The word "solar eclipse" comes from my country's earliest poetry. Wei Yunheng, Xinhuanet. On July 22, a total solar eclipse that is rare in a century will occur. Did you know that the word "solar eclipse" comes from our country's earliest poetry collection. Over the next 2,000 years, literati of all ages wrote about astronomical phenomena such as solar eclipses and lunar eclipses many times in their poems and articles. The history of solar eclipse observation in my country has a long history. It is said that the world's earliest solar eclipse record was recorded as early as the Zhongkang period of the Xia Dynasty, nearly 4,000 years ago. But the earliest word "solar eclipse" is found in "The Turn of October" in "The Book of Songs". The opening eight sentences of this 262-character poem read: "At the turn of October, on the new moon and the first day of the lunar month, the sun has an eclipse, which is also ugly. The moon was faint at that time, and the sun is weak at this time. Now the people are also like this. "Confucius' Ai." Translated into modern language, it probably means that in October, a solar eclipse occurred on Xinmao, which was very bad. Lunar eclipses have occurred in the past, and solar eclipses have occurred again today. The common people in the world are really pitiful. According to scholars' research, this poem was written in the first year of King You of Zhou Dynasty. Although the ancients could not scientifically explain the phenomenon of solar eclipses and regarded them as an ominous omen, their observations and records were still accurate. According to modern astronomers' calculations, a solar eclipse did occur on the day this poem was written. The reporter's search found that there are many works praising solar and lunar eclipses in the poetry of my country's past dynasties. For example, Meng Chi, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in "Fa Hui Feng Pavilion Encountered Darkness but Can't See Jiuhua Mountain Works": "For example, there is a solar eclipse in the sky, which makes me sleepy and unclear. People knocking on the mirror can't save me, but the time belongs to the greedy wolf star. "In "Moon Eclipse Poems" written by Lu Tong, another poet of the Tang Dynasty, there is a sentence: "Looking at the eclipse of the sun, the light of the moon will be extinguished, and the new moon will cover the sun and the light of the sun will be lost." Yao Mian, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, wrote a long poem entitled "The Sin of a Solar Eclipse", which described the scene when a solar eclipse occurred in detail and vividly. Among them is the sentence "Children suddenly walked away, and the sun was not clear. They rushed out and looked up, like the eyebrows of a moth at the beginning of the month. The golden crow lost its flame color, and the jade elephant concealed its brilliance. The sky was tortoiseshell, and the rows were dimly competing." This sentence makes readers feel like they are there. The feeling of its environment. When a solar eclipse occurs, the bright sky suddenly turns into dusk or even night, which often caused mental fear and uneasiness in ancient people. In fact, the ground weather is indeed undergoing abnormal or even drastic changes at this time. However, this kind of terrestrial weather change astronomy is not studied, and it is not within the normal business scope of meteorological departments. Therefore, few such research reports have been published in history. Fortunately, there was a solar eclipse in Asia on June 20, 1955. Although the total solar eclipse area is located at the latitude of the Xisha and Zhongsha sea areas in my country, the eclipse share is more than 50% in the areas south of 30° north latitude in my country, and more than 75% in South China and Southwest China south of the Tropic of Cancer (100% during the total solar eclipse) . Moreover, the solar eclipse not only occurs near the summer solstice when the sun is at its highest in the year, but also occurs around noon when the sun is at its highest during the day, making it an extremely rare observation opportunity. At that time, the Central Meteorological Administration (now China Meteorological Administration) sent the Southern Meteorological Observatory to request solar eclipse meteorological observations. The only fly in the ointment is that southern my country has entered the rainy season on June 20. It rained in many areas on that day. Only Guangdong and Hainan provinces had good weather conditions. Therefore, the meteorological changes during the solar eclipse were also the most significant. The specific characteristics are as follows: 1. The temperature dropped sharply. After checking the reports of the southern meteorological stations in my country at that time, it was found that dozens of meteorological stations had solar eclipse weather observation records. The temperature change is most significant in Shenzhen, which is sunny. Four minutes before the start of the solar eclipse, that is, at 10:32, the temperature in Shenzhen was 30.2°C. As the eclipse increased, the temperature abnormally reversed from rising to falling, and dropped to 26.3°C at the peak of the eclipse (12:11), that is, reverse It dropped by as much as 3.9℃. After the eclipse, the temperature rose again, rising to 29.2°C when it returned to the moon (13:29), still not reaching the temperature before the start of the solar eclipse. 