The Tang Dynasty was an era when my country's politics and economy were highly developed and culture and art flourished. It was an era of splendid feudal culture and the heyday of China's feudal society. Especially during the Zhenguan and Kaiyuan years, the political climate was relaxed. , people live and work in peace and contentment. The culture of the Tang Dynasty was extensive, profound, comprehensive and brilliant, benefiting from both east and west and leading the way. Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was the most prosperous, affluent and civilized city in the world at that time, and was longed for by people from all over the world. At that time, a "British monk" who came to China from the West to study wrote a poem: "I wish I could grow up in China and see Mount Wutai in my life." The overall pattern of the "Chinese Cultural Circle" recognized by scholars around the world was also completed during the Tang Dynasty. To summarize the development characteristics of art in the Tang Dynasty, it can be divided into five aspects.
(1) Architecture:
1. Large scale and strict planning.
Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, covered an area of ??83 square kilometers, eight times the size of today's urban area of ??Xi'an (Ming Xi'an City), making it the largest and most prosperous city in the world at that time. The planning of Chang'an City is the most rigorous among ancient Chinese capitals. The grandeur and breadth of other prefectures, government offices and other buildings in the Tang Dynasty were unmatched by any feudal dynasty.
2. Wooden buildings have solved the technical problems of large areas and large volumes and have been finalized:
By the Sui and Tang Dynasties, large-scale buildings no longer relied on rammed earth as they did in the Han Dynasty. The solution is to wrap the high platform with a wooden building in a small space. Each component, especially the component form and materials of the bucket arch, has been standardized. The standardization reflects the progress of construction management level, accelerates the construction speed, and also promotes architectural design.
3. Improvement of design and construction level:
Technical personnel who master design and construction are "du materials", professional and technical, specializing in public and private housing design and on-site command, and with This is a living. Generally, houses are constructed according to the drawings on the walls. After the house was built, his name would be recorded on the beams, and the name "Du Liao" was still used until the Yuan Dynasty.
4. Brick and stone construction has further developed:
Mainly due to the increase in the number of pagodas using masonry. At present, all Tang pagodas preserved in our country are masonry pagodas. In the Tang Dynasty, there were three types of masonry towers: pavilion type, dense eaves type and single-story tower.
5. The authenticity and maturity of architectural art processing:
The architectural style of the Tang Dynasty is characterized by grandeur, strictness and cheerfulness. The existing wooden building materials reflect the unity of architectural art processing and structure in the Tang Dynasty. The structure of the brackets, the image of the pillars, and the processing of the beams all make people feel the inherent connection between the stress state and the image of the component itself, achieving the balance of strength and beauty. unified. The color tone is simple and bright, the roof is stretched and flat, and the doors and windows are unpretentious, giving people a solemn and generous impression. This is a feature that is not easy to find in the architecture of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
(2) Clothing:
The most obvious feature of clothing is the dual-track system. In large sacrificial scenes, traditional Han clothes are worn. In normal times, the common clothing in the Tang Dynasty was the Hufu (i.e. Xianbei clothing) system.
In the Tang Dynasty, the country was unified, the economy was prosperous, the style was more open, and the costumes became more and more gorgeous. The characteristic of women's clothing in the Tang Dynasty is the unity of skirt, shirt and belt. Among women, the image of bare breasts and arms appeared. On the mural on the east wall of the tomb of Princess Yongtai, there is an image of a Tang Dynasty woman with a high bun, exposed breasts, a red silk draped over her shoulders, a yellow narrow-sleeved blouse, a green floor-length skirt, and a red belt hanging from her waist, thus reflecting the " The pink breasts are half hidden by doubts and snow", and "when I sit, my clothes are lingering in the grass, and when I walk, my skirt sweeps away plum blossoms", which has a more vivid understanding. The collars of women's clothing in the Tang Dynasty include round collars, square collars, oblique collars, straight collars and sweetheart collars. The characteristic of the long skirt is that the waist is tied higher, usually above the waist, and some are even tied under the armpits, giving people a pretty and slender look
Literary Clothing in the Tang Dynasty Literary Clothing in the Tang Dynasty Futou and round-neck robes were common clothing for men in the Tang Dynasty, and Futou robes and shirts were the most popular. Futou, also known as Futou, is a type of headdress based on the Han and Wei turbans. After the Tang Dynasty, people added a fixed ornament called "scarf" inside the futou. The shape of the towel varies from period to period. In addition to the scarf, the Fu Tou's feet also had many changes. By the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the original soft feet had been changed into hard feet, one on the left and one on the left. The main attire of officials in the Tang Dynasty was round-necked narrow-sleeved robes, and their colors were stipulated: all officials above the third rank wore purple; above the fifth rank, scarlet was the color; the sixth and seventh ranks were green; the eighth and ninth ranks were green. The color is blue, and a horizontal gusset is placed under the robe, which was also a major feature of men's clothing at that time.
