Sui and Tang Dynasties: A Prosperous and Open Era
The Unity and Destruction of Sui Dynasty
I establishment and unification of the sui dynasty (58 1 -6 18)
Establishment: 58 1 year (Sui Wendi established the Sui Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital, and Sui Wendi was Sui Wendi).
Unification: 589 (Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty destroyed the Chen Dynasty and unified the whole country)
Extinction: 6 18 (Emperor Yang Di II died)
Secondly, the Sui Dynasty established rules and regulations in many aspects, which was an innovative dynasty and created a new situation in the history of China. The concrete manifestations are as follows: (1) the official selection system began to implement the imperial examination system; Economically, the Grand Canal connecting north and south was opened.
1, Opening of the Grand Canal (Emperor Yang Di) ▲▲▲▲▲
Objective: In order to strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
② Center and starting point: Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south.
③ Length and status: It is the longest canal in the ancient world, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
④ Four components: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.
⑤ Connect five rivers: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.
⑥ Role (significance and influence) of opening: The opening of the Grand Canal has strengthened political, economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South. Negative effects: but it also brought a heavy burden to the people and accelerated the demise of the Sui Dynasty. )
2. Imperial Examination System (Yang Di) ▲▲▲▲▲▲
(1) Compilation (Sui Dynasty): Emperor Wendi of Sui started the system of selecting talents by examination; The establishment of Jinshi in Yang Di marked the formal establishment of the imperial examination system.
(2) Perfection (Tang Dynasty): Emperor Taizong: Add examination subjects, and Jinshi is the most important. Wu Zetian: The First Entrance Examination and Martial Arts.
③ Development (Ming Dynasty): stereotyped writing by literati.
④ The positive influence of the imperial examination system: 1) The reform of the official selection system in ancient China strengthened the emperor's power to choose officials and expand the scope of selecting officials. 2) Promote the development of education. 3) It became the main system of selecting officials in past dynasties, and lasted for more than 1300 years.
Third, the demise of the Sui Dynasty.
Reason: The cruel rule of Emperor Yang Di. Time: 6 18
The second lesson is from "the rule of Zhenguan" to "the prosperity of Kaiyuan"
I. Establishment and Unification of the Tang Dynasty (6 18 -907)
In 6 18, Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital and Li Yuan as Tang Gaozu, realizing national reunification.
Second, Emperor Taizong (Li Shimin) and "Zhenguan Rule"
(1) Subjective reason: He learned the historical lesson of the demise of the Sui Dynasty, was diligent in political affairs, and was modest and kind to coachable.
(2) Objective measures: ① Appointment of talents. Wei Zhi, who dared to speak out, was born in Emperor Taizong. Knowing people and being good at their duties is good at strategy, and Du Ruhui dares to make decisions. They were all famous prime ministers during the Zhenguan period.
2. Political aspects. Further improve the system of three provinces and six departments (initiated by Sui Dynasty); Formulate laws to reduce punishment; Adding imperial examination subjects and encouraging scholars to apply for examinations, Jinshi has gradually become the most important subject; Strictly assess the political achievements of officials at all levels.
(3) Economic aspects. Reduce the labor burden of the people and encourage the development of agricultural production.
④ Frontier management. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he defeated East and West Turks successively and strengthened his rule over the Western Regions.
Third, Wu Zetian.
The only female emperor in the history of China. In his later years, he proclaimed himself emperor and changed his title to Zhou. During the reign of Wu Zetian, Emperor Taizong continued to carry out the policy of developing agricultural production and selecting talents, with further social and economic development and increasing national strength. In the imperial examination, she founded the imperial examination system and martial arts, and personally interviewed candidates. Later, she was called "the government opened up yuan and governed macro chastity"
Fourthly, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and the "Kaiyuan Prosperity" (the most prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty)
(1) Measures: ① Appoint talents. Yao Chong and Song Jing were appointed as sages and carried out a series of reforms.
2. Political aspects. Rectify official management and reduce redundant staff. (3) Economic aspects. Develop the economy and reform the tax system.
4 cultural aspects. Attach importance to culture and education and compile classics.
Lesson 3 Meteorology in the Prosperous Tang Dynasty
First, economic prosperity.
1, agriculture: Qu Yuan plows and irrigation tool carts appeared.
2. Handicraft industry: There are many kinds of textiles, and Shu brocade ranks first in the country; The production level of ceramics is also very high, among which Yue Kiln Celadon, Xing Kiln White Porcelain and Tang Sancai are the most famous.
3. Commerce: Chang 'an, with a population of one million, was not only the center of political, economic and cultural exchanges in China at that time, but also an international metropolis. There are cities: commercial areas, and squares: residential areas.
Second, ethnic exchanges and blending.
1. Policy: Emperor Taizong pursued an enlightened national policy.
2. Emperor Taizong was honored as "Tiankhan" by the leaders of all ethnic groups, which means the monarch of all ethnic groups.
3. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, Princess Wencheng married Zangbu (the ancestor of the Tibetans) Zanpusong Zagambu. Function: The kinship between Tang and Tubo promoted the economic and social development of Tubo, and also enhanced the friendly relationship between Han and Tibet.
