First, the frontier poems of Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties
(1) Overview:
It reflects the hardships of the border war and the yearning for women. Poetry genre is mainly Yuefu poetry. Representative works include: Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave, Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing, Bao Zhao's Sending People to the North Gate, Cai Yan's Eighteen Beats of Husan, Xu Ling's Guan Shanyue and Wang Bao.
(2) Chen Lin's Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave:
"The Great Wall Grottoes drink horses and go to Shui Han. Call the Great Wall collector and be careful not to miss the pawn in Taiyuan. Officials should do their own journey and build a harmonious voice. A man would rather die than build the Great Wall. The Great Wall has been built for 3,000 miles. There are more health in the border towns and more widows at home. If you write a book in the house, you will get married and stay. Be nice to your new aunt.
The poet truly tells the sufferings of the frontier fortress campaign in the tone of bystander, frontier fortress soldier and homesickness. The language is simple and unique, which represents the style of frontier poems in this period.
Second, frontier poems in Sui Dynasty
(1) Overview:
Frontier fortress themes are quite common, and even many poets sing frontier fortress poems on the same topic. Poetic style is both poetic style and quatrains. Although there are not many first-class writers, they have promoted the development of frontier poems. Representative works are: Join the Army by Lu Sidao and Two Poems by Xue Daoheng.
(2) A brief analysis of joining the army;
This poem is a seven-character quatrain, which harmoniously integrates the cold outside the Great Wall with the eternal homesickness in my heart. Beautiful artistic conception, beautiful and fluent language, neat and harmonious antithesis.
"Fire shines in the north, and Chang 'an will fly out of Qilian. The jade sword in Xiqu is a beautiful family, and the white horse is golden and charming ... The end of the world has gone to infinity, and the thistle gate has paid three thousand miles. Appeared in front of Maling Yellow Sand, looking forward to the Dragon City Array in Yun Qi at night ... Outside Tianshan Mountain, the clouds reach Wuyuan directly. You can't cross the mountain and Wan Li. Who can sit on the straw? Running water breaks people's intestines, and hard ice hurts horses' bones ... When the wind blows over the water, it returns to the sky. Join the army and go out to Long Ting, Wan Li. Now that Khan has worshipped Wei Qiao, where can the general seek fame? " It began to snow outside Tianshan Mountain, and the clouds went straight to Wuyuan. Can't cross the mountain, Wan Li. Who can sit on Fangfeiyue? Running water breaks people's intestines, and hard ice hurts horses' bones ... When the wind passes through the water, it is time for Yan to reflect the sky again and again. Joining the army means leaving Wan Li Longting. Now that Khan worships Wei Qiao, where can the general find fame? "
Third, frontier poems in Tang Dynasty.
(1) Overview:
1, frontier poetry and frontier poetry school
Frontier poems are the main theme of Tang poetry, the most profound, imaginative and artistic part of Tang poetry. Some writers who have personal frontier life experience and military life experience use their own experiences to write. Other poets created new works with Yuefu's old poems. The number of participants and poems are unprecedented in the previous generation. Their works have gone through four stages: early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Among them, frontier fortress poems in the early Tang Dynasty are full of high spirits and the most artistic. Luo was one of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, and he wrote many frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty. On the one hand, his frontier poems have a wide range of themes. B, the hard life of border guards; C, kill the enemy and serve the country, and make great achievements; D, homesickness of border guards. It not only covers most areas of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also has a high style. Since then, other famous poets, such as Yang Jiong and Du Fu, have also created frontier poems. The creation of frontier fortress poems was once popular.
The prosperous Tang Dynasty was the heyday of frontier poetry creation, and the famous frontier poetry school appeared, with representative poets such as Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Qi and Wang Wei. Gao Zhi's seven-character poems, such as Yan Ge Xing, Cenzhi's Bai Xuege and Zou Ma Zhuan Xing, represent the bold, bold, bold and romantic aesthetic style of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. These frontier poems become a part of his representative works, such as Guan Shanyue, Six Poems in a Race, Battle of the South of the City, Popular in the North, Du Fu's Car, Six Poems in the First Nine and Six Poems in the Last, etc. Other poets also have famous frontier poems handed down from ancient times, such as Wang Changling's "Out of the Frontier".
