Wang Changling's frontier poems are good at capturing typical scenes, with high generalization and rich expressive force. It not only reflects the main theme of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also describes the frontier fortress scenery and frontier fortress battlefield scenes in detail, and captures the delicate inner world of soldiers. His poems have broad artistic conception, mellow language, euphemistic and harmonious tone, which is thought-provoking, and he has high attainments in emotion, landscaping and freehand brushwork. Wang Changling's poems about palace grievances can be compared with Li Bai's, and they are unique in profound meaning, wonderful scenery, sharp contrast and strange language creation. In Poems in My Heart, Wang Changling always describes the sadness of people who have been in the palace for a long time with the spirit of compassion, shows their life and emotional world in many ways with delicate brushwork, reveals their tragic fate under the cruel court funeral system, and objectively criticizes the evil of feudal society destroying women. This ideological tendency laid a healthy foundation for his works, washed away the blasphemy of court poems in the Six Dynasties, and effectively reversed the bad writing style of Qi and Liang. On the other hand, as far as artistic expression is concerned, Wang Changling carried forward the gorgeous and exquisite expression techniques of the Six Dynasties and inherited its formal beauty. Therefore, Wang Changling is considered to be the first person who successfully wrote a seven-character quatrain poem. [ 1]
Poetic form
The strictness of the five ancient times
Wang Changling's Five Ancient Dynasties are basically solemn, with high ancient strength and character. It was with this poetic style that he was famous in the poetry circle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Changling's five-character ancient poems are not difficult to see: distinctive features, diverse styles, showing different aesthetic characteristics: First, bold and unconstrained, bold and heroic. Second, it's beautiful. It's very relaxing. Hu Yinglin's poems divide the development of the Five Dynasties from the early Tang Dynasty to the prosperous Tang Dynasty into two schools, namely "Yayuan" and "Qinglian School", and classify Wang Changling and others into the former. Third, it is sad and frustrating. The heroic picture is gradually replaced by the quiet and detached picture, which is closely related to Wang Changling's life experience. This deep and sad style is also prominent in the poems described by the poet who witnessed the desolation and darkness of the curtain and experienced the ups and downs of his career. Fourth, fresh and lively, natural and clear. What is commendable is that Wang Changling is so-called "boiling slander, fleeing to the wild", so he is depressed and sad. However, the poet is not always in pain, but always depressed, but puts aside affairs and desolation from time to time, thus creating five ancient poems with fresh and natural styles and lively and hearty. [2]
The seven wonders are beautiful.
There were only 77 quatrains in the early Tang Dynasty, and 472 in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, including 74 by Wang Changling, accounting for almost one sixth. Wang Changling was a middle-aged poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He created the Seven Wonders earlier. He was an early "Seven Wonders Master" who wrote a large number of Seven Wonders and achieved excellent results, and became a famous poet with the Seven Wonders alone. Thanks to the efforts of Li Bai and others, the Seven Wonders gradually became a popular genre in the Tang Dynasty, so he was as famous as Li Bai in the Seven Wonders. In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the number of the Seven Musts was second only to the Five Laws. Wu Qiao's "Poetry Around the Furnace" points out in Volume II: "Wang Changling is like the king of stereotyped writing. Since then, the law of inheritance and integration has been established for the Tang Dynasty, and later generations will follow it. " It can be seen that the "Seven Musts" arrived in Wang Changling, but the system was fixed and the expression technique was completely mature, which had a great influence on later generations. [ 1 1]
Poetry content
Subject summary
Wang Changling's seven-character quatrains can be divided into three categories in content, each with its own characteristics. Among them, frontier poems are the first, and poems that will always be in my heart are the second.
The first category is frontier poems that follow the old topic of Yuefu. The frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty have always been headed by Gao Shi and Cen Can. Both of them are good at Long song, high-spirited and vigorous, magnificent and magnificent. Wang Changling, on the other hand, found a new way to express all kinds of feelings in the form of short quatrains, including the lofty aspirations of "never breaking Loulan and never giving it back" (the fourth part of seven military service songs), the joy of victory of "I have been captured alive" (the fifth part of seven military service songs), and the sadness of missing my loved ones before the desert wind and under the Great Wall moon, all of which were written implicitly and deeply.
