Palace-style poetry refers to the Eastern Palace in the Southern Dynasties when Emperor Jianwen and Xiao Gang were governors, with Chen Houzhu, Yang Di, Emperor Taizong and other palaces as the center. "Palace Style" refers to both the poetic style describing palace life and the poetic style formed in the palace, which began in Xiao Gang, Jian Wendi. When Xiao Gang was a prince, he often sang with literati in the East Palace. Its content is mostly palace life and affairs between men and women, but it pursues flowery rhetoric in form and is called "palace style". Later, he called erotic poems palace poems.
Another explanation: it refers to a writing style with women as the center, in my heart forever Gong Yu as the center, feelings as the center, Gong Yu's life and boudoir feelings as the center, and gorgeous and elegant words. It originated in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and reached its peak in Xiao Gang and its surrounding literati.
A school of poetry popular in the late Liang Dynasty and Chen Dynasty. The name "Gongti" first appeared in Xiao Gang's comment in "Liang Shu Jian Wen Di Ji": "It was injured by lightness, so it was called Gongti at that time". However, this poetic style began with Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poems are Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu Jian, Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling. Chen and his attendants can also fall into this category. The criticism of palace poems has always been that many palace poems pay attention to women's life and posture. In fact, the content of palace poems is not limited to women's lives, but there are also some lyric works that praise things. Even when writing about women's lives, only a few of them have low styles. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of palace poems is frivolous and the poetic style is soft and light. As for Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, known as palace poets, they also wrote many beautiful and readable works. As for Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling, there are also some excellent poems.
Judging from the history of poetry development, palace poetry plays two roles. On the one hand, the poetry in the early Sui and Tang Dynasties was relatively weak, which was somewhat influenced by it; On the other hand, it tends to be more metrical than the eternal style in form. "Biography of Liang Shu Xu Biao" said that Xu Biao "belongs to the new style and does not stick to the old style". This "new change" is the formal feature of palace poetry. According to some scholars' statistics, about 40% of palace poems conform to the rhythm of poetry; The number of basic matches is particularly large. It can be seen that "Palace Poetry" plays an important role in promoting the formation of regular poetry in later generations. As for its rich allusions and beautiful rhetoric, it also has a certain positive effect on later generations. For example, the poems of Li He and Li Shangyin in the Tang Dynasty obviously absorbed some techniques of "Palace Poetry".
Representative writers: Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi, Xu Biao, Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling.
Palace-style poetry originated from people's appellation. 299 Palace-style poetry refers to the poetry that originated from the court and described the life of the court as its basic content. In other words, Palace-style poetry is a kind of palace-style literature with specific content and style. Palace poems are represented by Wife's Day Sleeping Fu written by Liang Jianwen's Emperor Xiaogang and Flowers in the Garden of Yushu written by Chen Houzhu. Chen Houzhu's Flowers in the Garden of Yushu represents the highest level of palace poetry to some extent. Du Mu, a great poet, once wrote: "A businesswoman doesn't know the hatred of national subjugation, but still sings a piece of backyard flower across the river", among which "backyard flower" refers to the backyard flower of Yushu.
Masterpiece:
Praise my wife's sleep during the day.
Talk on the pillow in the north window, and the south eaves are not inclined.
Climb the hook and drop the obstacle, insert the pipa.
Dreams smile, but sleep inhibits flowers.
Yan Wensheng jade wrist, fragrant sweat soaked in red yarn.
Husband and wife always accompany each other, and it is not wrong to advocate family ties.
"Yushu" back garden flower
Li Yufang forest shelves, beautiful new clothes;
Yinghu couldn't get in at first, so he greeted with a smile.
Demon Ji's face is like a flower with dew, and Yushu Creek shines in the backyard;
Flowers bloom and fall in a short time, and the ground is silent!
