Expressing feelings by taking things as examples, expressing feelings through scenery, narrating and expressing feelings, expressing feelings directly, setting off, signing autographs to show ambition, symbolizing, imagining, associating, caring, expressing feelings in scenery, contrasting, setting off, supporting, music setting off, rendering, combining reality with reality, promoting initiative, setting up suspense, combining point with face, getting to the point, paving the way and caring.
Understand all kinds of Chinese expression skills
Various expressions of Chinese knowledge;
Contrast (foil), contrast, contrast, borrow scenery (objects) to express emotion, support objects to express ambition, and want to promote first. (Association, imagination) Emotion in the scene, emotion in the scene, irony, symbol, association, imagination, seeing the big from the small, analogy.
Symbol is an artistic technique to express some ideas, thoughts and emotions through a concrete and easily associated image. Symbol and ontology have some similar characteristics, which can be linked through readers' imagination and association. For example, candles, aboveboard, burn themselves and illuminate the specific image of others, which can remind us of the lofty spirit of self-sacrifice. Therefore, candles are a symbol of self-sacrifice.
What is symbolism? What's the difference between it and metaphor?
Symbol is an artistic technique to express concepts, thoughts or feelings with similar or similar characteristics through a concrete image that is easy to cause association. It is only used to express people's quality or organizational nature, and is generally suitable for lyric works.
Metaphor can be used to express the essence of anything. Generally speaking, metaphors are scattered throughout the article.
What is the way to see the big from the small?
It is a writing method that expresses a big theme with small things and concretizes abstract things. For example, if you want to write an article about life, it will be difficult to write it well if you always talk about the meaning of life. However, we can bypass these sermons and give people a more vivid and emotional image, such as writing about middle school students struggling with illness, writing about parents who have always cared about you, and writing about laid-off workers. Love of White Butterfly explores life with a small butterfly. If you adopt this method of seeing the big from the small, you will have a colorful life in your pen. For example, to write about patriotism, you can write about a primary school student's love for the red flag and correct it when others don't respect it.
Under what circumstances do you usually use this method? Generally, it can be used when the topic is a very abstract concept (that is, when you think that the viewpoint you want to write is the same as that in your political book), such as "outlook on life" and "values" and so on.
In this way, we should pay attention to the following points: first, we should pay attention to the similarity between the small material you choose and your big idea, which can be unified; Second, we should pay attention to, in the process of using small materials, don't always run out to comment; Third, we should pay attention to the typicality of the materials used.
What are association and imagination?
Association is thinking of another related thing from one thing, or recalling previous related things with immediate things. For example, in the winter morning, when you see frost flowers on the glass, you will think of beauty and pride like a peacock; When you see reading glasses, you will think of grandma sewing dolls for yourself; Seeing the bright red ink on the paper reminds me of the scene where the teacher makes up lessons and corrects homework for students; Seeing the past photos reminds me of the happy time of sightseeing; Seeing an old book reminds me of an experience with my classmates in the past ... these phenomena are natural in life. If we write these contents into the composition, it will enhance the expressive force of the article.
Let's talk about imagination. Imagination and association are like a pair of brothers. They are similar but not the same. Their similarity is thinking, association is thinking about related things, and imagination is rearranging images and materials in the mind to create new content.
What is rendering? What is a foil?
Rendering refers to drying and dyeing objects with ink or color, separating yin and yang from the back, increasing the texture and three-dimensional sense, strengthening the artistic effect, and can also be used as a solution to "coloring". In the Qing Dynasty, the cloud said, "When people talk about painting, it is easy to set colors. I don't know. Rendering is extremely difficult. Painting is painted, and they join the stove to exercise, and the temperature is slightly worse. "
Contrast is to render the outline of an object image with ink or light color to make it stand out obviously. When painting snow, rain, fog, morning light, flowing water, white flowers and birds, and sketching figures, the methods of covering and surrounding dyeing are generally adopted.
Analogy is a method of reasoning. According to the similarity of two things in some features, we can draw a conclusion that they may be similar in other features. This is a sentence in the Modern Chinese Dictionary. For example, "For example, light and shadow travel in a straight line, with reflection, refraction and interference. Because sound is in a state of fluctuation, it is inferred that light is also in a state of fluctuation. " I think this statement is correct. But many people (including textbooks) mistakenly think that analogy is similar comparison, which is not absurd! What is "similar comparison"? Please see the explanation of "comparison" in Modern Chinese Dictionary: "Distinguish the similarities and differences between two or more similar transactions." I see!
What is irony?
