(A) the basic knowledge of writing
1. The concept of writing
Writing refers to the creative mental labor process in which human beings use language symbols to reflect objective things, express thoughts and feelings, and transmit knowledge and information.
2. Writing process segmentation
From the perspective of modern information theory and system theory, writing is a whole system of collecting, processing and outputting information. As a complete systematic process, writing activities are staged. It can be divided into three stages: collection, conception and performance. Specifically, it can be divided into five links: collection, conception, writing, wording and revision. Each stage and link has its own characteristics, laws and requirements.
(B) Writing skills
1. Introduction to writing skills
Writing technique is a means to express the theme, portray characters, enhance expressive force and attract readers' attention. Common ones are: exaggeration, contrast, metaphor, personification; Suspense, concern, association and imagination; Repression, combination of point and surface, combination of dynamic and static, narration and discussion, blending of scenes, comparison, bedding, support and representation, description of details, suspense, combination of positive and negative aspects, metaphor and symbol, satirizing the present from the past, borrowing the ambition of the deceased, connecting the preceding with the following, and hitting the point; Contrast, rendering, dynamic and static contrast, virtual and real, virtual and real writing, support, lyricism, borrowing scenery and so on.
2. Introduction to common writing skills
(1) narrative angle
First person narrative method
The content of the article is conveyed to readers through "I". What is written in the article is what the narrator saw with his own eyes, heard with his own ears, or experienced by the narrator himself. The function of the first person: it is the witness of the event, the clue of the article, which promotes the development of the story and reflects the reality and intimacy of the article.
Second person narrative method
Often used in letters, it is rarely used in the whole narrative, but in the narrative process, in order to express feelings directly, in a certain part of the article, it can be transformed into the second person, which can enhance the emotion of the article and arouse the readers' * * *.
Third-person narrative method
Narrating in the second person makes the narrator not limited by space and time, nor by physiology and psychology, and can directly show the people and things in the article to the readers and reflect social life freely and flexibly. But the third-person narrative is not as intimate and natural as the first-person narrative.
(2) Narrative order
cut and try method
Sequential narration is to describe events in chronological order, which is consistent with the actual situation of the occurrence and development of events. The article is clear in organization and context. When using chronological narration, we should pay attention to proper tailoring, highlight key points, and prevent listing and flat narration.
Flashback technique
It mainly means that apart from the advancement of individual parts, others are recorded in chronological order, rather than the whole event in reverse. Explain the starting point clearly when flashback. There should be clear boundaries between flashback and sequence, necessary text transition and natural connection. Flashback is generally used to express the central idea of an article, and the part that can best express the central idea is mentioned and highlighted; At the same time, in order to make the structure of the article changeable and avoid straightforward narration; In addition, in order to show the effect, the article twists and turns, causing suspense and fascinating.
Insert text
Sometimes it is to help readers understand the story; Sometimes it is to annotate and explain the plot of the characters that appear. The use of interpolation must obey the need to express the central idea, so as not to rock the boat and steal the host's attention. When inserting a narrative, we should also pay attention to the transition, care and cohesion of the article, and there should be no traces of fracture.
Supplementary narrative method
Supplementary narrative is mainly used to supplement the above narrative, which is generally fragmentary and short, and does not have a complete event. You can also put the explanation or explanation in front and cause the following. Supplementary narrative generally does not develop plots and events, but only enriches and supplements the original narrative.
Classification method
You can say one thing first, then another, or you can cross-talk several things. When using classification, it is necessary to establish narrative clues according to the content of the article and the need to express the central idea, and also to explain clearly the time when each event occurred and developed. The function of classification is to make complicated things clear and orderly.
(3) Narrative clues
Take things as clues
In the narrative process, something is allowed to appear repeatedly in each stage of the event development, and its image is intentionally strengthened through various means, so that the object plays a transitional or symbolic role and points out the central idea.
Take people as clues
Taking someone as a narrative clue, its unified image runs through the whole text, making someone an important focus of the whole text, or shaping characters or promoting the plot.