2. The ground temperature changes more than the air temperature. This is because the sources of heat and cold that cause temperatures to rise during the day and fall at night are on the ground. Unfortunately, there is no observation report of ground soil temperature in Shenzhen. Dan County, Hainan is chosen as an example. The temperature in Danxian County was 32.4°C at the beginning of the solar eclipse and 30.2°C at the eclipse. Because there were clouds in the sky, the temperature only dropped by 2.2°C during the solar eclipse. However, the ground temperature dropped sharply from 42.9°C to 32.5°C (and rose to 51.4°C after rounding), which is a sharp drop of 10.4°C! It is estimated that the ground temperature change in Shenzhen was greater than that in Danxian County at that time. 3. The depth of the solar eclipse temperature change into the ground is only slightly deeper than 10 centimeters. What is valuable is that the Qionghai Meteorological Observatory in Hainan Province observed the temperature every 4 minutes during the solar eclipse. This allows us to know that the lowest temperature during the solar eclipse does not occur during the eclipse, but about half an hour after the eclipse. Although the temperature However, it is 0.2℃ lower than the average temperature. Qionghai's underground temperature observations every four minutes also revealed that the ground temperature inversion caused by the solar eclipse generally only affects a depth of 10 centimeters, because the soil is a poor conductor of heat. At a depth of 15 centimeters underground, the temperature no longer drops during the solar eclipse. 4. The relative humidity of the air increased significantly. The relative humidity of the ground atmosphere also changes dramatically during a solar eclipse. Originally, under normal circumstances without a solar eclipse, before the highest temperature occurs in the afternoon (about 14:00), the relative humidity continues to decrease regularly (because the temperature continues to rise). However, during the solar eclipse, the temperature reverses and the relative humidity reverses. Lift. For example, Shenzhen suddenly rose from 71% when it was initially losing money to 88% when it was experiencing heavy losses. Although it returned to normal after eating and dropped to 78% when it returned to full form, it was still higher than before. 5. A solar eclipse turns noon into dusk and a moonlit night. It is interesting to see how the sky changes during a solar eclipse.
For example, the Guangzhou Meteorological Observatory records: "During the eclipse, the sun's luminosity is very weak, about 80% weaker than usual, and the sun does not feel as hot as usual when it shines on people. The whole sky is like a moonlit night." Baise, Guangxi, reported "a yellowish-brown color on the ground." Nanning and Beihai, Guangxi respectively describe the sky as "dark and gloomy" and "the sunlight is very weak like evening". Lijiang, Yunnan Province records the changes in cloud color, saying that the translucent altocumulus clouds are "light black in color with uneven shades". The most interesting thing is that the Tibetan Lhasa Meteorological Observatory observation team recorded hearing roosters crow twice during the solar eclipse, and the second time they crowed several times - it can be seen that even the roosters were fooled by the solar eclipse. A solar eclipse, commonly known as "Tengu eats the sun", is caused by the fact that when the moon moves between the earth and the sun, and the three are in a straight line, the moon blocks the sun in the sky of the eclipse area on the earth. Since people on earth see the moon from its shady side and the moon does not emit light, the "Tengu" is black. The picture shows the principle of solar eclipse formation. Data picture Solar eclipse legend: Tengu or python eclipsing the sun? Lovers chasing each other? He Hui, Wang Ronghai, Xiao Weiying, Zhang Lingling Yangtze River Business News The temperature dropped by 15C° in a few minutes of the total solar eclipse. Suddenly, a piece of the originally radiant sun was missing. Then the gap became larger and larger, until the entire sun disappeared completely, and the red sun turned out to be Became the "Black Sun". The sun was "eaten"? Day turns to night? …In ancient times, due to the lack of scientific