The second category is in my heart forever's poems and palace poems, which express the grievances of maids. On the other hand, Wang Changling's works "Gong Ci" and "in my heart forever" show his high artistic talent in describing women's inner feelings under the feudal system. From the outside, court life is so quiet and charming: "Nishinomiya night is quiet and fragrant" (Nishinomiya is full of spring resentment) and "Furong is not as beautiful as beauty makeup" (Nishinomiya is full of autumn resentment). However, in the beautiful scene, the poets described their inner pain in detail. Their desire for happiness, their disappointment, and the complex psychology of hope. The beauty of writing, conciseness of language and profundity of emotion of these works made it difficult for later authors to win.
The third category is farewell poems. Wang Changling made extensive friends all his life, and had contacts with many scholars, officials, hermits and monks. Especially when he was demoted twice and exiled for many years, how much he needed the comfort of relatives and friends and the warmth of friendship. He also dedicated his loyal and profound friendship to those honest bosom friends. He wrote more than 40 farewell poems in his life, which are unconventional and extraordinary. His farewell poems can be divided into the following four types in terms of expression techniques: first, expressing sincere and profound friendship with different artistic ideas. Second, break the routine of farewell poems, not focusing on the present departure, but focusing on the scene after departure. Third, don't write sadness, take comfort as the "idea". Fourth, there is no compliment, no entertainment, good at lyricism and writing people. [ 1 1]
Frontier fortress is called the world.
Wang Changling is a famous frontier poet, who is famous for frontier poems in later generations. The artistic features of Wang Changling's frontier poems are mainly manifested in the following aspects:
First, Wang Changling is good at using psychological description to express delicate and changeable feelings. Wang Changling was an early poet who expressed her husband's feelings in her poems, which laid the foundation for the delicate description of the characters' psychology in Song Ci. He described their beating hearts through the psychological changes of their husbands; Or express the inner pain of the recruiter through singing and dancing in the camp; Or with the help of the unique life scene of the border, write the inner sorrow of the husband; Or use war to write about the heroism of border guards defending national dignity. It can be said that the expression of feelings is very delicate and true. [ 12]
Secondly, Wang Changling's poems have a wonderful combination of scene, meaning and context. Wang Changling has been to the frontier fortress, and he has really seen the frontier fortress's desert, Xiongguan, lonely city, long clouds, snow-capped mountains, bonfires, Qiangdi and other scenes, so in his frontier fortress poems, he has formed a very magnificent picture of natural scenery. These images are attached with the feelings and meanings of frontier soldiers, and they are special objects in a specific environment, that is, the feelings of natural objects and soldiers contact each other. With the help of the artistic technique of transforming the intangible into the tangible, the poet formed the artistic realm of Wang Changling's frontier fortress poems, which was full of scenes and mixed meanings. He used various methods to create the artistic beauty of scene blending. First, choose some distinctive scenery, inject strong subjective feelings, and promote the harmony between scenery and love, and the high unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Secondly, it not only uses Fu to describe the real scene, but also skillfully uses the way of containing music in the middle to obtain infinite meaning. Third, with painstaking efforts and loneliness, spread the wings of thinking in the image, turn the intangible into tangible, turn the abstract into concrete, and make the artistic conception very profound. [ 13]
Thirdly, Wang Changling's poems are concise, vivid and implicit, and he has made great artistic achievements in language. Wang Changling's frontier poems pay great attention to the refinement of language, which is really meaningful and has endless implications. Or concise, or bright, or implicit, so that readers memorable. In addition, Wang Changling strives for perfection in art, and carefully handles every word. Without idle pen, the first sentence of quatrains is often sudden and easy to cut into, which opens up the situation with thunderous momentum, such as "the bright moon broke in Han Dynasty in Qin Dynasty", "the dusty desert is hazy", "the snowy mountains in Qinghai are dark" and "the new voice of pipa dance". Generally speaking, the quatrains in the third sentence should open up new horizons and find new ideas, so the first two sentences should be mild to benefit by going up one flight of stairs. Wang Changling's music is risky, but it needs superb artistic skills to get a boost in the third sentence and further deepen thoughts and feelings. [ 13]
technique of expression
Poetic artistic conception
