Poetry in Ming dynasty
Author: Liu Xie
Dashunyun said, "Poetry expresses ambition, and songs always say it." According to the analysis of St. Hume, the meaning is clear. It is based on "mind is ambition, words are poetry", and the solidity of Wen Shu is here! Poet, hold also, hold human nature; Cover three hundred, which means "not guilty", is a kind of training and a symbol.
People have worldly desires, it is unnatural to respond to things and express their feelings. Yesterday, Tian Ge was happy, and there was "Xuanniao" in the song; Cloud Gate of Huangdi is not an empty string. There is a song of Datang, and Shun has a poem of Nanfeng. Read the second article, just a speech. And Dayu succeeded, and the nine orders were just songs; Taikang lost his virtue, and Wuzi complained: he has been accepting beauty and correcting evil for a long time. Since the Shang and Zhou dynasties, elegance and fu have been prepared, with four brilliant beginnings and six profound meanings. Xia Zi's tutor wrote a wonderful chapter, and Zi Gong realized a thoughtful sentence. So the business gave him two sons, which can be compared with poetry. Since the exhaustion of Wang Ze, Fengren dropped out of school, read old chapters in the Spring and Autumn Period, and treated guests with courtesy, ready to come out. If we catch Chu's sarcasm, Li Sao is a thorn. Qin Huang destroyed the classics and created "immortal poems".
In the first four words of Han dynasty, the word "first" means "admonition", followed by Zhou people. Xiaowu loves Wen, and Bailiang Lieyun; He who is strict with horses speaks badly. There are more than 300 articles in A Record of Emperor Cheng, which were collected and arranged by Zhou Fang. But when they resigned, they couldn't see five words, so Li Ling and Ban Jieyu had doubts about future generations. According to Zhao Nanxing Record, the first half chapter is Zhao; Ruzi's Canglang also has a whole song; "Idle Fish" excellent song, looking at the Spring and Autumn Period from afar; The nursery rhyme "heterodox" is taking shape recently: five words are needed to obtain evidence when reading it. Another ancient poem, Kerry, or Uncle Mei, whose Lonely Bamboo is Fu Yi's word. Compared with pushing, the merits of the two Han dynasties are also. Look at his prose, straight but not wild, tactfully attached to things, is the highest of five words. As for Zhang Heng's "complaints", Qing Dian can be delicious; "Fairy Poems and Slow Songs" has a new elegance.
At the beginning of Jian 'an, Teng Yong and Si took the lead in the festival; Wang Xu should fight for Liu Wanglu; And pity the wind and moon, pay homage to the pool garden, describe elegance and elegance, tell a hearty banquet, generous, upright and brilliant; We should not seek subtlety, but clarity: it is the same. And the beginning of Ming Dow, poetry mixed with immortal heart; The followers of peace are superficial. Only when Ji is clear and firm, Ruan is far and deep, so he can mark it. If it is a response to the "101", it is independent and fearless, and it is also the legacy of Wei.
Jinshi is a talent, he is a little light. Zhang Pan off the ground, than shoulder to shoulder poetry, from scratch, the strength is softer than Jian 'an. Either the analysis of the text is wonderful, or it is overwhelming, something like that. Jiang wrote a systematic article, indulging in the mysterious wind, laughing at selfish ambition and worshiping the talk of forgetting the machine. Although Yuan and Sun have their own sculptors, they don't compete with each other, so Jing Chun's "immortal articles" are tall and straight. In the early Song Dynasty, the style changed. Zhuang Lao excused himself, and the mountains and rivers were rich; Choose a hundred words and compete for strange prices. This is modern competition. Love must be very attractive to write, and words must be innovative.
Therefore, we can see generations and monitor the number of changes; Summarize the similarities and differences, but the outline is clear. If the word husband is correct, then elegance is the foundation; If the five words are fluent, they will be beautiful and have different uses, but they will be safe. Therefore, it is elegant, uncle night contains its embellishment, Mao Xian condenses its clarity, Jingyang vibrates its beauty, goodness is the foundation, and beauty is too blunt for business. However, poetry is constant, thinking is disoriented, it can be divided according to its nature, and it is rarely round. If wonderful knowledge is difficult, it will become easy; When you suddenly feel easy, it's actually hard to come. As for the three or six miscellaneous words, they are from the article; In the picture, the hair with the bag in hand is sprouting; When Huiwen is prosperous, Tao is the beginning; The conjunction * * * rhymes, indicating that white light is redundant; Greatness or smallness, in the same way, is always poetic, so it is not complicated.
Like:
People's livelihood and ambition, singing. Xingshi, romantic "Er Nan".
God * * * contract, related to political order. English and Chinese love each other forever.
