During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Cao Cao rose in the north, and his thoughts and political measures were based on the rule of law and morality, which influenced the whole era. In the ideological theory, the study of criminal names, which embodies the combination of Tao and law, once occupied a dominant position.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the combination of Taoism and law gradually disintegrated, and the metaphysical trend of thought with Taoism as the skeleton began to sublate the concept of name and law in the early Wei and Jin Dynasties, and instead criticized the scholars of Confucianism and law. In this way, Wei Chu's metaphysics formed and developed on the basis of the combination of Tao and Tao has been further strengthened. In the late Western Jin Dynasty, metaphysical thoughts developed to extremes. At this point, the freedom advocated by metaphysics destroyed and disintegrated the feudal regime both in theory and in behavior, which caused dissatisfaction within metaphysics and Confucian scholars, thus setting off a critical trend of thought against Taoism and metaphysics. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the popularity of Buddhism, especially the development of Prajna paramita, largely depended on the ideas, languages and methods of Taoism and metaphysics, so there was a trend that metaphysics and Buddhism merged.
The traces of "sadness" in Wei-Jin poetry;
First, the "sadness" in Jian 'an's character and the enlightenment of the war years
Jian 'an's poems present a generous, sad, fresh and vigorous style. It is called "Jian 'an Style" by later generations.
1, Sancao:
Cao Cao: The landlord can study his poems, most of which are sad and inspirational. Zhong Xing, an Amin poet, said that Cao Cao's poems are "a true record of the late Han Dynasty and a real history of poetry".
Cao Pi: Li Yang's three poems express his ambition and determination to save the people and quell chaos. He is also good at prose, and The Book with Wu and The Book with Wu are sad and touching.
Chen Caozhi: Actually, he suffered from the bitterness of beans, lived like a prisoner, and eventually died of depression. Cao Zhi's Ci and Fu are all lyric poems, among which "Fu of Luoshen" is a famous one.
2. Seven sons of Jian 'an:
The name of "seven sons" comes from Essays on Canon, which refers to Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Serina Liu.
RoyceWong, in Wen Xin Diao Long, called him "the crown of seven sons". He is good at poetry and fu, which reflects the chaos of the times and the sufferings of the people to some extent. Three Poems of Seven Injuries is his masterpiece. Serina Liu, whose five-character poem style is vigorous, does not emphasize carving.
Chen Lin and Ruan Yu's poetry creation is also outstanding. Chen Lin's "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" profoundly exposed the dark reality at that time and expressed the aspirations of the broad masses of the people. Ruan Yu's "Driving Out of the North" describes an orphan being abused by his stepmother, vividly exposes and criticizes the ugly nature of selfishness and cruelty in patriarchal clan relations, and expresses the poet's deep sympathy for the persecuted.
Cai Yan: I was exiled with my father since I was a child. When Dong Zhuo rebelled, I was captured by the southern Xiongnu and married Zuo. Later, Jinbi and I were redeemed by Cao Cao and married to Dong Si. Her five-word poems of grief and indignation also reflect the common destiny of the people, especially women, in the war at the end of the Han Dynasty by writing about her own unfortunate experiences. The author is good at focusing on the description of key scenes, using narrative and discussion methods to make detailed and true psychological description. For example, the tragic parting between mother and son is vividly written, and the language of the characters is personalized. It occupies an important position in the development history of China's realistic poetry.
Second, the "sadness" resistance of Zheng's poems
1, Zhengshi and "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest"
At first, it was the title of King Cao Fang (240 ~ 249) of Wei Qi. The "beginning" in the history of literature should include nearly forty years from Taihe to the establishment of the Jin Dynasty in Sima Yan. There were so-called "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest" in the beginning, namely Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong and Liu Ling. Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are representatives.
Ruan Ji's poems and essays show the thought of cynicism and resistance to false rites, and also reveal the negative elements of nothingness and world-weariness. His prose "Biography of Mr. Adult" is a prose with fu style, which opposes the ethical code and shows the wild form and rebellious spirit.
Eighty-two love poems are his representative works. They express the poet's complex feelings of pain, loneliness and resentment from different sides and angles, and contain the tragedy of the times in his personal sorrow.
Ji Kang used the "sex" of Laozi and Zhuangzi to fight against the "famous religion", exposing the hypocrisy of Sima's false advocacy of Confucian etiquette to usurp political power for himself, and publicly showing a strong anti-traditional spirit. In the end, Zhong was framed and died. Ji Kang's poems and essays are all excellent, and his thesis scores are particularly high.
