vegetation
1. plum blossom-the first to bloom, proud of frost and snow-dare to be the first, not afraid of power-a gentleman
Plum blossoms resist cold and snow, and jade bone ice muscles are narcissistic. They first open in the cold, and then bring out the fragrance of blooming flowers. Therefore, plum blossoms are highly praised and praised by poets.
2. Orchids-elegant and delicate fragrance, graceful posture-pursuing indifference-gentleman hermit
Orchids, called vanilla in ancient times, include many plants with fragrant flowers and leaves, such as Eupatorium adenophorum and Pogostemon cablin, which are used for fumigation, bathing and evil spirits, but not for viewing. It was not until the late Tang Dynasty that people discovered another kind of blue grass, which was born between the valleys and cliffs in Shan Ye, with beautiful flowers, and began to plant and develop. The ornamental value of orchids is more and more loved by people. Appellations such as "orchid", "bluegrass" and "Lanhui" are gradually used to refer to what we call "orchid" today, that is, orchid. Orchid is a traditional flower in China, which has profound cultural connotation and external aesthetic characteristics.
Orchid, fresh and not turbid, pure fragrance, beautiful flower posture, symmetrical posture, vigorous leaf shape, staggered changes, elegant charm. Because classical poetry often describes its elegance and fragrance, the grass feels sorry for itself, and because of the fragrance and graceful appearance of orchids, orchids are often used as metaphors for beautiful things. For example, like-minded people have a bright future, such as Lan. Orchid poems such as:
3. Bamboo-straight nature, pure heart, bamboo green-honest and modest, loyal and noble-reclusive gentleman
Bamboo was loved by ancient China literati and poets, and entered the classical literature. It is no accident that it is deeply loved in China's traditional poetry and painting art, because it has the indomitable heroic spirit and the measure of "being straight outside and penetrating inside", and it has become a symbol of China's national character, which has a lot to do with the recluse culture.
(1) The ancients associated the natural form of bamboo with people's moral pursuit. Bamboo cultivation, which claims to be a gentleman, compares the characteristics of bamboo, such as firmness, straightness, emptiness and chastity, to the moral cultivation of a gentleman. Wang Dangui's Qin Louyue Zhu Yong vividly describes this analogy: "Sexual chastity, tender branches and leaves can be written. Cantu wrote that the four seasons are always accompanied, and the thatched cottage is romantic. Lonely festivals are natural, and modesty will never fade. There is no fading, the shade is swaying, and the voice is crisp. "
(2) Metaphysicists, hermits and poets like to talk about metaphysics and Taoism in a lush environment, and these pictures are increasingly entering their poems.
4. Chrysanthemum (yellow flower, Dongli)-blooming in autumn, with elegant color-Ling Bing ao cream, not afraid of dignitaries; Indifferent to fame and fortune, not seeking Wen Da-a recluse gentleman.
(1) Autumn blossoms-Lingbing Ao cream, not afraid of the powerful, stick to the evening festival-Shi Zhi.
In autumn, everything is dying, and the earth presents a bleak and depressed scene. Chrysanthemum slowly spits out its core and greets the harsh test of nature with thin branches. It will not shrink back because of the danger of the environment, nor will it be complacent because of the lack of leaves and huge roots in Gao Qian. It proudly shows its vitality and has the spirit of ice cream. Even if the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled are dying, they still flow with pure fragrance, put in heat and declare immortal fighting spirit; Chrysanthemums bloom at the end of the year and the beginning of the year, which neither competes with spring flowers nor loses the elegant demeanor of summer green. Only the notebook kept the festival, and finally it became the smile of the earth to human beings before the cold winter, in which the weathered personality fragrance was scattered and the festival was adhered to. When it is personified, Ju's character becomes a benevolent gentleman in the real society.
(2) Elegant color-indifferent to fame and fortune, not seeking Wen Da-a hermit.