2. Reasons for the prosperity of frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty.
On the one hand, it lies in the era of strong frontier defense and high self-confidence; On the other hand, it lies in the ambition of making contributions and the stimulation of "entering the curtain system". Literati generally join the army and go to the border to seek merit. Just as Yang Jiong's poem "Better be a centurion than a scholar"; Wang Weishi "forgot to leave the Phoenix Que, and served the country and took the Dragon City. Do you want to learn from a scholar? There are always old people in the window? " ; Cen Can's poem "fame lies only in horses, and he is really a hero."
3. The characteristics of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty are as follows:
(1) has a wide range of subjects: on the one hand, it includes: soldiers' ambition to build meritorious military service, hardships of frontier life, cruel scenes of war, and soldiers' homesickness; On the other hand, it includes frontier scenery, frontier geography, ethnic customs and ethnic exchanges, among which the former is the main theme.
(2) Broad image: write big pictures and wonderful scenes.
(3) High-spirited tone: smooth momentum and lofty feeling.
(4) Both genres are good: both songs and rhymes have excellent works.
As far as the genre of frontier fortress poems is concerned, the creation of ancient poetry, including lines of songs, has matured and become a grand view. Representative works include: Li Jie's "An Ancient Warsong", "... camping in Wan Li without castles, until the heavy sky is integrated with the vast snow with their sad songs, the wild geese fly from night to night, and the Tatar children shed many tears ..."; Cen Can's "Night Collection of Judges in Liangzhou Pavilion" "The curved moon rises in Chengtou, and Chengtou shines in Liangzhou. There are 100,000 families in Liangzhou, and the Hu people can play the pipa. Pipa broken, the wind rustling night ... "
On the other hand, frontier poems are maturing in recent years. Representative works include: Wang Changling's "Out of the fortress" and "When the moon was clear in Qin Dynasty, people didn't return on the Long March, Longcheng flew, and Huma didn't teach Yinshan"; Wang Changling's "March" "The desert is dusty and the red flag is half closed. The former army fought the Taohe River at night to repay Gu Hun for his kindness "; Wang Zhihuan's "The Great Wall": "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds, with a lonely city and Wan Ren Mountain. Why bother to blame the enemy, the spring breeze is only Yumenguan "; William Wang's "Liangzhou Ci" "Glowing glass of wine, if you want to drink the pipa, you should immediately urge it. I stopped laughing when I was drunk on the battlefield. You have fought several wars since ancient times. "
(B) Gao Shi's frontier poems
1, Life:
Gao Shi (70 1-765) is the main creator of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is closely related to his frontier experience. Gao Shi was eager to join the army and establish frontier work in his early years. He wrote such a poem: "Go north to Jimen, and you can see vast tracts of desert. Relying on the sword against the dust, you think generously about Huo Wei ... Draw a Kirin Pavilion and enter the Ming Dynasty. "
The characteristic of Gao Shi's frontier poems is to observe and analyze the present situation of frontier fortress from the perspective of politicians, and to consider war, national security and the sufferings and joys of the people together. Therefore, they have a wide range of topics and profound thoughts. For example, he expressed concern about the disturbance of frontier fortress: "I will be upset every time I go to the battlefield." Disappointed with Sun Wu, I came back and closed the door alone. He warmly praised the courage of the soldiers: "Until Jian Qing in white can see the light of day and be splashed with blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame" (Ge Yanxing). There are also profound thoughts on the significance of war: "Qinghai can only drink horses today, and the Yellow River does not need to prepare for autumn" ("Nine Songs"). The angle is comprehensive.
2. Poetic style: awe-inspiring
The predecessors' comments on Gao Shi's poems Reading makes people feel deeply (Yan Yu's Poems on Canglang) and Yi Shi's Poems are full of words and strong (Yin Gan's He Lingji) can be summarized as noble spirit. The "noble spirit" highlights heroism, fearlessness and bravery, so there is courage and realm.
His poems inherited the vigorous style of ancient poems in Han and Wei dynasties, and the common expression techniques are parallelism and directness. His poems are full of strong feelings. For example, "Wan Li did not hesitate to die and succeeded once. He drew a unicorn pavilion and entered the Mingguang Palace. " Gao Shi often expresses his opinions in his poems, interspersed with narration and lyricism, which makes his works more profound and mature. Gao Shi is famous for its seven antiquities.