knowledge, when a solar eclipse occurred, it was considered a bad omen, both in China and abroad. Countless myths and legends also appeared. Before the total solar eclipse on July 22, Gao Buxi, vice chairman of the Hubei Astronomical Society, told readers about the human experience of exploring the solar eclipse. Gao Busi said that a solar eclipse is a phenomenon in which the disk of the sun is obscured by the moon. Because the distance between the sun and the earth and the moon and the earth changes slightly, the shadow cast by the moon on the earth is slightly longer and shorter. The resulting solar eclipse is also divided into total solar eclipse, annular solar eclipse and partial solar eclipse. The process of a partial solar eclipse and an annular solar eclipse is roughly the same as a total solar eclipse, but there are no two key links of eclipse and light generation. There are only initial waning, eclipse and re-circulation. Therefore, partial solar eclipses and annular solar eclipses are not as appreciable as solar eclipses. Whole foods on a par. According to records, from 1901 to 1999, a total of 228 solar eclipses occurred worldwide, including 78 partial solar eclipses, 73 annular solar eclipses, 71 total solar eclipses, and 6 mixed eclipses. Each type of solar eclipse is about the same chance of occurring, while mixed eclipses are obviously the rarest. During the occurrence of a solar eclipse, the movement of the moon plays a major role in changing the relative positions of the sun and the moon. During every solar eclipse, the moon always enters from the west edge of the sun's view, gradually blocks the sun, and finally moves out from the east. Gao Busi said: "During the few minutes of the total solar eclipse, the temperature will drop by 15°C to 20°C, the air pressure will also change, and the wind will increase, which will have an impact on high-altitude operations." The total solar eclipse that will appear on July 22 , how many years does it happen? Gao Buxi analyzed: "For a fixed point, the time for a total solar eclipse to appear is usually 300 to 400 years, and the time span when it appears in different locations is also different." Gao Buxi said that this total solar eclipse has a More than 230 kilometers long, the Yangtze River travels eastward, and many large cities such as Chengdu, Chongqing, Wuhan, Hefei, Hangzhou, and Shanghai are within the total eclipse zone. Most parts of China can see a partial solar eclipse. "From a global perspective, total solar eclipses are not uncommon. But the problem is that when a solar eclipse occurs, only people in a narrow 'eclipse zone' on the earth can see it, unlike when a lunar eclipse occurs, people who are close to the eclipse can see it. People on half the planet can see it at a glance. "Gao Busi explained that a total solar eclipse "occurs once every 300 years on average", which requires a qualifier, that is, "for a certain place." Gao Busi said that no matter how many years a total solar eclipse occurs, it is certain that it is a very spectacular and magnificent astronomical wonder. For most people in Wuhan, it may be a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to watch it, and it is worth stopping for. Legend of Solar Eclipse·Tengu Eclipses the Sun One of the ten disciples of Sakyamuni was a young man named Mulian who was very filial to his mother. However, Mulian’s mother was violent by nature. When the Jade Emperor found out, he sent Mulian's mother to the eighteenth level of hell and turned into a vicious dog, never to be reincarnated. Maulian practiced day and night and became Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva. In order to save his mother, he opened the door of hell with a tin staff, and Mulian's mother and all the evil spirits escaped from hell. Mulian's mother turned into a vicious dog. After escaping from hell, she fled to heaven to settle accounts with the Jade Emperor. She couldn't find the Jade Emperor in the sky, so she chased the sun and the moon, trying to devour them and turn the heaven and earth into a dark world. Folks call it "Tengu eats the sun" and "Tengu eats the moon". Solar eclipse legends from various places Scandinavians believe that the cause of the solar eclipse is that two wolves named "Skoll" and "Heidi" are chasing each other. In Indian mythology, people attribute the sudden disappearance of the sun to a devil called "Rahu", who believes that it bit the sun, causing a solar eclipse. The Incas believed that there was a mythical cat called Ccoa or K'owa, who could control the wind and rain with just a flick of its tail. Solar eclipses (locally known as Inti Jiwana) and lunar eclipses are manifestations of Ccoa's anger. Ancient Egyptian sun believers believed that there existed a python Apep who eclipsed the sun (referring to the sun god Ra). In addition, some Egyptian legends record that the solar eclipse occurred because a vulture who wanted to dominate the heavens tried to steal the sun god's light. Some people in Africa believe that the sun and the moon were lovers, and a solar eclipse occurred when they were chasing each other.