In terms of "color", chrysanthemum has no national color; As far as "fragrance" is concerned, there is no strong fragrance; In terms of "taste", there is no sweetness; In terms of "posture", there is no elegance. It is not attractive, people are attracted by it, mostly because they cherish its simple nature. The elegance and simplicity of chrysanthemum is also personified in the poems of past dynasties, and the unity of human and chrysanthemum has become the spiritual carrier of literati who are indifferent to fame and fortune and do not seek Wen Da. After personification, Ju became a hermit in the real society.
5. Grass-flowing in order at any time-touching sadness and missing-expressing feelings of parting and lingering.
"The annual spring grass is green", and the grass flows in an orderly way at any time, which is easy to touch long-lost worries; In the exhibition of space, the grass is lush and unattainable, which seems to lead people's thoughts into the distance. This scene is vividly shown in Yuefu's Grass on the Green Side of Philip Burkart Road and Bai Juyi's Incense Them on the Old Road and Reaching the crumbling Gate. Therefore, in ancient poetry, whenever we write about leaving for a long journey and expressing sorrow and hatred, we often take grass as our sustenance or background.
6. Falling flowers-falling flowers return to spring-hurting spring and mourning autumn, youth is fleeting.
The ancients said: the fallen flowers are intentional, and the running water is ruthless. The "falling flowers" and "flowing water" are gone forever, which often causes the poet's feelings about the passage of time. Combine water with the passage of time and sigh the impermanence of life from the falling flowers. Most of them are used to cherish spring poems, mostly for
The elegy of life flows gracefully, and most writers realize that life is short, youth is fleeting, and it is hard to come back from the scene of residual red falling in late spring.
7. Huayang (Catkin)-Wandering-Parting-Wandering people miss their wives and friends and say goodbye.
Huayang, flying all over the sky in late spring, gives people an erratic and erratic feeling, which is the easiest to evoke the sadness of parting.
8. willow (willow, poplar)-"willow", "stay" also, willow branches lingering, parting-give away.
"Liu" means "stay", and the two sounds are homophonic, so "folding Liu" stays with each other to express sincere farewell. The ancients took their meaning to express their attachment to each other, so there was a custom of "folding willows to give people away". Moreover, the willow is graceful and charming, with a charming posture, "a wisp of willow, an inch of tenderness", and the willow branches are affectionate. It is endowed with lingering and endless feelings, which coincides with the sadness of parting, and the ancients took its meaning to show their attachment.
9. Pine and cypress-withered after cold, tall and straight-upright, honest-noble.
"If you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress will wither." Pine and cypress grow in a harsh environment, can withstand the cold, and have strong branches and a sense of awe. In literati's works, pine trees are a symbol of faithfulness, loneliness and nobility. The ancients often chanted pines and cypresses to express their praise and pursuit of high morals and integrity.
10. Platanus acerifolia-The first fall in autumn-Feeling sad for autumn-Loneliness and depression
Ancient China literati had a feeling of "sorrowful autumn". Among the four seasons, everything withers in autumn, which is the most likely to cause people's sadness. Indus is a typical deciduous tree. When autumn comes, buttonwood leaves often wither first, so-called "one leaf falls and autumn is known". Therefore, writing sad autumn with phoenix tree has become a common technique used by the ancients.
(2) Animals
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(1) The lineup of Hongyan moving south is often spectacular. In the autumn and winter when the wind is cold and the dust covers the sky, when flocks of geese fly across the sky, they can also arouse the magnificent and tragic beauty of the ancients, which is especially strong for frontier poets.
(2) Wild geese are migratory birds, which migrate in spring and autumn. In autumn, geese seem to be trying to fly back to their nests. This kind of scene often affects the homesickness of wanderers, so poets often use geese to express their deep homesickness and yearning for their loved ones. For example, in 2003, Beijing Spring Roll selected two poems:
(3) Hongyan passed the book. In ancient China, there was a story of "Hongyan passing a book", so Hongyan often quoted letters in ancient poems.
12. cicada-perching high and drinking dew-aiming high-noble people.