The first part (from "Chang 'an Avenue with a narrow strip" to "Prostitute Panlong Golden Kneeling") lays out the life of Chang 'an rich family competing for novelty and pursuing pleasure. In the first sentence, the plan of Chang 'an is spread out in a magnificent way, with avenues extending in all directions intertwined with alleys as dense as cobwebs. The second sentence is street view, which is endless stream of cars and BMWs. In this way, I always mention the program concisely, and then I will paint it with pen and ink, paint it wantonly, paint Wang Yang: the jade hairpin, the golden whip, the dragon holding the treasure cover, the phoenix spitting tassels and so on. It's really like falling clouds and gorgeous curly hair. Of course, these people who hold the "golden whip", ride the "jade chariot", own luxury cars, and go in and out of the Princess First Mansion and the Maharaja Mansion are not idle people. "Vertical and horizontal" shows that there are many people, "flow" is endless, and the pace of life in pursuit of pleasure is as fast as a whirlwind. This scene rose from Asahi to Sunset, and there was no time or time at 26 o'clock. In Chang 'an, not only people come and go, but also the scenery is rich and lively: writing "gossamer" means "hundred feet", writing "charming bird" means crowds, and the words "struggle" and "* * *" both show the meaning of downtown. The scenery serves as a foil. The architecture of Chang 'an is described below. "Flowers" bring out bees and butterflies, and bees and butterflies travel to bring out forbidden scenery that ordinary people have no reason to see, which is flexible and changeable. The author didn't fully describe the structure of the palace, but only showed several close-ups: the palace gate, colorful balcony, window lattice engraved with exquisite acacia flower patterns, and the treasure top decorated with golden phoenix's double que ..., which let people have a panoramic view of the magnificent palace through these brilliant parts. When writing the first residence of the rich family, the style of writing is more concise: "Liang Jia (borrowing poverty in the Han Dynasty, referring to the aristocrats in Chang 'an) descended from the sky", which is more majestic than the copper pillars in the Han Palace. This colorful pen and ink, endless scenes, dazzling, be elated. Therefore, on the thoroughfare avenue and the winding path leading to a secluded place, there are gorgeous buildings that climb over the eaves and become a three-dimensional "stage" and a paradise for the upper class. This part of the urban landscape, which took a lot of pen and ink to write, also constitutes the background of the whole poem, and the following parts of various characters are still active in this background.
Chang' an is a sea of people, and there are so many people that "I don't know each other in front of the building." Here, "luxury, arrogance, narrowness, evil and omnipotent" is enough to write. The author did not give a comprehensive description of Hao Gui's life, but wrote a long paragraph about the giant singers and dancers. Through their emotions and lives, he could see a point in the giant's life. Someone here fell in love at first sight and found that the beautiful woman Nong Yu ("Playing the flute to Purple Smoke") was your dancer, which aroused his admiration: "Why don't you give up your life after winning a game?" I would rather be a mandarin duck than a fairy. " The dancer also got the message: "I envy seeing Yuanyang, but I can't see you when I'm away." I hate to embroider loneliness on my forehead, so that I can get curtains and put them on. In the language of inner monologues, the four sentences of "excuse me" and "comparing eyes" echo each other, with the hearts of men and women. The contrast of a series of things in pairs such as Bimu, Yuanyang, Shuang Yan and Lonely Luan, as well as the decisive and repeated statements such as "Why die", "Don't envy immortals", "Really admire", "Easy to take" and "hate" have written the fanaticism and pain of love extremely incisively and vividly. These poems dedicated to "men and women" are just like Wen Yiduo's admiration. Compared with the morbid shamelessness, weak feelings, what courage is this now, and the power to bring the dead back to life (redemption of palace poems), who can be ashamed and refuse to move forward (Jian Wendi's Wuqi Qu). Through the description of the dancer's mind, it reflects the Chang 'an people's desire for love from the side. The following is based on Shuang Yan, writing about your girl dancer's boudoir ("Luo Wei Cui is a tulip"), which smells good; I have written about their costumes ("flying clouds and cicadas singing, the first month is full of crow yellow"), which are so enchanting and "charming and affectionate". After getting dressed, I put on a BMW and went out with my noble master. There are two sentences at the end of this part: "The demon boy BMW binds money, and the prostitute panlong kneels (carved dragon-shaped leaves, car ornaments." "Kneeling" and "bending" are the same. ) "echoes the first song" Green Cow, White Horse and Seven Fragrant Cars ",marking the end of the description of Chang 'an's daytime heat. The next one is about Chang 'an Night, which no longer involves the situation of powerful people, in order to let more kinds of characters perform. At the same time, it is not difficult to infer their situation from the enjoyable life of the rich and powerful.