In terms of artistic style, Wang Changling's Four Musts are characterized by euphemism, subtlety, twists and turns, and profound artistic conception. Many of them express the poet's exposure and bitterness to reality through comparison and sustenance, so they are in the same spirit as Qu Yuan's Li Sao. Wang Changling's poems also make good use of allusions. His poetic style puts forward that "there are six forms of poetry", and the fifth is "using things": "saying that you are in harmony with what you like." There are not many allusions in Wang's poems, but they are often used skillfully and appropriately, leaving no trace. Wang Changling attached great importance to the realm of poetry, and his Poem "Poetry has three realms": "One is the realm of objects, the other is the realm of scenes, and the third is the realm of artistic conception." He opposed the separation of meaning and scene: "If you always express meaning, poetry will be bad and tasteless. If there are many scenic words, although they are reasonable and tasteless, it doesn't matter if they are in line with the meaning. " He attached great importance to the combination of emotion and scenery and thought: "It is better to find meaning in every poem. If there is a search, there is no intention to be interested. Although smart, it is useless. " [ 1 1]
Language style
Wang Changling's poetry embodies the poet's pursuit of elegant and vigorous language art style from three aspects: the choice of language image, the use of sentence patterns and the combination of sentence patterns. In the choice of language images, Wang Changling often uses a large number of numerals, powerful verbs and accurate adjectives to express an imposing big scene or an ambitious big mind, which embodies the strength and beauty of language. On the choice of nouns, Wang Changling chose elegant and typical language images. Wang Changling often uses short sentences, deformed sentences and condensed complex sentences in his poems. Make language powerful, quantitative and economical. The combination of sentence patterns in Wang Changling's poems also reflects his concise language style. Summarize three characteristics of Wang Changling's poems: concise language and rich connotation; The language is simple and clear, but the meaning of the sentence is very profound; Fun is fun, and you can see it in the sink. [2]
Rhetoric skill
First of all, the depth of layers is interlocking. Wang Changling is good at using the depth of hierarchy to repeatedly render the atmosphere and serve to highlight the theme. Such as "Five Poems of Long Letter in Autumn".
Second, the typical scene is vivid. Wang Changling is very good at capturing and summarizing typical scenes, giving people a vivid picture sense, such as Joining the Army and Wang Changling's Four Musts with frontier fortress as the theme, all of which are rich in color and dignified and rough brushwork. In the works of Gong Yuan and in my heart forever, Wang Changling changed his painting style, not in oil painting, but in the combination of meticulous official figures and brilliant border paintings.
Third, making good use of it is deeper than relying on it, such as long letters and complaints. [ 1]
Personality assessment
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Cen Can, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was a brilliant young man with a long voice and was good at singing.
Yin Kun, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, is a representative of "character of style". [ 1]
Yin Kun, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in He Yueling's Album: Wang Wei, Chang Ling and Chu Guangxi are all human beings.
"All Tang Poems": Dense and dense. [ 1]
Wang Shizhen, a writer in Ming Dynasty, said that "seven-character quatrains", "wavelet" and "Taibai" are all works of God.
Jiao Hong, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, commented on his poems: Dragon Label and Longxi are really the epitome of the seven wonders, and they are called Lian Bi.
Hu Yinglin, a scholar, poet and poetry critic in the Ming Dynasty, said: Li was fascinated by mountains and rivers, while Wang was extremely passionate. Li Can can't write Palace Yuefu, Li Can can't, and Wang Can can't.
Hu Yinglin, a poet in the Ming Dynasty, wrote a poem: After I tasted the ancient poetry Yuefu, I only felt too white to be close; After Guo Feng and Li Sao, only a few scholars were absolutely close.
Yang Zhai Yi Shi Hua written by Pan Deyu, a poet and writer in Qing Dynasty: The first of the seven wonders, what is its Wang Longbiao? You Cheng went from shallow to deep, and Long Biao went from thick to shallow, all of which were big.
Si Kongtu, a poetic theorist in the late Tang Dynasty: At the beginning of the country, the articles were well written and elegant. After Shen Song started, he became an outstanding figure in Jiangning and thought of Du Li.
Liu Kezhuang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote Houcun Dialect: Liu Litang's paintings in the Tang Dynasty took Changling as the poet's son. [ 1]
Lu Shiyong, a poetic theorist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote "Flowers in the Mirror": Wang Changling has many intentions, while Li Taibai has few. The tempering of Changling is too white from nature, but the image of Changling is deep.
Poem Around the Furnace by Wu Qiao, a Poet in the Ming Dynasty: Wang Changling is five ancient, quiet, heroic, sad, broad-minded, tall and straight, elegant and unpredictable.
Wen Yiduo, a modern poet and scholar: Wang Changling is one of the "most distinctive" writers in the poetry circle in the prosperous Tang Dynasty (the other is Meng Haoran).