors smile at each other. ……
In the history of the development of Tang poetry, Chen Ziang's prose is like a declaration, which marks the innovation and transformation of the poetic style in the Tang Dynasty. As we know, Liu Xie and Zhong Rong opposed the poetic style of formalism in the Southern Dynasties and once held high the tradition of "comparison" and "character". Wang Bo opposed the style of court poetry before and after The Dragon, and accused them of being "spineless and lifeless". Chen Ziang inherited their thoughts, pointedly pointed out that the poetic style of Qi Liang worshipped by the court poets in the early Tang Dynasty was "colorful but not vulgar", and pointed out that the glorious traditions of "elegance and vulgarity" and "Han Wei style" were pioneer examples of creation, which realized the real innovation of poetry content under the banner of advocating retro. The attitude is very firm, the flag is very clear, and the call is very strong. "Ji Xing" and "Feng Gu" are the primary issues related to the life of poetry. The essence of "good luck" is to require poetry to carry forward the tradition of criticizing reality and has a distinct political tendency. The essence of "style" requires poetry to have noble and rich thoughts and feelings and rich and substantial realistic content. Judging from the situation at that time, only by realizing the real innovation of content can poetry undertake the mission of the times. At the same time, we should also see that due to the active efforts of the "four great poets" and other poets, new styles of Tang poetry have emerged, people are increasingly dissatisfied with the style of court poetry after Qi and Liang Dynasties, and the time for poetry innovation is more mature. Chen Ziang's innovative proposition at this time has not only theoretical significance, but also practical significance; It not only attacked the stale poetic style, but also opened the way for the new poets and poetic styles that were budding and growing at that time.
Chen Ziang's poetry creation clearly and powerfully embodies his innovative ideas. Thirty-eight Love Poems is the main work that embodies this innovative spirit. These poems were not written at the same time. Some satirize reality, feel current events, and some express their life experiences and ideals. The content is broad and rich, and the thoughts are also contradictory and complicated. First of all, it is worth noting those frontier poems with strong realistic colors, such as:
Facing Yunzhong County, looking north at Khan Taiwan. Hu Qin is so close to you, and Sha Shuo is so energetic! Born in Tianjiaozi, madness is back. The castle wall is unknown and the pavilion is empty. Duh, why do I sigh? People are drawing grass.
This is his work when he began to explore the north. In the poem, he expressed deep indignation at the incompetence of the generals and the continuous violation of the border people by the Hu people. In the article "The North Wind Blows the Sea Trees" written during his expedition to Youzhou, he also expressed deep sympathy for the suppression of patriotic enthusiasm of frontier fortress soldiers. The article "Clouds and Dusks at the Age of Ding Hai" more clearly reveals the militaristic behavior of Wuhou attacking Tubo through Shushan. These contents have initially broken through the pan-imitation atmosphere of traditional frontier poems on ancient themes. He also satirized the shortcomings of Wuhou's internal affairs. In the poem "Saints don't care about themselves", he accused Wuhou of carving Buddha statues and building Buddhist temples, wasting manpower and material resources to kill Buddha. In the poem "It's hard to be proud of a noble man", he even bravely satirized the style of trusting and killing his generals. From these realistic poems, we can clearly see that his political ambition is closely related to his poetic innovation thought. His poems about life experiences are also very touching:
Lan Re was born in spring and summer and flourished in. You are alone in the forest, and Zhu has purple stems. It's getting late and the autumn wind is coming. Years old, China is teetering, but what is the significance of Fang?
Here, the artistic conception of scattered vegetation and withered beauty in Chu Ci expresses the deep anguish that the beautiful ideal cannot be realized. However, in different times and circumstances, his frustration turned into anger and generosity. For example:
I am your son, and I really love talents all my life. Homesickness, draw your sword and start Artemisia. Dingling in Xichi was blocked, and Taiwan Province was in the north. Seeing thousands of miles in mountain climbing, homesickness is long! Who said he didn't forget the disaster and turned to dust?
There are also some articles in Feeling Poetry that lament the impermanence of life, praise seclusion and seek immortality, and give full play to their works, such as "City people admire spiritual wisdom" and "Silence in the mysterious sky", all of which have strong Buddhist and old negative thoughts.