(3) Painting and calligraphy
Most of the authors of lady paintings in the Tang Dynasty were very familiar with the lives of aristocratic women in the palace, so they had an accurate grasp of the temperament and demeanor of the women and maids. The description and characterization of the details of human movements also reflect the most important artistic feature of figure painting in the Tang Dynasty, which is to describe the spirit with form. The use of ink and color all reflect the essence of figure painting in the Tang Dynasty. The brushwork is delicate but not elastic, and the design The colors are clear and bright, and the description of texture is very apt. The fine gauze clothes are light and transparent, the skin is plump and fair, the headdress is shiny, the combination of multi-layer drying, cover dyeing, split dyeing and the use of color instead of threads all opened the Tang Dynasty The most important aspect of the new style of meticulous characters is that people in the Tang Dynasty emphasized the plump figure of maids, because at that time fatness was considered beautiful.
The calligraphy art of the Tang Dynasty also had high achievements. There were many calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty and there were many calligraphers. This was related to the prosperity of the economy and the activity of culture and art. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with the socio-economic, cultural and Art has also changed and developed a lot.
The style of calligraphy in the early Tang Dynasty has evolved from square and vigorous to vigorous and thick. Zhencao more completely broke away from the shackles of the Wang family's calligraphy school and formed his own new style. At this time, famous calligraphers such as Zhang Xu, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan appeared. They created new realms in Kuang Cao and regular script respectively. The two styles of seal script and official script have reappeared in the calligraphy world. Although they are not superior to those of the ancients, there are quite a few famous scholars. As the country's power declined in the late Tang Dynasty, calligraphy was not as prosperous as in the early and prosperous Tang Dynasty, but some calligraphers such as Du Mu, Gao Xian, and Pei Xiu also appeared.
(4) Sculpture
The sculpture art of the Tang Dynasty developed as a whole and reached the peak in the history of Chinese sculpture. Therefore, in the history of ancient Chinese sculpture art, the sculptures of the Tang Dynasty occupy a wonderful chapter. In the Tang Dynasty, when the country was prosperous and the people were strong, there was a high demand for tomb figurines, statues and other sculptures. Sculptures of the Tang Dynasty made extensive use of traditional spade, openwork and round carvings, as well as incised fine lines. The use of incised engravings to express details is the same as line drawing in paintings, and dense thin lines and short negative lines were used to express decorative clothing patterns, yin and yang concave and convex surfaces, etc. wait. The animals are plump and strong, lively and harmonious, and have a strong sense of life, which is consistent with the bird patterns on gold, silver, porcelain, and bronze wares. The characters are good at singing, dancing, playing various musical instruments, and the scene is cheerful; the composition is novel and the sword skills are skillful. In short, the carving craftsmanship is exquisite, focusing on the accuracy of the overall shape, and working hard on the details. The spirit is shown in the large and the aura is seen in the small. It has the atmosphere of the times of plumpness, grace, magnanimity, romance and boldness.
(5) Poetry
The Tang Dynasty was the peak of Chinese classical poetry. Poetry creation in the Tang Dynasty was prosperous, with rich themes, diverse styles, numerous schools, complete systems, and a large number of writers' works The development of Tang poetry has roughly gone through four stages: the early Tang Dynasty, the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the middle Tang Dynasty and the late Tang Dynasty.
① Poems of the early Tang Dynasty. The poetry of the early Tang Dynasty is still in the aftermath of the Chen and Sui dynasties. The poems written by Taizong Li Shimin and the surrounding literati were colorful and soft. Shangguan's body is beautiful and graceful. Only a few people such as Wei Zheng, Wang Ji, and Wang Fanzhi were able to break away from the popular customs. It was not until the Four Heroes of the early Tang Dynasty that the content and form of poetry began to develop.
② Poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. On the basis of Chen Ziang, Shen and Song Dynasty, the poets of the prosperous Tang Dynasty further combined the correct direction with perfect form. During Xuanzong's Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods, poetry flourished in an all-round way, and a large number of famous writers appeared. Their works are exquisite and gorgeous, vigorous and fresh, with wonderful imagery and harmonious rhythm, expressing the unique artistic characteristics of the times. Frontier poems and pastoral landscape poems accounted for a large proportion in the poetry of the flourishing Tang Dynasty.
③ Poetry of the Mid-Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of the mid-Tang Dynasty, the country was in decline and the poetry world was also in recession. The poetry of Liu Changqing and Wang Wei, one of the Ten Talents of the Dali Dynasty, is exquisite and elegant, but the content is superficial. Lu Lun and Li Yi have some desolate and sad frontier quatrains with powerful artistic conception. The more outstanding person in this period is Wei Yingwu, whose pastoral landscape poems are elegant and leisurely, while his Yuefu songs are full of allegorical meanings in their graceful and flowing beauty.
④Poems of the late Tang Dynasty. The poetic style of the late Tang Dynasty gradually became more delicate. Although there have been authors and works that have had a great impact on literary history, in general, they lack the grandeur and harmonious realm of the prosperous and mid-Tang Dynasties.
In short, the Tang Dynasty was an era when my country's politics and economy were highly developed, and culture and art flourished. It was an era of splendid feudal culture and the most glorious page in my country's cultural history.
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