Classical Chinese translation:
Ming Poetry is the sixth article of Wen Xin Diao Long. This paper mainly talks about the development history and writing characteristics of four-character poems and five-character poems. Other forms of poetry, such as Chu Ci, Yuefu and ballads, are discussed in another article in Wen Xin Diao Long.
The full text is divided into three parts. The first part talks about the significance and educational function of poetry (the first paragraph). The second part talks about the development of poetry from pre-Qin to Jin and Song Dynasties, which is divided into four stages: one is to trace the origin of poetry and the general situation of pre-Qin poetry (the second paragraph); Second, talk about the development of poems in Han Dynasty and the origin of five-character poems (the third paragraph); Third, talk about the poetry creation during the Jian 'an Three Kingdoms period (the fourth paragraph); Fourth, talk about the new changes in poetry creation since Jin and Song Dynasties (the fifth paragraph). The third part summarizes the development of the above-mentioned poems, puts forward the basic characteristics of four-character poems and five-character poems and the different achievements of poets in previous dynasties, and discusses other poetic styles (paragraph 6).
Ming poetry is one of the important chapters of Liu Xie's stylistic theory. Liu Xie summed up four-character poems and five-character poems as beautiful and elegant, which is more beautiful than Cao Pi's poems (classic papers) and Lu Ji's poems (prose). In addition to the characteristics of expression, Liu Xie also emphasized the educational function of "holding human feelings" and "accommodating beauty and correcting evil" in poetry, but he was dissatisfied with the development trend of * * * in poetry creation after Jin and Song Dynasties. It is recognized that the generation of poetry is that the poet is infected by foreign objects and expresses his will; The evaluation of the writer's works can be combined with the historical conditions at that time. This is more desirable. Liu Xie highly praised The Book of Songs. Although this article talks about the content and form of the Book of Songs, it is limited to the old theories of predecessors and does not put forward any new opinions. This shows that Liu Xie didn't know enough about the significance of the book of songs in the history of literature.
( 1)
Yu Shun once said: "Poetry is the expression of thoughts and feelings, and songs are the extension of this kind of thoughts and feelings." With the analysis of the saints in the classics, the meaning of poetry has become clear. Therefore, "in the author's mind, it is emotion, expressed in language, and it is poetry." This is the reason why poetry creation should express emotions through words. "Poetry" means support, and poetry is used to support people's feelings. Confucius said: The contents of the 300 articles in The Book of Songs can be summarized in one sentence, that is, "there is no improper thought". It is consistent with Confucius' explanation of poetry by emotion.
(2)
People have all kinds of emotions, and when they are influenced by foreign objects, they will have certain induction. It is natural that the heart feels something and sends it out in the form of hymns. Once upon a time, when I was in Ge, "Song of the Xuanniao" was compiled into a song; The Cloud Gate Dance Collection of the Yellow Emperor should not be accompanied by orchestral music without lyrics. Tang Yao has songs of the Tang Dynasty, and Yu Shun has poems of the South Wind. These two lyrics can only be meaningful. Later, Yu Xia succeeded in water control, and all his work was on the right track and was praised. When Emperor Xia Taikang was morally corrupt, his five brothers wrote Song of Five Sons to express their resentment. It can be seen that it was a long time ago that poetry was used to praise merits and satirize faults. From Shang Dynasty to Zhou Dynasty, style, elegance and praise are all complete. The "four beginnings" in The Book of Songs are both wonderful and profound. Xia Zi is a student of Confucius, who can understand the profound meaning of poems such as "I think it's gorgeous", and Zi Gong understands the truth of poems such as "as bright as a mill" in The Book of Songs, so Confucius thinks they are qualified to talk about The Book of Songs. Later, when Deze failed in the Zhou Dynasty, the poets stopped accepting poems. However, in the Spring and Autumn Period, many scholars often recited some poems in diplomatic occasions to express their feelings and wishes. This mutual social etiquette can show respect for the guests and also show their gift of eloquence. In the state of Chu, there is a satire on the king of Chu's Li Sao. Qin Shihuang burned many books, but he also asked his doctor to write poems about immortals.