Seven Poems on Youzhou Tower and Qiu Ji's Collection of Lu Jushi in Searching for the Ancient are also his masterpieces. These poems were written when he and Jian went to Qidan. Lu Zang said in Chen Chuan:
Zi Ang is sickly and grateful for loyalty, and often wants to fight hard to answer Shi Guo. Since officials are diligent and they are involved in military plans, they feel sorry for not seeing the danger. Another day, he made a suggestion, which was very incisive. Jian 'an refused, but he was appointed as an army sergeant. Zi Ang knows the difference because he silences the following, but he is also a secretary. He wrote several poems because he climbed the Jibei Building and felt the promised land and Zhao Yan in the past. But he cried and sang, "where were those lost times before me?" Behind me, where are the future generations? . I think of heaven and earth, there is no limit, there is no end, I am alone, tears fall! " When people know everything.
In Visit to the Ancient, he praised the corporal and the Prince of Yan, and thanked historical figures and Guo Kun for meeting him and making contributions. Looking forward to the future, he deeply realized the pain and sorrow of being born at an untimely time and unable to realize his ideal, and also deeply realized the lofty feelings of many people with lofty aspirations in the predicament throughout the ages. It is this irresistible ideal and passion that made him sing this romantic song on the Youzhou rostrum. Although due to the limitation of historical conditions, his depression can not be solved, which makes the emotional appeal of this poem quite lonely. However, it was this poem that won the deep sympathy of countless readers at that time and later. Lu Zangyong's saying that this poem is "known to everyone" is a strong proof. This is the Hong Zhong noise unheard of for more than 200 years since Qi Liang.
There are not many Chen Ziang's regular poems, but like Looking at Chu in Jingmen, it is also a masterpiece of regular poems in the early Tang Dynasty:
Go to the martial arts and watch the stage. Bashan River is exhausted, and Jingmen is full of smoke. The city is divided and the trees are broken by white clouds. Nowadays, crazy singers, who knew they would come to Chu.
The poet wrote the magnificent mountains and rivers in Bachu when he first went to Sichuan in a fluent style. Style is different from other poets.
Chen Ziang highly praised "Jian 'an Author" and "The Voice of Zhengshi", and his poems were deeply influenced by Jian 'an and Zhengshi poets. Tang Jiaoran's poetic style said: "The feeling of being proud of your son stems from Ruan Gong's admiration." Poems like "Lan Ruosheng's Spring and Summer" and "Don't be Proud of the Noble", as well as those who lament the impermanence of life, are indeed similar to Ruan Ji. In addition, Yan Zhaowang and Youzhou Tower are similar to Ruan's poems in artistic conception, such as "Taking Ci as the capital of Wei" and "Sitting alone in an empty hall". The frontier poems such as The Old Clouds in Ding Hai, Ben Gui Zi, The North Wind Blows the Sea Trees, Cang Ding Ling Sai are works close to current events in Jian 'an poems. In his poems, realism and romanticism coexist. Some of those realistic works are generous and painful, and some political theories are sharp. Those works that tend to express ideals, some romantic and graceful, some passionate, are different manifestations of romanticism. Generally speaking, his poetic style is not completely unified.
Of course, Chen Ziang's poems also have shortcomings in art, and he didn't know enough about Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties. We don't pay much attention to this new form of seven-character poem, and there is not a seven-character poem in the collection (note: there is only one seven-character poem in the Complete Works of Mr. Chen Ziang printed by Shu Yin, and its authenticity is difficult to determine. )。 There are even some "feeling poems" which are influenced by metaphysical poems and are somewhat boring to read. However, all his poems have no elegant flavor, which is even more commendable.
In a word, he is a poet who made great achievements in the theory and practice of poetry innovation in the pre-Tang Dynasty. Du fu praised him: "elegance can only be inherited by talents, but philosophers can't match it." After the male gave birth to a horse, his name was linked with the sun and the moon. ..... eternal loyalty, "love" remains. "Han Yu praised him:" The country has a lot of articles, and the son is proud of it. " They all highly affirmed his achievements in the development of Tang poetry, and also reflected the public opinion of Tang poets. As for his Poems of Feeling, it directly inspired the creation of Zhang Jiuling's Poems of Feeling and Li Bai's Poems of Antique. It is a well-known fact that Li Bai inherited his theory of taking retro as innovation and further completed the historical task of innovation in Tang poetry.