Take the change of thought as a clue
In this way, the main line of ideological development should be clear. Take each stage of ideological change as a clue to run through the whole text, forming a connecting reference.
Take the central event as a clue
The narrative of major events is prominent, the small things are clearly explained, the primary and secondary collocation is reasonable, and the theme is prominent, so that complex events can be complicated without chaos.
(4) Emotional expression
Direct lyric method
Generally, it is suitable for expressing strong and nervous feelings, which can make it simple, true and shocking. It is characterized by strong feelings, fast pace, tension, straightforward feelings and easy to grasp.
Indirect lyric method
Indirect lyric can generally add the author's subjective feelings to the objective narrative, so that readers can feel the author's thoughts and feelings in the narrative process; You can also express the author's strong love, hate, praise and criticism through discussion, or infiltrate your own feelings in the description, so that the language of the article is full of emotions. Indirect lyricism is characterized by implicit and indirect lyricism and rich charm.
(5) Argumentative style
Narrative before discussion method
That is, narrative first and then discussion, so as to achieve the unity of narrative and discussion. The method of discussion can be discussed through the language and psychological activities of the characters in the article, or as a third party.
Discussion before narration
That is to say, discuss first and then describe. First, through discussion, put forward the main points and centers of narration, so as to guide the full text and make the events recorded in the full text clear.
Methods of narration and discussion
Narration and discussion are interspersed, and the writing is flexible and changeable, and the author can express it freely.
(6) Description method
sketch
Sketch is an artistic term, which is used here to describe the order of objects, from top to bottom, or from bottom to top, or from left to right, or from right to left, or from middle to both sides, or from two sides to middle, or from whole to part, or from part to whole, while paying attention to depicting details, leaving a deep impression on readers.
rotation method
Dynamic description of cultural relics from different angles, accurate use of front, back, up, down, left, right and other directional words to introduce cultural relics in all directions. There should be details in the middle. Don't cover everything, and use force evenly.
Stripping method of bamboo shoots
For some objects with complex structures, the structure can be described from the outside to the inside or from the inside to the outside, and the center and focus can be highlighted from the inside to the outside.
Anthropomorphic method
Find out the similarities between people and some inanimate objects or animals and plants, and describe them in detail. To compare an animal with an adult, we should first compare it with an adult as a whole, and then find out the local similarities with people.
Chemical method
The description of objects changes from static description to imaginary dynamic description or from dynamic description to imaginary static description, and the combination of dynamic and static makes them set each other off.
means of interpretation
When describing an object, it is sometimes necessary to explain its characteristics or functions, as well as its history, characteristics or uses, so as to increase readers' understanding of the object.
"five senses" method
Use people's five senses to write different feelings and feelings, so that people can describe some emotions and objects more concretely and directly.
Lyric method of borrowing things
When we describe the object, we pin our feelings on the love and hate of things, and express our feelings implicitly through the image of the object, so as to achieve the unity of things and feelings and rely on them.
A way to express one's wishes by supporting things.
Use an object to compare or symbolize a certain spirit, character, thoughts, feelings, etc. , so that things and aspirations, things and feelings are intrinsically linked. Commonly used metaphors, personification and symbols.
Self-report of the article
In fact, personification runs through, and the characteristics of objects are accurately grasped. The first-person description of an object makes it look lifelike, attracts readers' interest and clearly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings.
1 1 "Three Parallel Rivers" Method
The main part uses three rhetorical paragraphs as the theme part of the article, which is unfolded side by side around the theme. The paragraphs of the article belong to the horizontal connection, and the things to be written are presented separately by using the coordinate relationship, so that readers can see the main body of the article at a glance.
(7) Architectural description method
From a distance
You can see the building from a distance, or you can be nearsighted. You can get the overall impression and outline of the building from a distance. When describing a building, it is best to combine the results of the distant view and the close view, so that readers can have a detailed understanding of the whole and each part of the building and get a complete impression.
Internal and external combination method
Looking at the outline of the building from the outside and the structure and function of the building from the inside, the focus is on the internal composition and function, which are generally introduced in the order of orientation, so as to be clear.