3. Interest in appreciation:
(1) Poetry title and creative background: Yan Gexing is one of the representative works of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and it is also the "first masterpiece" of Gao Shi. Yan Gexing was originally a school of Yuefu, and Cao Pi, the Emperor of Wei Wen, first wrote poems on it. Since then, this topic has often been used to praise the sufferings of the Northeast Frontier (Yan Di) and the feelings of missing women. On the other hand, it exposed the problem that Zhang Shousheng claimed the meritorious military service after the defeat, and condemned the generals for being arrogant and underestimating the enemy, which caused the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. Is it a compliment or an irony? According to the viewpoint of the History of China Literature (People's Literature Publishing House), and considering the preface of the poem, we think that this poem is related to the Zhang Shousheng incident, but what is written in the poem is not entirely about this battle, but a fusion of his experience in Jiyumen, which shows his deep sympathy for the soldiers with a high artistic summary.
(2) The following lectures on the content of poetry:
The preface of this poem explains the reasons for creation. "In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a friend who followed Marshal to war came back and wrote a song" Ge Yanxing "for me. I am deeply impressed by what the garrison has done today, so I wrote a poem. " In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Shouxuan was defeated in the battle with people, saying, "It is false to keep the secret and hide the defeat.
The first eight poems summarize the process of soldiers going out to war. The source of this poem "The northeastern border of China is filled with smoke and dark" indicates the direction and nature of the war. The words "smoke and dust from the Han family" and "generals from the Han dynasty" in the poem refer to the soldiers of the current dynasty. The rampage in "Stride Forward Together, What Heroes Should Look Like" is to run wildly on enemy territory, running all the way. The words "Let the army beat gongs and drums and go to Guan Yu" are written about the military ability to fight.
Write eight sentences and lose in a key battle. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold and bleak", which is an open and flat area with a cold breath. Hu Zema galloped like a storm, rolling in. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy, and they were killed in a daze, unable to tell life from death. "Half of us were killed in the front line, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp", which compares the miserable and happy lives of generals and soldiers, and vaguely reveals the inevitable result of failure.
The next eight sentences describe the pain brought to soldiers by the war, which is a portrayal of the feelings of soldiers trapped in danger. "Still in the front line, the armor is worn in rags" describes the soldiers who are fighting outside, and "Jade chopsticks will cry after parting" describes the woman who lives alone at home in the soldier's imagination. The woman is sad day and night, but "it's erratic in court, how can it be measured?" The soldier looked back in vain. After all, "there is nothing in front of a dead and blue void". The murderous look lingered around the soldier for a long time, and the sound of night patrol was urgent, which broke his homesickness. This was originally the old content of the poem Ge Yanxing, but the translation of this poem is worse than the previous one. The complex inner activities of the soldiers undoubtedly deepened the theme. Who made them despair?
The last four sentences sum up the whole article, full of emotion and tragic. "Until the white sword can be seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?" Soldiers fought bloody battles and died in the battlefield, but did they do it to win personal merits? This sentence is full of the poet's praise and satirizes the aggressive and greedy Chinese general. The poet sighed in the last two sentences: "Speaking of the hardships of the desert war, today we are going to mention the general Li a long time ago." Eight or nine hundred years ago, Wei Zhen flew north to take care of his foot soldiers in the image of Li Guang, which was in sharp contrast with today's arrogant generals. The poet put forward general Li, which is of far-reaching significance. It took a long time from the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.
(3) Evaluation:
A. In terms of ideological content, most of Xing's poems on the same topic are about longing for husbands and women. This poem breaks the pattern of this theme and highlights heroism and tragic feelings. With interwoven poems, the desolate natural environment, the raging war atmosphere and the complex inner activities of soldiers in the battle are integrated into one, forming a rich, profound and tragic artistic style of the whole poem.
B, from the perspective of expression, contrast is used in many places in the poem. From a large section, the golden drum clanging when sending troops is in sharp contrast with the hardship and desolation after the defeat. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in stark contrast to the indulgence of the generals. The hard fighting of the soldiers is in sharp contrast with the indulgence of the generals. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The use of contrast techniques makes this poem meaningful.