Chen Ziang also made achievements in prose innovation. Although there are some parallel prose in his anthology, those strategies and scripts are simple and fluent ancient prose, which was before the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the ancient prose writers Xiao, Liang Su and Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty all spoke highly of his efforts in this regard.
3. Chen Sheng, also known as She, was born in Yangcheng (now Dengfeng, Henan). He was the pioneer of the peasant revolution who unveiled the banner of righteousness for the first time in the history of China, and a famous leader of the peasant uprising in the late Qin Dynasty. Mr. Han's companion paid attention to the "first thing" of his death in Qin, so he was listed with the princes, and his heroic deeds were vividly and accurately preserved so as to be remembered in the Chen She family.
Bobby Chen was born in a poor family since childhood. "When he was young, he tried to be a servant.". However, he was always ambitious and did not tolerate the exploitation and oppression of the landlord class, and gradually developed the idea of changing reality and getting rid of poverty. In a labor, he "fell on the ridge of the field, and he was disappointed for a long time, saying: forget about getting rich." The poor partners who worked with him were amused and asked, "If you are a servant, how can you be rich?" It means that if you are exploited by others, how can you be rich? Chen Sheng sighed and said, "Alas, sparrows know the ambition of swans!" Shows his extraordinary ambition.
In 209 BC, the year after Qin Shihuang's death, Hu Hai, Qin Shihuang's youngest son, conspired to kill his younger brother Fu Su and won the throne, known as Qin Ershi in history. After Hu Hai came to power, although he didn't have the talent to be the first emperor, he was more cruel and tyrannical than his father. He killed the royal family and civil and military officials; On the one hand, he abused torture and harsh laws, extorted money, and tried his best to be cruel and extravagant. As a result, prisoners were everywhere in the Qin dynasty, the people were poor and the society was in turmoil. The whole country is like a dead wood that has been basked in the sun for a long time. As long as there is a spark, it is possible to light a prairie fire.
In July this year, in order to defend the frontier, Qin Ershi recruited 900 able-bodied men in various counties in Henan, with Chen Sheng as the captain. Under the supervision of the Wei lawsuit sent by Qin, they stayed all the way and prepared to go to Yuyang (now Miyun County, Beijing) near the Great Wall to guard the border. However, when we arrived at osawa Township (now Liucunji, southeast of Su County, Anhui Province), we were caught in heavy rain and the road was muddy, so we couldn't walk. It has been raining for more than 20 days, which has delayed the trip of the able-bodied team. It's three thousand miles from Su Xian to Miyun, and we can't catch up with it in any case within the prescribed time limit. At that time, the law of the Qin dynasty stipulated that soldiers who went to the frontier must report within a limited time. If they exceed the deadline, they will be beheaded for whatever reason. Faced with this situation, after consulting with Guangwu, Chen Sheng decided to rebel and fight our way out. On the basis of doing a lot of preparatory work, we rose up and took Chen Sheng as the general and Guangwu as the captain. The first massive peasant uprising broke out in the history of China.
After the uprising in Chen Sheng, the bell ringers rallied, and the insurgents immediately captured osawa Township in Suxian County and Ku and Dipu counties in the southwest of Suxian County, and the number of soldiers increased from 900 at the beginning of the uprising to tens of thousands. Later, he conquered Chen Zhou and established a regime headed by Chen Sheng in Chen Zhou, with the title of "Zhang Chu".
Under the influence of Bobby Chen, all parts of the country began to respond. Rebels are all over Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, Jiangxi and other provinces, and the peasant army is huge.
After the establishment of "Zhang Chu regime", Chen Sheng sent the Eighth Route Army to attack Guanzhong, Kanto and Huainan. The peasant uprising army attacked the city and was invincible. Finally, a team of hundreds of thousands of people was formed, which was huge and jittery. The insurgents dealt a devastating blow to the Qin Dynasty.
Although the Chen Sheng Uprising Army grew to several hundred thousand in a short time, it eventually failed under the attack of powerful enemies due to the internal destruction and infighting of the army. In 208 BC, Chen Zaisheng was killed by a coachman and a traitor in Xiacheng Youzhou, southeast of Guoyang County, Anhui Province, and was buried in Iraq, calling him a hidden king. V Chen Sheng's rebellious spirit of being unruly and broad-minded inspired countless future generations. He is a practitioner of the heroic and tenacious national spirit of the Chinese nation.