Source: Author: December 11, 25
Eight Great Writers in Tang and Song Dynasties are the collective names of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in China and eight essayists in Song Dynasty, including Ouyang Xiu, Su Xun, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Ceng Gong and Wang Anshi.
In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu You selected eight ancient Chinese texts, including Han Liu, as "Collected Works of Mr. Ba", so he began to use the names of eight ancient Chinese texts. In Wenbian compiled by Tang Shunzhi in the middle of Ming Dynasty, there were eight literary works in Tang and Song Dynasties. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Mao Kun inherited the theory of the two men, and selected the Notes of Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. This book was widely circulated, and the names of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties also became popular. Since the Ming Dynasty cited eight schools in the Tang and Song Dynasties, eight schools have been regarded as the Sect of ancient Chinese scholars. Pass the "Tang and Song Dynasty Eight Masters Paper Money" (164 volumes), including the Ming Wanli engraving and the Qing Dynasty Bookstore engraving. In Qing Dynasty, Wei Yuan had "A Reading Book of Eight Great Writers in Tang and Song Dynasties" (8 volumes).
among the eight great families, there are three Su's father and son, who are called "three Su's" and also known as "three bachelor's degrees": father: Su Xun; Brother: Su Shi; Brother: Su Zhe.
1. Han Yu (768 ~ 824)
A writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. He Yang, Henan Province (now Meng County) was born in Changli County, and was known as Han Changli in the world. Assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong.
at the age of three, he was lonely. He was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. In his early years, he was stranded and had the ambition to study and study the world. At the age of 2, I went to Chang' an to take the Jinshi exam, but I didn't get the third try. At the age of 25 ~ 35, he was a scholar first, but failed in three attempts to learn about Hongci. He went to Bianzhou Dongjin and Xuzhou Zhangjianfeng to serve as shogunate. Later, he returned to Beijing as a doctor of four schools. 36 ~ 49 years old, as a supervisor of the empire, please reduce taxes and demote Yangshan order because of the letter on drought and hunger. Xian zong returned to the north when he was a doctor of the country, and he was tired of being an official to the right bastard of the prince. But I was frustrated. 5 ~ 57 years old, he first recruited Wu Yuanji from Peidu and then moved to the assistant minister of punishments. Because of remonstrance, the Buddha's bones were welcomed, and Chaozhou secretariat was degraded. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon after, he returned to the DPRK, where he served as a wine-offering, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, assistant minister of the official department, and Jing Zhaoyin. More politically successful.
Thought originates from Confucianism, but there are also deviant words. He pretends to be Confucian orthodoxy, opposes the purity and silence of Buddhism and the superstition of theocracy, but believes in the destiny of ghosts and gods; He praised Mencius for expelling Yang Zhu and Mozi, thinking that Yang and Mohism neglected the right path, but advocated the use of Confucius and Mohism. He advocated that Confucius should be a king, and that he should be humble and overbearing. But also praised the achievements of Guan Zhong and Shang Yang. He criticized the reform of Erwang Group, but he was no different from Erwang in opposing the separatist regime of the buffer region and the eunuch's autocratic power. These complex and contradictory phenomena are reflected in his works.
Literary proposition and creation
Theoretically speaking, he thinks that Tao (that is, benevolence and righteousness) is the purpose and content, and literature is the means and form, emphasizing that literature carries Tao, literature and Taoism are integrated, and Taoism is the mainstay. Advocating the study of ancient Chinese prose in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, and acquiring works of Zhuang Zhou, Qu Yuan, Sima Qian, Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong. It is advocated that learning from the past should be innovated on the basis of inheritance, and that "words must come out on their own" and "words must be dealt with". Pay attention to the writer's moral cultivation, and put forward the theory of nourishing qi, "If the spirit is strong, the short words and the high voices are suitable" (Answer to Li Yishu). Put forward the argument that "injustice makes noise". It is believed that the author's injustice to reality is the reason for deepening the thought of his works. In the style of his works, he emphasizes "strangeness" and takes strangeness as good.