(C) Cen Can's frontier poems
1, author's life:
Cen Can (7 15-769) is the main creator of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which is closely related to his experience. He is eager to make meritorious service in the army as the main way to become famous. Before joining the army, he wrote such a poem: "If you are not satisfied all day, what should you do when you go out?" Looking for color from people and sighing, this is a man. " ("Jiang" sighs, "General Gai, a real husband, will hold a golden palace on the 30th." (General Yumenguan Gai's military song); "Fame should only be taken once. What a hero's husband. " Since the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Cen Can has been out of the fortress twice, once as a secretary in Anxi and once as a judge in the Northern Dynasties. After eight years of frontier life, he became a frontier poet.
The characteristics and values of Cen Can's frontier poems are full of strange mountains and rivers and patriotic feelings. The so-called strange mountains and strange waters, that is, taking the frontier natural scenery as the poetic image, excavating solemnity and beauty in the desolation and vastness of a unique region, and warmly praising it, are the unique features of Cen Can's poems. The so-called patriotic ambition is to express the meaning of border guards to defend the frontier. In art, he is good at observation. Being good at description is his specialty. Cen Can's poems are often expressed in rich imagination, novel metaphor and reasonable exaggeration. For example, it is novel to use pear flowers as a metaphor for snow, to use "whirlwind peach blossom color" as a metaphor for horses, and to use a knife to cut face as a metaphor for cold wind. Exaggeration is more common, such as "harmony with the valley, filling it with broken boulders like pecking measures" (Travel Notes of Sichuan). "All the treasures are frozen and ready to burst" (Snow Song in Tianshan Mountain) is an expressive exaggeration. In the form of poetry, Cen Can is good at seven-character ancient poems, with large capacity, rich content and abundant momentum.
2. Poetic style: exotic and magnificent.
Du Fu once said, "Cen Can brothers are curious". Cen Can's frontier poems are full of romantic atmosphere, passionate feelings, magnificent momentum, magnificent scenes, magnificent colors, rich imagination, jumping sentences and unrestrained language. His works write miracles, express strange feelings and have strange colors.
(1) Wonderland: The strange and magnificent scenery of the frontier fortress.
For example, write a volcano: "The volcano stands at Chitingkou, and the volcano in May has a thick fire cloud. The clouds of fire haven't spread all over the mountains, and the birds dare not come for thousands of miles ... "Or write" Rehai ":"I listen to the Hull language of the Yinshan Mountain on the side, and the hot sea water in the west is boiling. Many birds at sea dare not fly, and some carp are long and fat. The grass on the shore often doesn't rest, and the snow in the air spins out. Yan Li burns clouds, boiling waves and inflammatory waves blow up the moon.
This paper takes a poem Snow White in Farewell to Secretary Wu's Home as an example, and analyzes the description of wonders that poets are good at. Snow White pointed out the background of writing poetry. The song points out that the genre of poetry is Yuefu. Sending military judges back to Beijing is the reason for writing. Poetry is a work of sending snow. "The north wind rolled white grass and blew it to pieces, and eight In the snow streaked across the sky of Tatar." At the beginning, the wind dispersed before the snow, and the wind saw the snow, which was full of momentum because of the bedding. Autumn is crisp in August, and the north is flying all over the sky. Surprise and curiosity come from poetry. "Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees." Snowflakes are flying in the north, while the spring breeze and pear blossoms in the south are used as metaphors. The bleak cold is transformed into a gorgeous scene, conveying the attitude of heavy snow. "Suddenly" means that the snow comes suddenly and fiercely. Then he wrote four sentences about the power of snow with the soldiers' feelings in the strange cold. "It enters the pearl shutters, it wets the silk curtains, and the tiger fur is not warm and gorgeous. The bow became stiff and almost impossible to pull out. Iron clothes are hard to protect. " The poet relishes the strange cold, which is also the expression of the poet's "curiosity". Then, describe the farewell scene. Outside the account, "the vast sea is dry and the clouds are bleak and Wan Li is condensed." These two sentences use exaggerated pen and ink to outline the snow scene beyond the Great Wall, which is imposing. The word "bleak" sets the tone for farewell. Wine built-in account farewell. "But we drink to the guests who come home from the camp and play the savage pipa, guitar and harp for him. Our frozen red flag cannot fly in the wind. " This is also a miracle. The bright red flag is frozen in the cold wind, so the cold white and warm red are in sharp contrast, and the frozen flag is in contrast with the snowflakes flying all over the sky. In the colorful picture, it highlights the feeling of being surprisingly cold. "The horseshoe prints on the snow at the end are drifting away with the poet's affectionate eyes. In this poem, the poet showed keen observation and sensitivity to the poetic image of "snow". With vigorous brushwork, realistic imitation and romantic imagination, the image is vivid and the artistic conception is unique, which reproduces the magnificent natural scenery in the border area.
