One of the great achievements of literary criticism in the Qing Dynasty is the emergence of more than 500 kinds of poetry talks. Some poetic theorists compare books and poems across categories, use books as metaphors to illustrate their own practices, and directly explore the law. For example, in Xue Xue's A Piao Shi Hua, there are nine books to describe poetry, and the principles of poetry are thoroughly explained. Joey's Huo Jian Shi Shuo pointed out more specifically that "calligraphy and painting have real grass, so do poems" and found out their corresponding relationship. For example, the poems in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties are of primitive simplicity, the Tang poems and real calligraphy have reached their peak in their respective fields, Li Bai's elegance and Zhang Xu's and Huai Su's cursive scripts are masterpieces of romantic spirit, Du Fu's poems and Yan Shu are full of loyalty to the monarch and concern for the country, and the atmosphere is full of heroism, and so on. These correspondences are either the characteristics of the same era, or the same internal style, or similar cultural and historical status.
The identity of poetry and books is more obvious in individuals. Huang Tingjian read Li Bai's Shu Ping and felt that "his books are all kinds of poems, which makes people want to be generous"; And Pan Deyu commented on Huang Tingjian: "Lu Zhi's poems, just like their words, are better than the backbone, not the rhyme." Because poetry is the voice of the heart, and book is the painting state of the heart, which is externalized into a spiritual product, and its integration is inevitable. Therefore, the isomorphism between poetry and books is an important law of the communication between literature and art.
In addition, there are isomorphism, flexibility and personalized pursuit in practice. Fang's "Zhao Wei Zhan Yan" continues to discuss the difficulty of the seven laws: "When the seven laws and eight sentences are tied together, short stories must have the trend of opening and closing of yin and yang, but there must also be a turning point and orderly rules, so it is difficult. In the books of the ancients. " Mao Chunrong's "On the Original Poetry" talks about the function words in the poem as clues: "However, when its spirit looks around, its posture is flying, which is also wonderful. This is only known to those who are good at reading. "
The principle of isomorphism of poetry and calligraphy leads to the tendency of poetry criticism based on books, which is the inevitable development of poetry aesthetics. China has always compared poems with figures, landscapes and natural images, and made impressional criticism, which has become a spectacular landscape in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. For example, Aoqi's comments on 29 poets from the Tang and Song Dynasties, Wang Shizhen's comments on 105 poets and 63 literati in the Ming Dynasty, and Hong's comments on 104 poets in the Qing Dynasty are all related by the introduction, which is thought-provoking. Because poetry and books are similar in artistic sense, it is a beautiful cultural comparison to express poetry with books.
The cultural phenomenon of expressing poetry with books in Qing dynasty is also closely related to the talent and cultivation of literati at that time. Since the imperial examination, scholars have to be familiar with the subset of classics and history, write poems and learn Chinese characters. During the Qianlong period, the imperial court began to select scholars by books, and the achievements of books also affected the fate of its imperial examination. Therefore, many scholars have worked hard since childhood, many of whom are both poets and calligraphers. More outstanding people, such as Xu Wei, who is proficient in calligraphy, poetry, painting and seal cutting; Yi Bingshou, who is proficient in poetry, painting and seal cutting; Zheng Xie, whose poetry and painting are "three unique", is highly respected by later generations. Due to the influence and integration of various cultural resources, the lively scene of poetry appeared in the Qing Dynasty.
8. The following statement about "writing poems" is incorrect.
A. "Taking books as poems" is a new concept of poetry put forward by some poetic theorists in the Qing Dynasty under the background of "taking poems as Zen".
B. The poetic criticism style of "expressing poetry with books" is the inevitable development of poetic aesthetics. This poetic criticism method has been very popular since the Ming Dynasty.
C. The emergence of the cultural phenomenon of "writing poems with books" is actually closely related to the literary talents at that time.
D "Poetry with Books" is a cross-category comparison between calligraphy and poetry by some poetic theorists. This is a way to discuss poetry.
9. The following statements are inconsistent with the original intention.
A. after Yan Yu put forward the theory of "wonderful enlightenment", under his admiration, some outstanding Buddhist poets went to the other end of the mystery.
B China has always had a tradition of impressionistic criticism by comparing poems with figures, landscapes and natural images. Therefore, it is an inevitable phenomenon in the development of poetry aesthetics to compare poetry with books, explain practice and directly explore the law of poetry writing.
C. Poetry books are isomorphic in practicality, flexibility and personalized pursuit. Therefore, some principles of poetry writing can be thoroughly described by books.
D. Poetry and calligraphy in the same era often show a corresponding relationship. They either have the same characteristics of the times, or have the same internal style, or have similar cultural and historical status.
10. Please briefly describe the reasons for the cultural phenomenon of "expressing poetry with books" in Qing Dynasty. (3 points)
Test answer:
8.b. As can be seen from the first and fifth paragraphs;
According to the first paragraph of the article.
10, ①. There are isomorphism, flexibility and individualized pursuit in practice. This is an important law of literary and artistic exchange, and it is also the necessity of the development of poetry aesthetics.
(2) The literati at that time all had high talents and academic qualifications; ( 1: 2, 2: 1)