The second part (from Night Crying in the Palace to Singing and Dancing for the King) mainly focuses on street prostitutes and writes about the nightlife of all kinds of characters. Biography of Zhu Hanbo said that there were thousands of crows perched on cypress trees in Chang 'an Palace, and Biography of Historical Records of Zheng Ji said that after Zhai Gong ousted Ting Wei, there were fewer people, so this part began with two sentences, that is, using allusions flexibly. Nightingale and Jade Road in Zhucheng is faint, and there is no golden embankment in the distance write dusk scenes, indicating that the time has entered dusk. "Birds want to live" implies that law enforcement officers such as Shi Yu and Ting Wei are ignored and have no power. At night, Chang 'an has become a paradise for "adventurers", where there are dissolute sons with bullets and flying eagles, lawless teenagers who plot against public officials (in the Han Dynasty, Chang 'an teenagers organized the murder of officials to take revenge, and set up three kinds of projectiles, red, white and black, before the action, so they were called "exploring pills to borrow guests"), as well as chivalrous men who traveled with swords .. These people who stood on the same side during the day seemed to be invited. Using "peaches and plums" to refer to prostitutes is not only because peaches and plums can be described in many colors, but also because the idiom "peaches and plums don't say anything, but go their own way" implies that it is also a hot spot for people to come and go. People are obsessed with the songs and dances here, intoxicated by the fragrance of the breath, and prostrate under the purple skirt. In prostitution, it seems that youth can last forever. Outside the prostitute's door, it seems that the door will not be left out in the cold. From "night" to "dynasty", from "dynasty" to "night" and the first part of "dragon", time is continuous with each other, which shows that Chang 'an people enjoy it day and night. Chang 'an Street is criss-crossed, the market is prosperous ("Five Dramas", "Three Streets" and "Three Cities" refer to various streets), and there are many prostitutes ("Southern Mexico and Northern Ponds are connected with Northern Li"), which has become a "social center". In addition to the above-mentioned carefree figures, there are a large number of court officials ("Jin Wu") who neglect their duties and come here to drink for fun. This is a large-scale exhibition of various commodities. "Biography of Historical Records Funny" wrote: "At dusk, the wine stopped, and men and women sat together, patchwork. The cups and plates are messy and the candles in class are extinguished. " Luo Luo Jin untied, I smell the fragrance. "Here," Luo Dai is a gentleman's solution ",that is, using one or two words to imply the same scene. In ancient times, Yan and Zhao were well-developed in song and dance, and there were many beautiful women, so they wrote their music and entertainment with "Yan Song and Zhao Dance". In this part, various characters in Chang 'an appear in scenes, "Stay with prostitutes through' weak Liu Qinghuai' and' * * *' of' five plays and three articles'. Admittedly, this is not a beautiful excitement. But there is trembling in this madness and spirituality in depravity "(Wen Yiduo), which is by no means comparable to the anemia and burnout of palace poems.
The third part (from "Not Luxury" to "Only Pine at Present") is about the desire of the upper class in Chang 'an for power, which drives the civil and military officials to compete with each other, except for the pursuit of insatiable lust. These luxury figures, called generals, have the right to ask the emperor for help ("returning to heaven") and never give in to each other. Guan Fu was a general in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Because of the relationship, he is the prime minister of Hou Tian powder in Wu' an ("Historical Records and Biography of Wei Anhou"); Xiao He was the prime minister of Emperor Gaozu. His hero was the first, and all the officials were unhappy (the house of Prime Minister Shi). The phrase "high spirits" refers to the mutual exclusion and conflict between civil servants and military commanders. Its proud people are arrogant for a while, but claim to be rich for thousands of years. In this section, the sentences such as "Qingqiu (Dragon refers to a fine horse) sitting in the spring breeze" and "Talking about singing and dancing for thousands of years" echo the descriptions of horses and chariots and singing and dancing in the first two parts. So, although you wrote another content, the related hooks and locks are not free. Both "talking to yourself" and "talking to yourself" are ironic and self-sufficient. The following is a turning point, such as going downhill: "The festival is not waiting, and the mulberry field is waiting for change." In the past, Bai Yutang was a golden step, that is, now only Song Qing is here. "These four sentences are not just about" luxury ",but actually wipe out all the roles mentioned in the unprecedented two parts, as Shen Deqian said:" Chang 'an Street is luxurious, extravagant, narrow, evil and gorgeous. Since I have won the favor, I am a knight-errant, and Wu Jin and Quan Chen both live in a prostitute's house, claiming that I can keep my wealth forever. However, the vicissitudes of life are short-lived, and only the grave of the market exists. "The four sentences are not only in contrast to the previous long narrative in content, but also in form, and the language is simplified. Therefore, there is also a contrast between the shades of words, which highlights the tragic effect of sweeping away everything. Wen Yiduo pointed out that this new theory of evolution seems to be suspected of "persuading all to satirize one" here. And the irony in the palace poems. What strange news!