The ancients mistakenly thought that cicadas lived by eating wind and drinking dew, so they praised cicadas as a symbol of nobility, or used them to pin their ideals and ambitions, or used them as metaphors for their own bumpy and unfortunate life experiences.
13. apes-crying is sad-sad, sad-sad, worried.
The cry of the ape is very sad and makes people cry. There is an old folk song: "The Three Gorges in Badong is long, and the ape cried three times and burst into tears." Therefore, apes are often used in ancient poetry to set off the sad atmosphere.
14. Rhododendron (Du Yu, Bugu, Zigui)-sad cry-sad-upset, homesick.
(1) According to legend, Du Yu, the monarch of Shu State, retired from Zen in the last years of the Zhou Dynasty and unfortunately died. After death, the soul turns into a bird and cries at the end of spring. As for the bleeding in the mouth, his voice was sad and touching, and he was named Du Fu. Rhododendron is passed down as rhododendron blood. Later generations used the cuckoo's tears of blood as a metaphor for grief, or as a sustenance for leaving sorrow. For thousands of years, scholars in China defined the cuckoo as a sad bird and a symbol of sadness.
(2) Because of its sound, the ancients thought it was better to go home, which was connected with homesickness.
(3) Object
15. Wine-arousing people's excitement and attracting people's feelings-rich in imagination, lyrical with wine-unrestrained and free, and melancholy with wine.
Wine can make people excited, active and imaginative. Stimulated by alcohol, people's imagination is aroused, so that a rigorous and rigid person in real life can break through the rational barrier, enter the perceptual realm, spread his imagination wings and enter the realm of poetry. At the same time, wine can make people reveal their true feelings. Therefore, wine has become a medium for poets to express their feelings, and poets often express their feelings and aspirations through wine.
16. Yi Dao (Tao Ren)-On a cold night in Yi Dao, people are placed in their posts-when the war stops, people should stay behind-worrying about the country and the people, and recruiting people to leave their wives.
In ancient times, women spread woven fabrics on a smooth chopping board and knocked them flat with wooden sticks to cut clothes, which is called "smashing clothes". There are some words in the tone of the word, such as "practicing calligraphy", which is its original intention. Sometimes it's to make warm clothes for people who travel far away, more than in autumn night. The sound of sending an anvil in the moonlight, and the sound of cold anvil pestle is also called "cold anvil", which often shows the melancholy mood of recruiting people to leave their wives and homes. In addition, women beat clothes with a pestle to make them clean, which is also called "smashing clothes".
(4) Meteorological geography
17. Sunset (setting sun, sunset glow)-bleak, gloomy, nostalgic for the past-wandering, homesick women, strong men, nostalgic for the past
(1) Tang Shangyin, Leyuan Scenic Area: "to see the sun, for all his glory, buried by the coming night". The sunset gives people a feeling of desolation, depression and loss. In ancient times, wandering women were especially good at expressing their feelings with sunset. )
All the above four are based on the setting sun to set off, contrast and render the sadness of men and women falling in love.
(2) The sunset in a specific environment will give people a hazy feeling. Therefore, the ancients often used the image of sunset to shape the artistic conception of weather.
(3) "The green hills are still there, and the sunset glow is red several times" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Because the sunset glow is related to the cycle of time series, poets often use the sunset glow to reflect on ancient love.
18. Running water-running water does not return, but it continues-time flies, affectionate-nostalgia, love and hate.
(1) Zi Zaichuan Shangri-La: "The deceased is like a husband?" Running water is gone forever, so the ancients often used running water to describe the passage of time, lamenting that time is fleeting and life is short.
(2) The flowing water will remain unchanged for thousands of years. Poets often use running water to describe that kind of long, long and endless feelings.
19. Rain-like rain: falling in time, moistening things silently, rejuvenating-quiet and harmonious, hoping for happiness.
-bitter rain: it lasts for a long time, causing estrangement; Rapid and rapid, causing injuries-loneliness and sadness, drifting and falling.