Thirdly, the "sadness" in the poems of the Western Jin Dynasty satirizes both the present and the poems of wandering immortals.
1, the characteristics of poetry in the Western Jin Dynasty
There have been obvious changes in poetry creation. Generally speaking, it lacks realistic content and attaches importance to formal beauty. "Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi" said that it was "adopting the original style and being softer than Jian 'an", and the article "Emotional Selection" also said that "the body and emotion control the sky, and the articles are more and more prosperous". There are many poets in the Western Jin Dynasty, concentrated in the period of Taikang and Yuankang, including the so-called "Three Zhang" (Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie, Zhang Kang), "Erlu" (Lu Ji, Lu Yun), "Erpan" (Pan Yue, Pan Ni) and "One Left" (Zuo Si). Fu Xuan, Zhang Hua, Liu Kun, Guo Pu and others. The most representative poets are Lu Ji, Pan Yue and Zuo Si. Guo Pu's poems mainly focus on wandering immortals to show his dissatisfaction with reality.
Since the Western Jin Dynasty, there have been more and more serious formalistic tendencies in literary creation: first, imitating the ancients; Second, excessive pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric and neat confrontation. Lu Ji and Pan Yue can be representatives. Lu Ji 12 imitates ancient poems basically, but the parallel prose words and expressions are no longer the face of Han Dynasty. Of course, there are also some desirable things, such as "Working on the Road to Los Angeles", which have real feelings. In "From the Army", "the expeditionary soldiers and civilians are poor and heavy", and writing about the tension and fatigue of the expeditionary soldiers fighting in the south and the north also reflects a certain real life.
Pan Yue is as famous as Lu Ji, and his poems are neat and beautiful.
Zuo Si was the most accomplished poet in the Western Jin Dynasty. Eight Poems on Epics is his masterpiece, which expresses his own embrace and indignation at his talent under the suppression of the gate valve system through ancient events. They are called epic poems, but they are actually expressing his feelings. His poems are apt and profound, vigorous and magnificent. This artistic feature is called "Zuo Si Feng" by Zhong Rong. He is also a famous Fu family. He conceived it in 10, and wrote Sandu Fu's Mansion, Competitive Biography and Writing, Luoyang Valuable as Paper (Book of Jin).
Liu Kun's poems are clear and solemn. His patriotic behavior and spirit left a deep impression on later generations. For example, Yuan Haowen said in "On Poetry": "It's a pity that Liu Yueshi was in Bingzhou and didn't teach Zhi Heng Jian 'an Middle School." Compare Liu Kun with Cao Cao and lament that he failed to realize his ambition.
Guo Pu has 19 poems about immortals. Poems about immortals originated very early. Dr. Qin has poems about immortals, and later there are successors. There are two kinds of poems about immortals. One is to seek immortality by wandering immortals, and the other is to express dissatisfaction and resistance to reality by wandering immortals.
Guo Pu's poems about immortals belong to the latter, and Poems about Immortals 14 is his masterpiece, which is written with great momentum and generous words, changing Yongjia's poetic style. For example, the first song (Beijing Youxia Cave) despises the splendor of Zhumen and praises the life of "seclusion in the mountains". You can express your fullness of reality, contempt for powerful people, and sigh at your lack of talent through wandering immortals. The works are distinctive in image and elegant in style, which is different from ordinary poems about immortals and metaphysical words at that time.
Fourthly, the "sadness" in the poems of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is somewhat mysterious.
During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, metaphysics and clear talk prevailed, and the gentry regarded it as elegant to be able to talk about metaphysics, and even handled state affairs safely. The prevalence of metaphysical poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is the product of the blending of metaphysics of Laozi and Zhuangzi and landscape theory. Zhong Rong's Shi Pin said that metaphysical poetry was "flat and moral" and "unreasonable and tasteless". Metaphysical poets at that time included Sun Chuo, Xu Xun, Huan Wen, Yu Liang, Zhi Dun and Hui Yuan. It was not until the appearance of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty and the rise of landscape poems in the Southern Dynasties that this bad poetic style was changed.
The dispute between sadness and beauty in Wei and Jin Dynasties was determined by the social and political background, cultural development and the presentation of poetic style at that time. It is interesting for the landlord to study many poems at that time, infer the poet with the sadness in the poems, and then infer the social and cultural background. This paper mainly refers to the poems of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. I hope it helps you.