(3)
Wei Meng's works were first included in the four-character poems in the early Han Dynasty. Its irony is inherited from Zhou writers. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty loved literature, so "Hundred Good Poems" appeared. At that time, there were Yan Jidao, Sima Xiangru and others, who wrote poems without certain procedures. When he became emperor, he made some comments on all the poems at that time and won more than 300 poems. At that time, the works of the ruling and opposition parties were quite complete and rich. But in the works left by these writers, there are no five-character poems; Therefore, the poems of Li Ling and Su Wu, and Ban Jieyu's resentment poems are inevitably doubted by later generations. However, in the Book of Songs, Lu started with five words and a half chapters; To the Song of Canglang contained in Mencius Li Lou, it is all five words. In addition, as far away as the leisure love songs sung by tourists in the state of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, as near as the heterodox songs sung by Emperor Han Chengdi, they are all five words. According to the above historical development, it is enough to prove that five-character poems existed very early. Nineteen ancient poems, beautifully written: but the author is not sure. Some people say that some of them were written by Mei Cheng, and the poem "Bamboo Alone in Ran Ran" is said to have been written by Fu Yi. Judging from the rhetorical features of these poems, they may be works of the Han Dynasty. From the point of view of writing, it is simple but not rude, which can not only describe the objective scenery tactfully and truly, but also deeply express the author's inner sadness. It can really be regarded as the masterpiece of five-character poetry in Han Dynasty. As for Zhang Heng's complaint poems, they are still fresh and elegant and intriguing. "Poems of Immortals and Slow Songs" is quite original.
(4)
In the early years of Jian 'an, the creation of five-character poems was unprecedentedly active. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi show their talents in the literary world; RoyceWong, Xu, Ying, Serina Liu and others are also scrambling to catch up with the literary world. They all like the beautiful scenery, inviting them to visit the secluded garden in Qingchi, describing the elegant experience and the grand occasion in their poems; Express your ambitions passionately and generously, and show your talents aboveboard. They never pursue meticulous skills in narrative; Writing a scene is only important if it is clear and clear. These are the characteristics of Jian 'an poets. In the early days, Taoist thought prevailed, so this thought was mixed in poetry. Like Yanhe and others, most of his works are shallow. Only Ji Kang's poems can show lofty and serious feelings, while Ruan Ji's poems have some far-reaching significance. So their achievements are higher than those of contemporary poets. Even Ying Kun's Hundred Poems can be resolutely independent, tortuous, meaningful and upright, which is the legacy of honesty in Jian 'an period.
(5)
Jin Dynasty poets began to embark on a superficial and beautiful creative road. Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Zhang Kang, Pan Yue, Penny, Zuo Si, Lu Ji and Lu Yun. In the field of poetry. The literary talent of their poems is richer than that of Zhengshi period, but the appeal of their contents is weaker than that of Jian 'an period. They either show off their beauty by their words or by their gorgeous style: this is the overall situation of the poetry circle in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, poetry creation was submerged in the atmosphere of metaphysics. These metaphysical poets laugh at others who care too much about current affairs and admire empty talk about forgetting the world. Therefore, poets since Justin and Sun Chuo tend to talk about metaphysics in content, although their works are different in literary talent and carving, and no other poems can compete with metaphysical poems. Therefore, Guo Pu's Poem of Wandering Immortals was an outstanding masterpiece at that time. Poetry in the Southern Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty inherited and reformed the previous poetic style. The thoughts of Zhuang Zhou and Lao Zi gradually decreased in poetry, but the works depicting scenery became more and more prosperous. Therefore, poets strive to show their literary talent in the duality of the whole article and compete for novelty in every sentence; In content, it is required to describe the scene realistically, and in terms of words, it is required to be as novel as possible. This is what the poet has been pursuing recently.
(6)
Therefore, the development and changes of poetry in past dynasties can be understood. By summing up their similarities and differences, we can see the main points of poetry creation. For example, the formal system of four-character poems is mainly elegant and moist; The common style of five-character poems is mainly fresh and gorgeous. Grasping these different characteristics depends on the author's talent. For example, the elegant side of Zhang Hengde's four-character poem and the moist side of Ji Kang; Zhang Hua studied the fresh side of five-character poems, while Zhang Xie played the gorgeous side. Cao Zhi and Wang can have their own characteristics, while Zuo Si and Liu Zhen are only good at one aspect. But the genre of the works is certain, but people's ideas are different; Authors can only create according to their personal preferences, so they rarely have both. If the author is well aware of the difficulties in creation, it may be easier to actually write; If you rashly think that writing poetry is easy, then he will encounter many difficulties. In addition to the four-character poems and five-character poems mentioned above, there are also three-character, six-character and miscellaneous poems, all of which originated from the Book of Songs. As for the emergence of "clutch poems", it began with Oracle inscriptions in the Han dynasty; The rise of "palindrome poetry" was the beginning of He Daoqing in the Song Dynasty. The "couplet poems" written by several people inherited the "Hundred Liang Poems". Although these works are different in size and priority, the writing situation and reasons are the same; They all belong to the category of poetry, so it is unnecessary to elaborate on them one by one.
(7)
In short, people are born with emotions, and poetry is to express this emotion. Poetry existed in ancient times, and it was not until the Book of Songs that it became more mature. It should be consistent with the way of nature and combined with political order. In this way, excellent poetry will become more and more prosperous and will always be loved by future generations.
Chinese Translation and Translation of Classical Chinese