Step change shape observation method
Constantly change the foothold and observation point, observe and describe the building in many aspects, and get a complete impression of different sides. When describing a building with the method of gradual transformation, we must make the observation point and foothold clear, and also grasp the most important characteristics of the building to write.
Describe and introduce methods
The characteristics and history of architecture can be explained and introduced closely around the center of the article.
Environmental foil method
By properly describing the scenery around the building, the building can be made more prominent. When describing the surrounding scenery, we should clearly introduce the observation points and footholds, so that readers can understand the overall position of the building.
(8) Description of animals and plants
When describing animals, we can describe the shape and color characteristics of each component of animal appearance by combining the total score with the total score. Pay attention to the relationship between the total sentence and the clause. The sub-narrative part should be described closely around the features mentioned in the general narrative. Each part should have a certain order and organization.
When describing plants, you can describe each part or only a part. The description should be focused, and it can be described in detail from the color, shape and smell of the parts that best reflect the characteristics of this plant.
(9) Description of scenic spots
To describe the characteristics of scenic spots, we should not only reproduce the specific seasonal characteristics realistically, but also express the characteristics of the scenery itself, so that the seasonal characteristics and the scenery characteristics can be integrated. Pay attention to observe the changing characteristics of scenic spots in different periods and reflect any subtle changes in the scenery. Fixed-point or changing-point framing method can be used to choose a location that can better reflect the characteristics of the scenic spot. According to a certain order, from near to far or from far to near, from high to low or from low to high, from left to right or from right to left, the scenery can be written clearly, vividly and stereoscopically, giving readers an immersive feeling.
(C) news style category
News style refers to a style that newspapers, radio stations and TV stations often use to record society, disseminate information and reflect the times. There are many news styles. Only the commonly used news, newsletters and special stories are introduced here.
1. message
The concept of (1) message
News reports the latest, valuable and most concerned facts quickly and timely in a general narrative way and concise words. Generally, there are narrow sense and broad sense. Single-point news in a narrow sense; Broadly speaking, it refers to news, communication, reportage, features, comments, etc.
(2) Classification of messages
Generally, messages fall into four categories:
Dynamic message
A style that quickly and accurately reports recent major international and domestic events and activities, as well as new situations, new trends, new achievements and new problems in various constructions, is the most used style in newspapers. Newsletters of major news are all dynamic news.
Typical message
Also known as experience news, it is a style that focuses on the typical experiences and successful practices of some specific departments, units and industries.
Vermischte Nachrichten
Comprehensive news is a report that combines the facts that happened in different places, different units, with different characteristics and the same nature to reflect a theme. Its characteristic is to analyze, put forward opinions and reveal laws on the basis of synthesizing and summarizing facts.
Comment on news
Also known as "reporter's comment" and "news comment", it is a kind of news with both news and comment functions. It is on the basis of stating facts, interspersed with comments or expressing feelings, so as to analyze and explain the essence and significance of the reported facts. It is characterized by narrative and evaluation, and requires comments according to national policies, with correct views and proper comments.
Step 2 communicate
The concept of (1) communication
Communication is a form of news reporting that concretely, vividly and vividly reflects news events or people through narration, description, lyricism and discussion. It is a kind of narrative, which is often used in newspapers, radio stations and news agencies. It is a style that reports news events, experiences or typical people in more detail than news.
(2) Writing steps of communication
Communication writing steps are generally divided into the following steps:
The first is to establish the concept and the theme. Conception is the process of determining ideas, refining themes, establishing ideas, and also the process of finding angles.
The second is to determine the structure. You can use a vertical structure written in chronological order, a horizontal structure written in logical order, or a combination of vertical and horizontal writing.
The third is material selection. Choose the material that best represents the essence of a person or a thing.
The fourth is to clarify language expression and expression techniques. The language of communication should be concrete, not abstract, use adjectives and numbers as little as possible, and use verbs and popular language more.
Finally, start writing and pay attention to innovative writing. Describe the details and environment and put the characters in the environment. When writing, you can divide it into several small levels, do a good job in small topics and write in blocks.