Han Yu's prose and poetry creation realized his own theory. His works in various genres, such as Fu, Poetry, Theory, Saying, Biography, Recording, Ode, Praise, Book, Preface, Mourning, Inscription, Form, Table and Essay, have made outstanding achievements. Essay plays an important role in Han Wenzhong. The middle and long novels, which mainly focus on respecting Confucianism and opposing Buddhism, include The Original Tao, On the Table of Buddhist Bones, Original Nature, Teacher's Commentary, etc. Most of them are well-organized and well-organized. Essays mocking the current social situation, such as "Miscellaneous Notes" and "Gaining Understanding", have clever metaphors and profound meanings; Long novels, such as "Sending Poor Articles" and "Learning Solutions", use question-and-answer forms, with humorous strokes, strange ideas and sharp edges. On literary thoughts and writing experience, the genre is diverse, the writing style is changeable, the image is fantastic, and the theory is exquisite. Narrative has a large proportion in Han Wenzhong. Those who study Confucian classics, such as Pinghuai Xibei, use the styles of Shangshu, Ya and Ode, which are large in length, heavy in sentences and hearty; Hua Ji tells many characters directly, and its writing style is detached from Shang Shu Gu Ming and Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji Zi Ren Zhi. Inheriting the tradition of historical prose in Historical Records, such as the famous biography of Zhang Zhongcheng, it combines narrative, discussion and lyric in one furnace. Learn from Historical Records and Hanshu to depict vivid and strange characters without discussion, such as the epitaph of Wang Jun in Dali and the epitaph of Zhang Jun in Qinghe. Memorizing literary friends can highlight the characteristics of different writers, such as Epitaph of Liu Zihou, Epitaph of Nanyang Fan Shaoshu and Epitaph of Mr. Zhen Yao. However, in a large number of tombstones and epitaphs, Han Yu also wrote some works of "scorning the tomb", which was already ridiculed at that time.
The eulogies in lyrical articles, such as "A Tribute to Twelve Lang", are written with deep feelings of flesh and blood, and break through the four-character rhyme convention in the form of prose; One kind writes about friends' friendship and life in trouble, with four rhymes, such as "A foreign language for Zhang Yuan in Henan" and "A thick article for Liu Zi". In addition, letters such as A Wild Letter with Meng Dongye and a Preface to Send Yang Shaoyin are also masterpieces with certain appeal. Han Yu's other essays, such as Biography of Mao Ying and Preface to Shi Ding's Couplet Poems, are completely fictional and close to legendary novels. Han Yu's prose is full of momentum, vertical and horizontal opening and closing, odd and even staggered, clever metaphor; Or sly, or solemn, with diverse artistic characteristics; It swept away the gentle and charming style of writing since the Six Dynasties.
He is good at sublating the language of his predecessors and refining the spoken language at that time, such as novel words such as "Flying for a Dog" ("Seeing the Poor"), "Different Works with the Same Work" and "Taking Everything" ("Learning Solution"), which are more common in Han Wenzhong. He advocated "literary order", created a written prose language extracted from spoken language, and expanded the expression function of classical Chinese style. But he also has a kind of awkward sentence. Self-assertion that "you can't do it at the right time, just play with yourself" ("Send the Poor") has a certain influence on future generations. Han Yu is also a famous poet, whose artistic characteristics are mainly strange, majestic and bizarre. For example, Lu Hun's Mountain Fire and Huangfu's Rhyme, Moon Eclipse Poem and Yuchuan Zi Zuo are strange and profound in content. Poems of Nanshan, Bie Dou Si Zhi of Yueyang Tower, Meng Dongye's Lost Son, etc. are magnificent. However, in the pursuit of strangeness, Korean poems tend to fill in unfamiliar words and rhyme. Han Yu also has a kind of simple and unpretentious poems. Korean poetry is ancient but short in body, but there are also excellent poems and quatrains. For example, the Seven Laws "Move Left to Lan Guan to Show My Grandnephew Xiang", "Answer Zhang Eleven Gong Cao", "Title Yi Liang", the Seven Unique Poems "Send Zhang Twelve Pavilion Old First in Tongguan" and "Title Chu Zhaowang Temple" and so on.