Question 1: What are Aristotle’s aesthetic views? Aristotle and Aesthetic Views
Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC) was born in Stagirus, which belonged to Macedonia at that time. His father was the king of Macedonia. 's imperial physician. When he was 18 years old, Aristotle came to Athens, first entered the school of Isogrates, and then transferred to Plato's Academy, where he lived for 20 years. After Plato's death, Aristotle left the academy and was soon invited to be the teacher of 13-year-old Alexander. In 336 BC, Alexander succeeded to the throne. Aristotle returned to Athens and founded another school in a place called Lyceum, which was known as the "Peripatetikos". In 323 BC, Alexander died suddenly. Aristotle died of illness the following year.
Aristotle is known as the first "encyclopedic" scholar in ancient times. It is said that there are more than a thousand kinds of writings, and more than 360 kinds have been cataloged, covering physics, logic, metaphysics, natural philosophy, ethics, politics, economics, psychology, poetry, rhetoric, botany, Zoology, as well as "On the Soul", "On the Sky", "On Life and Death", "Meteorology", "Animals" and other works, the content not only covered all the knowledge and scholarship at that time, but also served as a reference for thousands of years later. Its history has laid the basic disciplinary system and has the status of a codex.
At the same time, due to the influence of many experimental sciences, Aristotle brought about a change in academic research methods, that is, "classification" research. He divided science into three categories: 1) Theoretical science, such as mathematics, physics, metaphysics, etc.; 2) Practical science, such as politics, ethics, etc.; 3) Manufacturing science, such as poetics, rhetoric, etc.
This classification method also runs through his research on a certain subject. This method became the paradigm for various scientific researches for thousands of years. As Plato's favorite disciple, his thinking style is very different from Plato's. As Russell said: "As a philosopher, he is very different from all his predecessors in many aspects. He was the first person to write books and theories like a professor: his treatises were systematic, His discussions were also categorical, and he was a professional teacher rather than an inspired prophet. His work was critical, meticulous, and ordinary, without any trace of Bacchus' Platonic thought. The Orphic elements in Aristotle were diluted and a strong sense of common sense was added.
Aesthetic thoughts:
Mr. Zhu Guangqian commented. When talking about Aristotle’s aesthetic thoughts, he said: “The most significant thing is that he brought the concept of organic whole from biology, and brought two important viewpoints from psychology: the psychological roots of art and the psychological impact of art on the audience. , bringing perspectives on the origin, development and transformation of art types from history. "Chernyshevsky said: "Aristotle was the first person to clarify the concept of aesthetics with an independent system, and his concept has dominated for more than two thousand years."
His aesthetic thoughts Mainly in works such as "Poetics", "Rhetoric", "Metaphysics" and "Politics". Specifically, its aesthetic thoughts are mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1. Imitation. Significance: Poetry is more philosophical than history
"Poetics" is Aristotle's work dedicated to discussing tragedy, comedy and epic. It is also the first book in Western history to systematically discuss art. Through the analysis of a large number of tragedies, comedies and Homer's epics, the discussion of the ontological issues of art, the basic nature of art and the aesthetic characteristics of art is launched.
"Poetics" begins with a clear meaning, pointing out the meaning of poetry. The essence of music is "imitation", he said: "Epics and tragedies, comedies and Dionysian hymns, and most double-pipe flute music and harp music - all of these are actually imitations, but there are three differences, that is, the media used for imitation are different. , the objects taken are different and the methods adopted are different. "We know that "art is imitation" is a traditional saying in ancient Greece. The question is, does imitation art have value and significance? Is it like Plato said that it is "three layers away from the truth" and is a "shadow of a shadow"? Here The first question involved is: Can Plato’s theory of “ideas” be established?
On this issue, Aristotle insisted, “I love my teacher, but I love the truth even more. " principle, he believed that the "idea" theory is full of internal contradictions. In this regard, Aristotle made the following explanation: 1. "Phase" is actually just a class with the same name for individual things. This class cannot explain the movement and movement of things. Change cannot explain negative things (evil). 2. The "appearance" of some filthy things is also unimaginable. 3. Fundamentally...>>
Question 2: Asia. Aristotle's main philosophical thoughts Aristotle's main philosophical thoughts
Aristotle (384 BC - 322 BC), a native of Scythala in ancient Greece, was the most influential person in the ancient history of the world. One of the great philosophers, scientists and educators.
Aristotle was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander.
Aristotle attached great importance to teaching methods. He opposed rigid teaching methods, so he often took his students for walks on the garden boulevard while discussing philosophy. Therefore, later generations called Aristotle's school " "Xiaoyao School". Marx once called Aristotle the most knowledgeable figure among ancient Greek philosophers, and Engels called him the ancient Hegel.
Aristotle studied under Plato and advocated that education is a function of the state and schools should be managed by the state. He first proposed the idea of ????the stages of children's physical and mental development; he supported the Athenian education of healthy physique and harmonious development, and advocated considering natural qualities, forming habits, and developing rationality as the three sources of moral education. However, he opposed women's education and advocated "gentleness." Education, make education serve leisure.
Aristotle studied diligently throughout his life, and his academic research involved logic, rhetoric, physics, biology, education, psychology, politics, economics, aesthetics, etc., and he wrote He wrote a large number of works. His works are ancient encyclopedias. It is said that there are 400 to 1,000 works, mainly including "On Instruments", "Metaphysics", "Physics", "Ethics", "Politics", "Poetics" etc. His thoughts had a profound impact on mankind. He founded formal logic, enriched and developed various branches of philosophy, and made great contributions to science.
Aristotle was first of all a great philosopher. Although he was a student of Plato, he abandoned the idealist views held by his teacher. Plato believed that ideas are prototypes of physical objects and exist independently without relying on physical objects. Aristotle believed that the real world is composed of various things that are harmonious in form and material. "Material" is the material from which things are composed, and "form" is the individual characteristics of each thing. Just like there is a chicken that flaps its wings and flies around. The "form" of this chicken is that it can flap its wings, coo, lay eggs, etc. When the chicken dies, the "form" ceases to exist and the only thing left is the matter of the chicken. Plato asserted that the senses could not be the source of true knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge originated from feeling. These ideas already contain some materialistic elements. Aristotle, like Plato, believed that rational plans and purposes were the guiding principles of all natural processes. However, Aristotle's views on causality are richer than Plato's, because he accepted some views on this issue from the ancient Greek period. He pointed out that there are four main types of causes. The first is material cause, which is the main substance that forms objects. The second is the formal cause, which is the design pattern and shape given to the primary substance. The third type is efficient cause, which is the mechanism and role provided to realize this type of design. The fourth type is the final cause, which is the purpose for which the object is designed. For example, the pottery's clay provides the pottery with its material cause, while the pottery's design is its formal cause, the potter's wheel and hands are its efficient cause, and the pottery's design purpose is its final cause. . Aristotle himself focused on the formal cause and final cause of objects. He believed that formal causes are contained in all natural objects and effects. These formal causes are latent at first, but once the object or living thing develops, these formal causes become apparent. Finally, the object or organism reaches the completion stage, and its finished products are used to achieve the purpose of the original design, that is, to serve the final cause. He also believed that in concrete things, there is no form without matter, and there is no formless matter. The process of combining matter and form is the movement of transforming potential into reality. This theory expresses the idea of ??spontaneous dialectics.
Aristotle's greatest contribution to philosophy is the creation of the important branch of formal logic. Logical thinking is the pillar on which Aristotle achieved excellence in many fields. This way of thinking runs through his research, statistics and thinking from beginning to end. Of course, he made mistakes, but they were few and far between.
As one of the greatest encyclopedic scientists, Aristotle’s contribution to the world is unparalleled. But his achievements go far beyond that. He was also a true philosopher who made contributions to almost every discipline of philosophy. He wrote about morality, metaphysics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, rhetoric, scholarship, pedagogy, poetry, customs, and the Athenian constitution. One of his research topics is to collect the constitutions of various countries and conduct comparative studies based on them. ...>>
Question 3: Which of the following are the two basic principles Socrates established for Platonic aesthetics and Aristotle’s aesthetics? Socrates (famous ancient Greek philosopher) Editor Socrates (Greek: Σωκρ?τη?, English translation: Socrates, 469 BC-399 BC), a famous thinker, philosopher, educator, and citizen juror in ancient Greece. He, his student Plato, and Plato's student Aristotle are known as the "Three Sages of Ancient Greece"...
Question 4: Socrates' contribution to Platonic aesthetics and Aristotle Which of the following are the two basic principles laid down by aesthetics? Socrates
(Famous Ancient Greek Philosopher)
Editor
Socrates (Greek) : Σωκρ?τη?, English translation: Socrates, 469 BC-399 BC), a famous thinker, philosopher, educator, and citizen juror in ancient Greece.
He, his student Plato, and Plato's student Aristotle are known as the "Three Sages of Ancient Greece" and are widely considered by later generations to be the founders of Western philosophy.
As a citizen of Athens, it is recorded that Socrates was finally sentenced to death by the Athenian court for insulting the gods of Athens, introducing new theism, and corrupting the minds of Athenian youth. Although Socrates was given the opportunity to escape, he still chose to drink poisonous pansy juice and die because he believed that fleeing would only further undermine the authority of Athenian law.