(2) Strangeness: Hard military life is full of warm and generous feelings.
Take Zoumachuan as an example. The Biography of Walking Horse was written during the period when Ren An was a judge of Northwest College. Zoumachuan is the Baiyang River to the west of Luntai in Tang Dynasty (Luntai is in the west of Urumqi today), which is the symbol of Yuefu poetry style. This poem is written for the imperial censor who is about to go to war. This poem focuses on the tense scene of Zoumachuan marching against the wind and taking a snowy night. The first part of this poem. On the night of the ninth month, there was a cold wind blowing in the wheel tower and the valley, and the valley was full of broken boulders like pecking rice, which went down and forward with the wind. "The vast flat sand, the night wind whistling, gravel flying. This is the environment for sending troops. The second part of the poem, "Although the grass is gray, the Tatar horse is plump, and the smoke and dust gather in the west of Jinshan, the general of China army, start your movement! Wear your armor all night and let your soldiers March with sonorous weapons! The limelight is like a knife. "The border guards marching against the snowy night are high-spirited, in contrast to the environment. The last part of the poem, "Horse hair is steaming and sweating, and five flowers are spinning into ice. The challenge you came from the camp, from the ice in an ink bottle, has chilled the hearts of barbarian chiefs. The dwarf soldiers did not dare to meet, and he was waiting for victory. "March life is hard, and Tang Jun's morale is high, and he has the belief of winning, in contrast. The poem exaggerates the harsh environment and climate and reflects the high morale and fearless spirit of the whole army. The scene in the poem is like: yellow sand all over the sky, wind.
3. A brief analysis of the poetic art of A Passage to Sichuan;
1. In terms of writing skills, the poet grasped the typical environment and details. "Biography of a Horse" begins with the word "wind" and describes the sinister environment for going to war. "And the sand, coming up from the desert, is thriving", which is a typical wind-blown sand scene during the day. The first three sentences capture the color of the wind, but describe its fierceness. "Cold Night in September at the Wheel Tower" changed from hidden writing to clear writing, and from day wind color to night writing. Stones as big as buckets walk wildly with the wind, outlining the fury of the wind. In this harsh environment, Tang Junbing marched against the wind and braved the cold. "Wear your armor all night" wrote down the heavy responsibility on his shoulder by staying up late. "Let your soldiers advance with rumbling weapons!" Ge Xiang's "The Sharp Tip of the Wind Cuts the Face like a Knife", the feeling of cutting the face and marching. Lien Chan's horse felt the tension of the battle, "sweating" and "spinning"
Ice's description of the condensed sweat of the war horse is the result of careful observation by the poet. After such a full comparison, readers will naturally think: Who can beat such an army?
B, poetry is also good at using contrast and exaggeration, trying to exaggerate the hardships of the environment and the bad weather, thus reflecting the soldiers' fearless spirit and high patriotic enthusiasm.
C, from the perspective of sentence structure, every three sentences are changed into a strange rhyme, and each of the three sentences rhymes to form a steep syllable. It seems to be in full swing, forming a tense and rapid rhythm, just like a battle March.
Fourthly, the aesthetic style of frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Through the above analysis, we can sum up the aesthetic style of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, including: majestic, bold, romantic, tragic and magnificent.
Frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty embody a kind of masculine beauty. On the one hand, frontier fortress poems show the cruelty of war and the harsh environment by exaggeration and contrast, such as "soldiers' life and death in the first half of the year", "gold wears golden armor for hundreds of battles" and "several watchmen who survived by the lonely wall at sunset". On the other hand, frontier poems highlight people's great spiritual strength in the face of war, including unyielding will and confidence in winning, and the lofty sentiments of defending the country. "I am willing to be a sword under my waist, just to cut Loulan"; "Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame". These two aspects are both opposite and unified. The tension brought by the unity of opposites makes poetry have eternal charm, and the sense of sublimity in poetry has become the strongest voice of the Chinese nation for thousands of years.
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