(3) Common communication types
Communication is divided into character communication, event communication, character file communication and work communication. Communication is divided into documentary communication, special stories, news interviews, news surveys, special sidelights, accompanying notes, reporters' notes, news tidbits and so on. Here we focus on the following categories:
Character communication
The so-called character communication is the communication that mainly reports advanced figures on all fronts. It focuses on revealing the spiritual realm of advanced figures, reflecting their advanced thoughts by writing their advanced deeds, and making them the common wealth of society. At the same time, the changing figures and some controversial figures are also reported. "There is no shortage of gold, and no one is perfect." When writing, remember not to write about advanced figures with unprecedented wisdom and courage. They are perfect. Write a narrative as true and appropriate as possible.
Event communication
The so-called event communication is to report typical news events with universal educational significance. Of course, writing things can not be separated from writing people related to events, but it does not focus on portraying people like character communication, but focuses on events and writes people in order to write good things in the overall picture of events. It can not only reflect important and wonderful typical events in real life; You can also intercept one or several fragments from a news event, describe it in detail and reveal the profound meaning of the event; It can also be a summary of several events.
Work newsletter
The so-called work briefing is a report that reflects the achievements in implementing the Party's line, principles and policies, summarizes the experience and lessons in practical work, or discusses controversial issues that need to be solved urgently. It is an important form of reporting that newspapers often use to guide their work. There are four main characteristics: first, to introduce work experience and analyze problems; Second, in-depth analysis based on facts; Third, lively, pay attention to literary talent; Fourth, eclectic and diversified. Prose, essays, sidelights, notes and notes are all acceptable.
3. Special report
(1) The concept of thematic stories
Feature story, which reflects the facts in a way similar to that of a film, is a kind of news style with strong sense of scene and short space, with emphasis on "reproduction".
Intercepting the cross-section of news facts, grasping a typical time and space, and vividly reporting events or people and scenery through a fragment, a scene and a shot is a vivid news genre with a sense of scene.
(2) Types of special reports
Special reports usually have the following kinds:
Event close-up: capture and reproduce the key scenes of major events.
Scene close-up: the reappearance of wonderful scenes in news events.
Close-up of people: Reproduce some behaviors of people, draw sounds and colors, and have a strong sense of movement.
Close-up of scenery: Description of rare scenery with special significance or value.
Work features: vivid reproduction of work scenes.
Miscellaneous close-ups: Vividly reproduce various news scenes with close-up value.
(D) Literary style
1. Prose
(1) The concept of prose
Prose has two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense. Prose in a broad sense refers to all articles that do not rhyme in ancient times.
(2) Prose types
According to the content and nature of prose, prose can be divided into the following categories:
Narrative prose
Prose is mainly about writing people's notes. This kind of prose gives a concrete and outstanding description and portrayal of people and things, expresses the author's understanding and feelings at the same time, and also has a strong lyrical component, with full feelings between the lines. Narrative prose focuses on reflecting the essence of things from the development and changes of narrative characters and events, and has factors such as time, place, characters and events.
lyric prose
Prose that mainly expresses the author's subjective feelings is called lyric prose. Lyric prose often expresses subjective feelings with the help of concrete and scenery. Scenes or objects in the text are the support of the first-time lyricists. Authors often concretize their feelings, use metaphors, symbols, personification and other methods, or write lyrical scenes, or blend scenes, or support objects to chant their ambitions, so as to achieve the purpose of lyricism. It can be roughly divided into three categories: lyricism with scenery, lyricism with things and lyricism with things.
Landscape prose
Prose mainly depicting scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text. Vivid scenery description can not only explain the background and render the atmosphere, but also set off the thoughts and feelings of the characters and better express the theme.
