In the first case, the "music" scene conforms to the "music" feeling. For example, Bai Juyi's "Qiantang Spring Tour": "Gushan Temple is in the north of Jiating West, and the water level is low. Several early orioles raced to the sunny tree, and their new swallows were carrying mud in their nests. Colorful spring flowers will gradually fascinate people's eyes, and shallow spring grass can barely cover the horseshoe. I love the lack of lake in the eastbound direction and the white sand embankment in the shadow of Populus davidiana. " The poem expresses the joy and appreciation of the beautiful scenery seen in the spring outing of Qiantang Lake, as can be seen from the tail couplet. The interest and vitality of birds and flowers in spring are written in the middle of couplets, which lays the foundation for the following expression of "like" feelings. Here, beautiful scenery and happy feelings are harmonious and unified.
In the second case, the "mourning" scene contrasts with the "mourning" situation. Similar to the first case, bleak scenes can also be used to set off the bleak atmosphere, which is more common. For example, Li Bai's "Send Du Fu Down the Dune": "What am I doing here? A city of sand dunes with high terrain. There are ancient trees on the edge of the city, and autumn sounds ring day and night. Lu wine is not drunk, so sing a song for nothing. If you think you are a gentleman, you will be sent to the south. " The whole poem focuses on expressing the bitterness of missing friend Du Fu. Therefore, the "high lying" in the second sentence is a lonely poet who has nothing to do and is bored. The autumn sound in the fourth sentence obviously exaggerates the sad mood.
In the third case, the scene of "happiness" contrasts with the feeling of "sadness". The ancients once commented: "Write sadness with joy, mourn Syaraku, and its sadness and joy are doubled." This is an important tradition in ancient poetry that can be traced back to the Book of Songs, and it is the most basic embodiment of the "contrast" technique in ancient poetry. The key here is to grasp the central sentence and key words of the whole poem or contact the context. In view of the different and representative situations, the following four poems are briefly analyzed. First look at Du Fu's quatrains: "The bluebirds in the river are too white, and the blue flowers in the mountains are burning." . I saw it again this spring. When is the year of return? "The scenery in the first two sentences is a beautiful spring scene, but the feelings in the last two sentences are also sad homesickness. At this time, it must be noted that the center of the whole poem is precisely these last two sentences rather than the first two. Only in this way can we understand that the beautiful scenery in front is used to set off the sadness behind. Look at this song "Improvisation of Spring": "Grass grows under Yiyang City, and water flows from east to west. There are no flowers in the fragrant trees, and birds crow all the way to the spring mountain. "Although three or four sentences are written about flowers of fragrant trees and birds in spring mountains, isn't it just to express the joy of enjoying spring? No, because flowers fall by themselves and birds crow in the air. The words "ego" and "emptiness" can show the loneliness and loss of beautiful scenery that no one appreciates. Let's look at Cen Can's Spring in the Mountain: "At dusk, crows fly in the Liang Garden, and there are three or two families in the polar depression. The court tree does not know that people are tired, and old flowers come in spring. "The first two sentences are undoubtedly scenes of depression and decline, so are the last two sentences beautiful? Not exactly. Because, "people are gone.
"Gold" is still a bleak and desolate scene, and "Shu Ting" is not such a change, but it still blooms naively, which can reflect the ruin of the mountain house and the sadness of the people. Finally, take Du Fu's poem "Guests Arrive" as an example: "I am in the north, I am in the south, and spring water is flooding. I have only seen gulls day after day. The old lady didn't sweep the flower path for the guests. Today, it's only for you. Chai Men hasn't opened it for you yet, but it will open it for you today. Climbing the west side is not delicious, but in my hut, we have old wine in our cups. Shall we call my old neighbor to join us, call him through the fence and empty the jar? "The spring water and the flock of gulls written in the first couplet are certainly the unique flavor of rural life, but if we only understand them here and think that they are an appreciation of the present life, I am afraid it will go against the poet's original intention. At this time, we might as well look at the couplets, which say, "I have never had any friends here. Today, I just welcome you to be a guest." Between the lines, it fully shows the poet's pain in expecting guests and his joy in welcoming them. Then, does the "spring water everywhere" and "daily flock of gulls" written in the first couplet contain the deep loneliness of no one visiting in the so-called fresh and lively?