4. Princess Jincheng married Kridê Zukzain during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
Third, an open social atmosphere.
Features: open, dynamic and inclusive.
Fourth, colorful literature and art.
1, Tang poetry: ① Li Bai's poems praise the magnificence of the motherland's mountains and rivers, full of imagination and appeal, full of romantic feelings, so Li Bai enjoys the reputation of "poetic immortal" (2) Du Fu's poems reflect the true feelings of history, so they are called "poetic history" and he is known as "poetic saint". Bai Juyi's poems are approachable, easy to understand, can be sung by women and children, and are deeply loved by the public.
2. Calligraphy: The most famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty were Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan and Ou Yangxun. 3. Painters: The most famous painters in the Tang Dynasty were Yan and Wu Daozi.
Lesson 4 Cultural Exchange between China and Foreign Countries in Tang Dynasty
I. Contact with Japan
(1) Tang dynasty envoy: the Japanese government sent an exchange mission to the Tang dynasty. They sent the advanced system, astronomical calendar, characters, classics, calligraphy art and architectural technology of the Tang Dynasty back to Japan, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Japanese society.
(2) Jian Zhen Du Dong: Jian Zhen, the most influential monk in the Tang Dynasty, went to Japan to give lectures and made outstanding contributions to Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges. Design the Tang Temple for Japan; Around 12, the first five eastward crossings failed, and the sixth one succeeded, and both eyes were blind)
Second, contact Tianzhu (India)
(1) Xuanzang's Journey to the West: During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong, Xuanzang went through hardships and went west to Tianzhu to learn Buddhism. Xuanzang's story was compiled into a book by disciples? The Records of the Western Regions of Datang is a precious document to study the history of exchanges between China and foreign countries. (Xuanzang? The prototype of Tang Priest in The Journey to the West)
Three. Reasons for frequent exchanges (reasons for attracting countries from all over the world to China): ▲▲▲▲▲
A, the Tang dynasty regime was strong, the country was unified and the society was stable; B, the Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of opening to the outside world; C, Xuanzang, Jian Zhen and other messengers of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries also played an important role. D, land and water transportation was developed in the Tang Dynasty.
Fourth, the foreign policy of the Tang Dynasty: the policy of opening to the outside world and friendly exchanges. ▲▲▲
Enlightenment to us today: A. Only when a country has developed economy and culture can it radiate and attract foreign countries. B. Only by opening to the outside world and actively communicating can a country benefit and make progress.
Lesson 5 An Shi Rebellion and the Decline and Fall of the Tang Dynasty
The first is the Anshi Rebellion (the turning point that led to the decline of the Tang Dynasty)
1. Reason: A. In the last years of Kaiyuan, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty pursued pleasure and cronyism, and the state affairs became increasingly corrupt. B. Social contradictions are acute and the situation in border areas is tense. C. our strength is expanding, and the external force is heavy and the internal force is light. D An Lushan served as our envoy in three border areas, and gradually expanded its power.
2. People: An Lushan and Shi Siming, Ministry of Finance.
3. Result and influence: It caused great damage to the social economy, and the national situation in the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. The influence of the old general An Shi and the mainland generals increased, gradually forming a situation of separatist regime in the buffer region.
2. Peasant Uprising in the Late Tang Dynasty: Huang Chao Uprising, the result: it was jointly suppressed by Zhu Wen and other provinces, but it dealt a heavy blow to the rulers of the Tang Dynasty.
Third, the demise of the Tang Dynasty: In 907, Zhu Wen established the Hou Liang regime, and China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
Four, Five Dynasties and Ten Countries: There are three regimes in the northern part of the Yellow River Basin, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. There are nine regimes in the south, namely Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Houshu, Chu, Min, Nanhan and Nanping. Together with the Northern Han Dynasty, whose north was divided into Taiyuan, it was called "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries" in history.
Influence: Although the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were a period of separation of political power, reunification was always an inevitable trend.
Four learning methods of history in the first grade of junior high school
Cultivate interest.
Einstein said that no matter what subject a teacher studies, only if he is interested in it can he have the motivation to learn, as well as the study of politics and history. Learning history and politics in middle schools is not only for grades, but also for a person's political and historical level. With interest, learning becomes a kind of enjoyment, and learning is relaxed and enjoyable. To learn politics and history, the first thing is to cultivate interest in politics and history.
Learn to summarize.
Learning politics and history can't just be rote, but learn to summarize. For junior high school history, we can take time as a clue to string together the historical events we have learned, and then expand and broaden our historical knowledge, so as to firmly grasp the contents of textbooks. For junior high school politics, we can summarize similar hot topics, compare their differences and compare the differences they reflect. Summarizing in your own way is helpful for learning and mastering political and historical knowledge points.
Read more books and pay more attention to hot topics.
You can't just limit your study to textbooks. When the knowledge points in the textbook are mastered skillfully enough, we can read more extracurricular books, such as Historical Records, which is a good extracurricular book to understand history. After class, we can also find time to watch the news broadcast. We can get views on historical events and hot topics from the news that are not in the book. We can know the public's views on hot topics from the news, which is very useful for us to study politics and history in junior high school.
Change the concept of learning history centered on scores;