Philosophical prose
An article that tells philosophy and enlightens life in the form of prose is called philosophical prose. Philosophical prose comprehends the truth of life with various images, thus revealing the eternal similarity between all things. Because of the combination of profundity and soul penetration, the phenomenon goes deep into the essence, revealing the inside story and ideas of things, giving people a shocking aesthetic effect. Grasp the thinking mode embodied in philosophical prose, and use symbolic thinking, associative thinking and emotional thinking to understand the profound cultural connotation and accumulation contained in philosophical prose.
2. Poetry
Poetry is a diverse literary genre and the oldest and most basic literary form in the world.
(1) The concept of poetry
Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre that reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. Its language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious rhyme and rich musical beauty. The sentences are generally in rows and pay attention to the beauty of structural form.
(2) The main expressive methods of poetry
Fu Bi xing technology
There are many ways to express poetry, among which the traditional ways that were first popular in China and have been used to this day are: Fu, Bi and Xing. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu." Among the six meanings, "style, elegance and praise" refers to the content of the poem in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressions used in the poem.
Fu: It is a way to express things directly.
Bobby: It's a figurative way to describe things and express thoughts and feelings.
Xing: It's a way to make things interesting, that is, to use the beginning of things to go straight to the subject to describe things and express thoughts and feelings.
These three methods of expression have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties.
Imagination technology
There are many ways to express poetry, but rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important way to express poetry. Specifically including:
Symbol. Simply put, it is "symbolic meaning." In modern poetry, symbolic meaning is expressed as the image of the soul. Compare it. Metaphor or metaphor is in sound, in appearance, in mind or in metaphor. The essence is still "personification".
Exaggeration. It is to enlarge what is to be described in order to attract readers' attention and association. Exaggeration should not be too absurd, nor too real and vulgar.
Metonymy is to replace that thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference lies in: analogy is generally compared, and comparison is concrete and visible; On the other hand, metonymy is concrete. On the other hand, it is more abstract, linking concreteness with abstraction, making the image of poetry more vivid and prominent.
3. Novel
(1) The concept of novel
Novel is a literary genre in which the author describes life events, shapes characters, unfolds the theme of the work and expresses the author's thoughts and feelings by narrating people's language, thus artistically reflecting and expressing social life.
(2) the classification of novels
Divided into novels, novelettes, short stories and mini-novels.
Novel. The length is more than100000 words, and the structure is complex. Generally, social life is expressed through more characters and numerous events, such as A Dream of Red Mansions.
A novella. The length is between 30,000 words and100,000 words, which reflects the scope of life. Although it is not as broad as a long story, it can also reflect a certain breadth of life, such as middle age.
Short stories. The length ranges from several thousand words to more than 20,000 words. Although the length is relatively small, the structure is relatively compact and complete, short and pithy, and some of them have profound and rich social significance, such as Liu's The Head Teacher.
Miniature novels. It is generally believed that the length of mini-novels should be less than 2,000 words, and the theme is often a fragment of life experience, which can be seen from the small and concise.
According to the types of works, it is divided into martial arts novels, mystery novels, mystery novels, historical novels, military novels, romance novels, science fiction novels, online games novels and so on.
According to artistic forms, it can be divided into literary novels and genre novels (such as martial arts novels, mystery novels, mystery novels, etc. );
According to the writing language, it can be divided into pure literary novels and popular novels;
According to the content of the works, it can be divided into realistic novels and surreal novels (such as magic novels and supernatural novels);
According to the writing style, it can be divided into traditional novels and online novels (including online games novels, gangster novels, narrow novels, etc. );
According to written language, it is divided into ancient vernacular novels, contemporary ancient vernacular novels, classical Chinese novels, vernacular novels and local novels; According to the carrier of the work, it is divided into graphic novels and electronic novels;
According to the writer's person, it can be divided into first-person novels, third-person novels, epistolary novels, dialogue novels and narrative novels;
According to genre, it can be divided into classical novels, satirical novels, realistic novels, modernist novels, critical realistic novels, romantic novels, naturalistic novels, formalism novels, expressionist novels, existentialist novels, stream-of-consciousness novels, magical realistic novels and so on.
1 1. It is divided into classical novels, modern novels and contemporary novels by age:
12. According to the process, it is divided into serial novels and whole novels.