In the fourth case, the scene of "sadness" contrasts with the feeling of "happiness". Scenery serves feelings. If the whole poem is about "happiness", then the "sadness" scene in front of it is entirely possible to serve as a foil to "happiness". Please read Li Bai's Song of the Frontier: "Five In the snow in Tianshan Mountain, without flowers, it is cold. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality. The soldiers fought the enemy in the golden drum during the day and slept in the saddle at night. I would like to put my sword under my waist and cut Loulan straight. " The first three parts are about harsh environmental conditions and tense fighting life, but the last part turns to the heroic passion of soldiers to kill the enemy, which is also the center of the whole poem. In this way, we feel the image of a soldier who is not afraid of difficulties and has an iron will. Here, the so-called "sad" scene is not sad at all, since it is used to set off lofty sentiments.
In the fifth case, the scene of "mourning" is not "mourning". In other words, the scenery seems to be broken and depressed on the surface, as if expressing sadness. In fact, on the contrary, the poet is very appreciative and proud of it. Why is this? The answer lies in the poet's special identity and aesthetic orientation. Poets like Tao Yuanming and Wang Wei who like to retire to the countryside, in their eyes, the simple and quiet pastoral scenery is far better than the prosperity of the city. For example, Wang Wei wrote in "A Farewell from Wangchuan to Pei Di": "Walking outside Chai Men on crutches, listening to cicadas in the evening breeze. Sunset lingers at the ferry, and midnight snack smoke wafts from the house. " At first glance, some people may feel sad for the old man's loneliness and inaction, but in fact it is by no means so. The first two sentences are about people and plastics.
Shaped the image of a leisurely old man; The last two sentences describe the scenery and create a quiet and leisurely artistic conception. We must never ignore the individual differences of poets and understand the images in poetry in an isolated and one-sided way.
Second, the refinement of characters when writing landscapes.
"Crossing Ji Xiang Temple" by Wang Wei in Tang Dynasty: "I don't know the way to Jixiang Temple, like a cloud. Ancient trees are towering, but there are no pedestrian paths, and there are bells in the mountains in the temple. Spring is a dangerous stone, and the sun is tempered by pine trees. At dusk, close to an empty pool, thoughts can conquer the dragon of passion. " The whole poem depicts the quiet mountain scenery, in which the words "Yan" and "cold" are the most vivid. Dangerous stones stand in the mountains, and the flowing spring water can't flow freely, as if making a choking sound; When the sun sets, the afterglow is smeared on a deep pine forest, which naturally gives people a cold feeling. The cold of the environment is vividly expressed through these two words.
In "Early Plum" written by Miracle in the Tang Dynasty, "All trees are frozen and ready to break, and the solitary roots are warm and lonely. In the former deep Xue Cun, a few words were written last night. Among them, "one branch" is far more vivid than "several branches": plum blossoms bloom first, which means "early"; And this "one branch" opened quietly "early" before all the plums, which made this plum look different. " "A Branch Opens" is the crowning touch of this poem.
Song Qi's Magnolia in the Northern Song Dynasty describes the beautiful spring, and there is a cloud: "The smoke is lighter than the cold, and the branches of red apricots are full of spring." Someone once commented that "the word' noisy' is the word, and the realm is exhausted." That's because the word "noisy" can remind people of the color of flame when apricot blossoms are in full bloom, and insects surround the busy sounds and shapes, thus writing a high-spirited spring.
Rational Interest in Three Scenes
Look at Wang Zhihuan's famous "Heron House" in the Tang Dynasty: "The mountains cover the daytime, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " Poetry describes the process of climbing stairs, but it also naturally reminds people that they must stand high to see far.
Su Shi's "Title of Xilin Wall": "Looking at the side of the ridge into a peak, the distance is different. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain. " Su Shi wrote what he saw and felt when he visited Lushan Mountain, but this feeling has a universal philosophy, such as the following two: different perspectives will lead to different conclusions; The authorities are confused, and the bystanders are clear. Look at Su Shi's "butterfly lovers" again: the flowers are small. Swallows fly, green water people go around. There are few branches blowing willows, and there are plenty of fragrant grass in the sea! Swing inside and outside the wall. The layman in the wall, the beauty in the wall laughs. Laughter dies in silence, but passion is mercilessly annoyed. These two sentences have always been praised because they involve the philosophy of love and life. Although the author has been demoted repeatedly, I believe that he will always find a place to display his talents, which shows the author's optimistic and broad-minded attitude towards life.
Song Zhu's Random Thoughts on Reading (I): "When half an acre of square pond is opened, the sky is high and the clouds are light." . Ask the canal to be so clear, because there is flowing water at the source. The specific content of this poem is "Tang Fang", but it is by no means limited to writing the scenery related to the theme of the poem. Through "purity" and "flowing water from the source", we realize the close relationship between people's rich and profound ideological understanding and timely absorption of new knowledge.
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