Solar Eclipse Legend·Record With the development of human science and technology, humans have gradually discovered the laws of solar eclipses and learned to record the entire process of solar eclipses in writing. The first recorded solar eclipse in 1961 BC, there is a story in "Shang Shu Yin Zheng Chapter": During the Zhongkang period of the Xia Dynasty, there was a "Tiangu eating the sun". At this time, the heavenly official should report it to the court and let The emperor led his ministers to set up an altar in front of the palace, burned incense, prayed, and contributed coins to heaven to bring back the sun. However, Tianguan Xihe failed to observe this astronomical phenomenon and report it to the court at the first time because of his drunkenness. This angered the emperor and Xihe was beheaded. This record has long been certified as a solar eclipse record, and it is the earliest record in China (and probably the earliest solar eclipse record in the world). It is called the "Shujing Solar Eclipse" and "Zhongkang Solar Eclipse" , probably occurred on October 26, 1961 BC. The basic prediction of solar and lunar eclipses in the Han Dynasty of China The astronomical calendar science of the Tang Dynasty has made great progress. Li Chunfeng was a strange person who emerged in this era who was proficient in astronomy, calendar, and the theory of yin and yang. Li Chunfeng believed that the "Wuyin Yuan Calendar" popular in the Tang Dynasty had many mistakes, so he compiled a brand new calendar and presented it to the court. One year, Li Chunfeng calculated according to his own calendar that there would be a solar eclipse on the first day of a certain month. However, there was no solar eclipse on this day in the almanac issued by the imperial court based on the old calendar, so he reported to the imperial court the precise times when the solar eclipse would occur and end. The results confirmed that Li Chunfeng's calendar prediction was correct. In the second year of Linde (AD 665), the imperial court decided to switch to Li Chunfeng's calendar and named it "Linder Calendar". Humans discovered helium in a total solar eclipse in 1868. On August 18, 1868, near what is now Bangladesh, there was a total solar eclipse with relatively good conditions. When observing the total solar eclipse, French astronomer Jean-Francois saw a line in the solar prominence spectrum. Strange yellow line. Although the position of this yellow line is similar to that of the sodium line, it is not sodium, but an unknown element. Later, scientists named it Helium, which originated from ancient Greek and means "solar element". 1919, the most famous total solar eclipse in the history of science. In 1801, German astronomer Soldner predicted based on Newton's theory that when light passes near the sun, it will be deflected by gravity. The most famous total solar eclipse observation in the history of science was the British Eddington's observation to verify the general theory of relativity on May 29, 1919. At that time, stars near the sun were photographed during a total solar eclipse, and compared with the positions of stars in the same sky area photographed during non-solar eclipses, the deflection of starlight caused by the sun's gravity was measured. The last total solar eclipse in China in the 20th century in 1997. On March 9, 1997, in China's "North Pole" - Mohe, the last total solar eclipse visible in my country in the 20th century, and the Hale-Bopp comet that only returns once every 2500 years Together they appear in the sky. The occurrence and appearance of two special celestial phenomena, total solar eclipse and bright comet, are very rare. ◇Link Wuhan encountered 4 total solar eclipses in the past 1034 years. From 975 AD to 2009 in 1034, Wuhan *** experienced 4 total solar eclipses, namely: 1575 (the third year of Wanli Emperor Shenzong of the Ming Dynasty), May 10, 2 pm It started at 20:00 and lasted 4 minutes and 23 seconds; it started at 2:07 pm on December 3, 1641 (the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, Ming Sizong) and lasted 2 minutes and 04 seconds; it ended at 12:21 on September 21, 1941 It started at 9:23 am on July 22, 2009 and lasted for 3 minutes and 05 seconds; it started at 9:23 am on July 22, 2009 and lasted for about 5 and a half minutes. In comparison, this year's total solar eclipse, which began at 9:23 a.m. on July 22, lasted the longest, lasting 5 minutes and 15 seconds. According to historical records, the last total solar eclipse with such good observation conditions was more than 400 years ago during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty.