"Yongming" is the title of Xiao Ze, the Emperor of Qi. In the last years of Yongming, there appeared a new poetic style, which consciously used four tones and paid attention to two tones.
"The Biography of Southern Qilu Shu" said: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was an article. , Chen, Diao, Langya push the hub with qi, and you are good at understanding the rhyme. All the texts are written by the palace merchants, and the four tones are flat and rhyme, which cannot be increased or decreased. The world calls for' Yongming'.
Yongming style is a new poetry genre that appeared after the Southern Dynasties. These writers are like-minded, like-minded, writing poems together and enjoying literature and art together.
Yongming style appeared on the basis of the development of phonology. The next year, people discovered the difference between the four tones, and Shen Yue and others began to consciously use the four-tone rule to write poems. Shen also suggested that eight diseases should be avoided when using four-tone rhythm: flat head, upper tail, hunchback waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, side button and straight button, which actually became the first tone of later rhythmic poems.
The main characteristics of Yongming style are paying attention to the harmony of melody and the neatness of antithesis, consciously using four tones to avoid "eight diseases", and also having the characteristics of affection, beauty and canon. New poetry became the pioneer of orthodox poetry. It is a transition between ancient poetry and modern poetry.
The Life and Creation of Representative Writer Xie Tiao.
Xie Tiao (464-499), named Xuanhui, was a descendant of Xie's family and a nephew of Xie Lingyun. He once served as a military officer in Wang Qiyi with outstanding literary achievements. Appreciated by Xiao Zilong, the king of the county, together with Shen Yue, Wang Rong, Xiao Chen, Fan Yun, Ren Fang, Lu Shu and Xiao Yan, he was once the prefect of Xuancheng as a guest of Jingling Wang Xiaoliang Zi.
When Ming Di was an official, he went to the official department of Shangshu Province. Ming Di died, and Hou Li was stunned in the East. Xie Tiao wavered in the struggle of the ruling clique, ratted out for fear of disaster, and was framed in prison and died at the age of 36.
Xie Tiao's achievements and position in the history of poetry mainly include two aspects:
First of all, he developed the artistic skills of landscape poetry.
His landscape poem "Self-citation, Wandering Alone in the Sky, Quiet Scenery, Exhausting Feelings" (Chen Ruoming's Selected Ancient Poems of Caijitang, Volume 20). He is good at creating artistic conception with emotion, which is a big step forward than Xie Lingyun. Lu Shiyong called his poems "misty mountains and rivers, eager to draw pictures, pointing around and welcoming appointments." (Introduction to Poetic Realm)
Such as "Xuancheng out of the new forest shop to Banqiao":
Jiang Lu is always in the southwest and flows to the northeast.
Heaven knows the boat, and the cloud knows the river tree.
I'm tired of traveling. I've been wandering alone many times.
I enjoy my feelings and am interested in reviving Cangzhou.
Nice to meet you here.
Although there is no mysterious leopard gesture, it will eventually be hidden in the fog of Nanshan.
The road and the river are in the opposite direction, so we should go to Xuancheng. Anhui at that time was in the southwest of Nanjing. Expressed a series of feelings that he was excluded and forced to go to other places to be an official.
Wang Fuzhi praised this poem and said: "Those who have words that are not as good as feelings but have infinite feelings have political minds and do not rely on external help." Heaven knows the boat, and the cloud knows the river tree. There is a hidden thought that people are sad and condensed, and they are ready to come out. Writing a scene with this is a living scene. "("Selected Poems "Volume 5)
In other words, between the lines of a good poem, it is not direct lyric at all, but actually contains infinite feelings.
Secondly, he is a representative writer of Yongming style. His poems not only emphasize the beauty of phonology, but also pursue natural fluency, saying that "a good poem is round and beautiful as a projectile" (Biography of South History Wang Yun).
Shen Yue called his poems "harmony with stones and thinking of clouds", and his use of official duties, duality, temperament and rhetoric not only matured, but also entered the realm.
For example, "Go to Sanshan late and return to Beijing":
Now I can overlook Chang 'an City from Baling Mountain, and look back at the capital like looking back at Luoyang, climbing three mountains in Heyang.
The sun sets on the towering roof, and the houses in Beijing are not so high and low.
The residual clouds of the sunset are scattered like rosy clouds, and the clear river is as calm as white.
Noisy birdsong covers the spring, and all kinds of flowers cover the countryside in the suburbs.
I will stay in the country far from the capital, and I miss the happy party that has stopped.
When it's time for Danggui, I'm disappointed and tears fall like snow beads.
People with feelings know that they are homesick. Who can't change their black hair?
Write to leave Beijing and go to Xuancheng as a satrap. Look at the scenery of the Yangtze River from another angle. The rhythm is harmonious and the antithesis is neat. And pay great attention to the collocation of flat and flat. This embodies the characteristics of eternal style.
Xie Tiao also has some new-style poems, some of which are the results of studying folk songs in the Southern Dynasties, and have revealed traces of quatrains in the Tang Dynasty.
For example, Jade Family:
Your Highness, at dusk, fireflies fly to rest.
Sewing Luo clothes all night, I wonder why you are so extreme.
Another example is Wang Sunyou:
The ground is full of green grass and the trees are full of brilliant red flowers. It is late spring.
Don't say you won't come back. Even if you do, spring is over.
These poems are concise and beautiful, with far-reaching implications, much like the quatrains of the Tang Dynasty.
The Emergence and Overflow of Palace Poetry
Palace-style poetry is a new poetic style in Liang Wudi's later period. Its representative writers are Wen Di Xiao Gang and Liang, as well as court literati, Xu Ling and his son, Yu Jianwu and Yu Xin. These three groups of fathers and sons are representatives.
When Xiao Gang was King of Jin 'an in his early years, Xu Yi and Yu Jianwu were his attendants. Their different poetic styles had a great influence on Xiao Gang. After Xiao Gang became a prince, he was dissatisfied with the "cowardice" of the poetic style at that time. In order to seek novelty and change, he strongly advocated this poetic style. For a time, the ruling and opposition parties followed suit and called it "palace style."
The characteristics of palace poems are:
First, rhyme and meter are more rigorous and refined than Yongming Style.
Second, the style is rich, and attention is paid to picking algae and carving chapters and sentences.
Third, the content is narrow and superficial, and there are many things to write about eroticism and chanting things, as well as works to sing romantic and pond gardens. It can be described as "fresh and ingenious, only at dinner; Carving algae, thinking about the boudoir "("Sui Shu's Silent Thinking ").
The reasons for the appearance of palace poems are:
First, the literati lived in a narrow circle, lacked ideals and political enthusiasm, and were influenced by hedonism prevailing in society at that time.
Second, out of the artistic requirements of innovation and change and the artistic pursuit of reciting love. Its advocate, Xiao Gang, once expressed his dissatisfaction with the poetic style at that time. He said: "I have never heard of singing love, but I have drawn up a chapter of inner rules;" Writing ambition, but also copying "wine patent" works; At the end of spring, I switched to Return to Tibet. Zhan Zhan Zhan is like a big biography. " ("Letter to the King of Xiangdong")
Xiao Gang advocated chanting love, but due to the lifestyle of the court in the Southern Dynasties and the aesthetic taste of the nobles in the Southern Dynasties, the chanting of love by court poets was mainly limited to eroticism, court life and affairs.
Thirdly, the appearance of palace poems also had a great relationship with the influence of Jiangnan folk songs at that time. At that time, Jiangnan folk songs were all about the love between men and women, with a soft style. There are many works by court poets who study Jiangnan folk songs.
For example, Liang Wudi Xiao Yan (464-549)' s Song of the Four Seasons at Midnight':
The spring breeze moved the heart of spring and looked at the mountains. There are many strange forests, and sunny birds spit out crisp sounds.
The green grass grows with warblers, and the red pepper with purple stems. Blow out of the suburbs and play chunying.
At the beginning of the romantic month, there are flowers and trees in the new forest. Couples play spring moon, slowly dragging.
The enchanting face swings around, and the scenery is more charming. The warm wind enters the south, and the weaver girl is in love with spring.
In the early days of Cheongwadae, Luo Qi had a fresh breath. With the color of spring before the Song Dynasty, osmanthus wine was clear.
Rhododendrons and bamboos are singing, and plum blossoms fall all the way. Yan women swim in the spring moon and mop the grass.
Zhu Lvyuan, Danhua Luoxing. That can be embroidered in the boudoir, and Chun Qing is lonely.
The fresh clouds charm Zhu Jing, and the fragrant wind scatters the forest flowers. Beautiful women step on the spring garden, and embroidery flies with flowers.
Luo Shang wears tea, and Hosta has a bright moon. You can swim in the spring dew, and you can find a concentric lang.
Flowers in spring forest are more charming, and birds in spring are more sad. The spring breeze is full of love and fascinates me.
Xinyan is playing the first tune, and cuckoo is singing in the morning. Thrushcross forgot to watch his mouth and wandered around Chun Qing.
Plum blossoms are gone, and willow flowers are scattered with the wind. Sigh, I am Chunnian, and no one wants to call me.
In the past, geese gathered in Zhu Zhu, but now they are still in their nests. Dare to resign for a long time, is to make every spring grandson.
The flowers in the garden are yellow and the water in the pond is green in spring. When the wine is first full, adjust the general tone.
Have a graceful demeanour yang sleeve dance, a song is light. According to the burning blue light, the spring breeze was born.
Anna dances and sings new songs. Cui Yi Favalo, I first met you.
The bright moon shines in Guilin, and the first flowers are brilliant. Who can knit in the machine alone without missing each other?
Rough and competitive, no longer worry about yourself. The spring breeze shook Lin Rong, and I was often worried that China would fall.
Think of spring flowers and autumn moon, and smile like a flower. I am eager to admire every farmer, but I feel sorry for my mistakes.
The sigh has never stopped since we said goodbye. My heart is like that flourishing bark tree in spring, getting more and more bitter.
……
Xiao Gang's Ode to My Wife Sleeping During the Day is the representative of this kind of works:
Talk on the pillow in the north window, and the south eaves are not inclined.
Climb the hook and drop the obstacle, insert the pipa.
The dream is smiling, but the sleeping temple crushed the flowers.
Yan Wensheng jade wrist, fragrant sweat soaked in red yarn.
Mother-in-law has been with him, arguing that family is not wrong.
This is a completely enjoyable attitude. Being addicted to the description of women's hue and lacking communication with women's world will inevitably be frivolous. Xiaogang also wrote poems about child abuse, which was not unique at that time. It shows that morbid life and abnormal psychology are more common in the upper class.
However, after all, palace poems have opened up the female theme of literature, and the poet's delicate emotions and brushstrokes occasionally touch the inner world of female euphemistic songs.
Such as Xiaogang's "Golden Boudoir Thinking":
What if the wanderer doesn't come back for a long time? The sun moves alone, and I am ashamed to see Yan Shuangfei.
I haven't been frosted since I left you. The south wind sends geese home, chatting to send lovesickness.
Looking at the night, flying alone;
The milky way is frosty, and the night stars are rare. Where does the goose hiss?
It is better to never fly alone than to know that you have to give up halfway.
Obviously, the above poems cannot be classified as gorgeous and frivolous.
04 Liang, Chen and other poets
Except for Jiang Yan, Wu Yun, He Xun and Yin Keng, who entered Chen from Liang Dynasty, are the most accomplished poets in the early Liang Dynasty.
Jiang Yan (444-505) was born in Kaocheng, Jinan (now lankao county, Henan). During the Song, Qi and Liang Dynasties, he did not enter the Liang Dynasty for a long time. His poems are famous for imitation, such as the famous Thirty Miscellaneous Poems, which respectively imitate the representative works of thirty poets from Han to Song, and can accurately imitate the style characteristics of these poets.
Thirty miscellaneous poems:
Small order
Fu Chu's rumors of Han style are neither bones; Wei makes Jin, and solid is two bodies. For example, Zhu is still blue, and all kinds of mistakes are endless; With a loud gong jiao, the arrogant state is not very good. So the eyebrows of moths are the same, but they are moving in spirit. Why not? As for the sages of the world, they are all addicted to each other's stagnation. Whether they like it or not, they will avoid this and be good at Dan instead of vegetarian food. At the age of 20, they will be so tolerant and loving! It is the theory of Shang and Zhong Xuan, and each family has its own merits; The comments of An Ren and Shi Heng were corrected. Is the situation different? It is also your foresight and human nature; Zhong Er's eyes are bright, but the customs are unchanged. Therefore, Handan entrusted the music to Li Qi and the holiday of Historical Records to Ci Zong. This also works. But five words, I'm sure it's not Joan valley. However, under the summer night in Kansai, it is already the same year; Crossing the river to Jiangnan is very different. Therefore, the difference between Huang Xuan and Jing Wei is different. Servants think that each has its own beauty and goodness. Today, I wrote 30 songs and learned their styles. Although they are not good enough, there is no good discussion about the cloud.
Ancient parting
The beloved will be far away from Yanmenguan, so we have no choice but to say goodbye. The sky in the sky covers thousands of miles, the dust on the ground carries Huang Yun, and it's getting dark. When will the wanderer come back?
Farewell is like yesterday, and the eaves have been exposed. Although the grass has withered, there is nothing to regret. I am worried about my distant lover and I wonder if he is warm.
Love is far away, we are years old. I wish I could see my face again, or Carida like Joan's branches.
I hope I can have something like Tu Youyou and Shuiping, and I will always be faithful to the people I love.
……
Legend has it that he had a dream in his early years that the fairy gave him a colored pen, so he wrote a poem, which was very good. Then the pen was taken away, and he couldn't write well anymore. Of course, this is a story.
In the Song Dynasty, he satirized King Jianping with fifteen poems and was demoted to Wu. At night, when you are in a high position, your mind will drop, so there is a saying that Jiang Lang is exhausted.
There are more than 1 10 poems by Jiang Yan, which have beautiful and exquisite styles, including "A Story of Jiang Wen".
Wu Yun (469-520) was born in Xing Wu (now Anji County, Zhejiang Province). Born in a slight cold, honest and frank, studious and brilliant, he has gained a lot of common sense. Shi Liang was a thin monarch and was later invited to work for the imperial court. There are more than 130 poems today, and they are good at describing scenery. For Wang Guiyang, chanting swords and willows. , can be used to express their feelings.
For example, his "Gift for Wang Guiyang": When the pine grows a few inches, the grass disappears.
I can't see the heart of Cage Cloud, but I know it is as cold as ice.
Weak stems can be destroyed, and fiber stems are easy to be destroyed.
When thousands of feet, cover the moon for you.
Write about pine trees, write about depression, and have no grievances in the early days. It expresses the backbone and injustice of cold and simple people, and shows the spirit of integrity. Obviously influenced by Zuo Si and Bao Zhao.
Nianjian: I have a sword, which comes from Kunwuxi.
According to people like water, cutting jade like mud.
The edge of the cake is frosty, and the box is bleak.
Message: Zhang Gongzi, why did you come to see you?
Chant willow:
Fine willows are born in the north, and long winds send geese.
Autumn frost often vibrates leaves, and spring dew moistens roots.
When you stay away from cicadas, you will become a bird garden at dusk.
If you don't love it, what can you say if you destroy it?
He Xun (? -5 18), the word Zhongyan, was born in Tancheng, Donghai (now west of Tancheng County, Shandong Province). He is young and clever, and he can write poetry at the age of eight. Shi Liang is a minister of water in Shangshu, who is known as Heshui in the world.
He Xun now has more than 1 10 poems, which are works of traveling, giving gifts and leaving home for many years, and he has made great achievements in landscape poems.
If it "sends":
The guest misses for a hundred years, but walking alone weighs a thousand miles.
It rained black in the river, and the waves and Whitestorm began to rise.
Description: the waves are white, the wind is high and the waves are big. In fact, it is an inner parting anxiety and sadness.
Yong Zaomei:
It is easy to see the change of seasons in the garden. The most magical and remarkable change is the time of plum blossom.
Plum blossoms are not afraid of frost and cold wind. When it snows with zero frost, it opens on the roadside.
The branches and leaves of plum blossoms and flowers are blooming all over Yangzhou.
The blooming of plum blossoms can make abandoned people see the feeling of tears, and can also make people who fall in love with Jingxing and their families wrangle.
Plum blossoms probably know that they are early, so they bloom in the first month in a hurry.
Yin Keng (birth and death unknown), Zi Zijian, was born in Wuwei Ancient Collection (now Wuwei County, Gansu Province). Shi Liang joined the army for Xiao Yifa Cao, the king of eastern Hunan. When he entered Chen, the official went to Yuanwailang, and he rode with constant attendance, which was called history.
Yin Keng is a famous poet in Chen Dynasty. His poetic style is similar to that of He Xun, and his poems are equally famous. There are more than 30 poems today, and they are good at depicting landscapes.
Such as its "Late Out of the New Pavilion":
The rivers are vast and sorrowful.
The tide rises and falls like a cover, and the clouds are light.
Far away, I can only hear drums, the mountains are cold, but I can see pines.
Ninety square is half, and there are traces of returning home.
This atmosphere is very similar to Tang poetry.
Such as "Shu Dao Nan":
Wang Zun served in the Han Dynasty, and Lingguan was fearless.
There is snow in Gaomin, and the yin stack burns repeatedly.
The wheel destroyed nine heavy roads and blocked the seven-star bridge.
Shu Dao is very difficult, with both fame and fortune.
These poets had a great influence on the poetry creation of later generations. For example, Du Fu studied Yin and He. Du Fu once said when describing the ups and downs of his poems: "Why study Yin?" (Twelve Poems to Relieve boredom) also illustrates the influence of He Xun and Yin Keng on the Tang people.