The fourth part, the last four sentences, is based on the vertical comparison between the past and the present, and then makes a horizontal comparison. Compared with the extravagant figures in Chang 'an, the influence of Zuo Si's poem Helping the Capital is obvious here. But eight of the poems on the left are about luxury and eight are about Yang Xiong. However, if this poem is written in sixty-four sentences, its content is rich, the picture is magnificent and the details are vivid, which is far from being comparable to the left poem. Finally, write Yang Xiong in four sentences. The contrast here seems to be out of proportion in weight, and the effect is more remarkable. The front is Chang' an, vigorous and powerful; This is Zhong Nanshan, "lonely and lonely". In front of us, we are free to indulge ourselves and rely on power. Here, we are abstinent, unwilling to be lonely, and don't care about glory ("a book a year"). The former is not worthy of the name, but the latter is immortal with its literary name ("Nanshan alone osmanthus hair, flying around, attacking people"). Although compared with sixty-four sentences, four sentences have their own feeling of "weighing thousands of pounds" This ending not only contains the criticism of extravagant and vulgar life with different tastes, but also contains the indignation and loneliness of people who are not in the times and the significance of self-forgiveness. This is the interest of this poem.
Such a magnificent system appeared in Daijoko, which was unprecedented in the early Tang Dynasty. And it is best to be full of emotion and strength. It mainly adopts the way of giving, but it doesn't always exert force and spread stories evenly; Instead, it has a focused and detailed description, which is taken care of in a circle and the details are appropriate; And the ending is quite meaningful and intriguing. Generally, four sentences are used to change the scene or meaning, and the rhyme changes to form a lively rhythm. At the same time, in the change of the scene, multi-purpose lianzhuge (such as "... so that the curtains can be attached to each other." Shuang Yan ... ","... on the crow's yellow. Crow yellow ... "), or a general sentence (such as" If your score is better than your eyes, why don't you quit? " You would rather be a mandarin duck than a fairy. Bimu Yuanyang ... ","North Hall is like a moon every night, and South Hall is like a cloud. South Mo North Hall ... ","The source of spirit is irrigation and drainage, dictatorship is not something Xiao Xiang can judge. Authoritarian spirit ... "), make meaning change words, and finally form a lingering melody. In this way, Sui Chen's phenomenon of "pleasant voice and disharmony in rhythm" ended. "The essence is clear and bright when it changes; Ups and downs, palace merchants are harmonious; Opening and closing transformation, salty and to the point ("Poetry" Volume III); Therefore, Hu Yinglin praised: "Seven words are long and wonderful!" (ditto) Although this poem is colorful and rich, it still has more than six dynasties, but it can generally meet the needs of new content; The first few parts lay out luxurious and beautiful sentences, and the vertical and horizontal contrast at the end makes the text clear and harmless. In the early Tang Dynasty, there was a fashion in the court. Lu "let go of his rich and mellow voice" and sang such a song, which overwhelmed "delicate insects singing everywhere". It is indeed a gratifying new voice in the history of the development of the seven ancient times, and in terms of the artistic value of the poem itself, it is enough to make him known as "not wasting rivers and streams."