"Describe hostile or backward things with irony and ridicule, and sometimes expose them with exaggeration to achieve derogatory and negative effects." This expression is irony.
Satire and ridicule are used to target the enemy or backward, wrong and unreasonable things, and sometimes they are exposed by exaggerated methods to achieve the purpose of derogatory, negative and critical.
Master the writing method of expressing things.
Both articles adopt the method of subterfuge. The former expresses the author's feelings through Humble Room and highlights his ambition through things. This paper compares "humble room" with mountains with immortals and water with dragons, and leads to the theme of the article "Only I am fragrant", which shows that "humble room" also has the nature of "name" and "god". Then, it describes the elegant environment of the humble room, the elegance of people and the leisurely life interest of the owner, showing the spiritual outlook of the owner of the humble room, showing the author's state of mind of enjoying himself and the life interest of changing when he is poor, not only highlighting the "virtue and fragrance" of the owner, but also showing the inferiority of the humble room. Finally, comparing Zhu Hezi to a humble room is intended to show that the owner of the humble room also has the interests and ambitions of ancient celebrities. At the end, Confucius' words are quoted, implying the intention of posing as a gentleman, explaining that "the sage lives in it, and the humble room is not humble", highlighting "only my sincerity" and "the humble room is not humble".
In Ailian Shuo, the author uses the description of the lotus image to convey the author's own feelings, and from the growth environment, writes her simplicity of "emerging from the mud without being stained, lingering without being demon"; From the aspect of posture and fragrance, write her "straight through, not crawling" integrity, and write her "fragrance is far and clear" fragrance; From the aspect of manner, the description of her lofty "graceful and pure, can be viewed from a distance but not ridiculous" personifies the lotus flower, regards it as a symbol of noble quality and praises it as a "flower gentleman" The author uses things to express his ambition, and the image of lotus reflects his thoughts and feelings of not seeking fame and fortune, being honest and clean.
"Expressing one's will through supporting things" refers to entrusting and conveying the author's feelings, aspirations and interests through the description of objective things. For example, in Yu Qian's poem Ode to Lime, the poet expressed his firm sentiment and upright and noble thoughts through the process and result of mining stones and burning them into lime. Another example is Praise of Poplar, Style of Pine Tree, The Story of Sick Plum Restaurant, etc. , are examples of the good use of this skill.
"Lyric by borrowing scenery" refers to expressing feelings by depicting scenery, and feelings are contained in the scenery. For example, in the opening paragraph of Lu Xun's Hometown, the author did not directly express the sadness of "I", but expressed the mood of "I" at that time through vivid scenery description: depression, suffocation and sadness. There are countless examples of lyricism by borrowing scenery, such as Landscape Talk and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond.
They have something in common. Teachers and students express their feelings indirectly, which is different from expressing their feelings directly. They express their feelings through narration, description and discussion, which makes abstract feelings objective, concrete and vivid and easy to be understood and accepted. Secondly, they can use artistic techniques such as symbol and deformation and rhetorical methods such as metaphor, parallelism, exaggeration and personification to enhance artistic appeal. Their differences are as follows: First, "expressing one's will by supporting things" is to express one's feelings by chanting things, often with the help of certain characteristics of certain plants, animals and objects. Express the author's feelings euphemistically and tortuous. These "things" are not "scenery", and chanting things is not writing about scenery. "borrowing scenery to express emotion" means writing scenery to express emotion, or expressing emotion in the scenery from time to time; Or feelings in the landscape, but not exposed. The "scenery" here refers to natural scenery, not something. Second, the word "ambition" in Yan Zhi has a wide meaning, which can refer to feelings, ambitions, interests, hobbies, wishes, demands and so on. The "emotion" in "borrowing scenery to express feelings" refers to feelings such as love, hate, praise, whipping, joy and sadness. Thirdly, "expressing one's will by holding objects" does not produce artistic conception, but conveys the author's feelings and wishes through related objects, that is, to achieve the purpose of writing, which can be described and discussed. "Lyric by borrowing scenery" requires the harmony between thinking and scenery, emotion and scenery, and the scenery in emotion, and the content forms a three-dimensional aesthetic artistic conception.
What's the difference between "supporting objects to express ambition" and "supporting objects to express meaning"?
Answer: "Entrusting things to express one's intention" means pinning one's interests and wishes on the narration and description of something. For example, Elaine said. "Implication" is to express a profound truth through the narration, description and discussion of something. For example, Praise of Poplar and some fables. The difference between the two is that one is to express one's own views and personal interests, and the other is to tell a recognized truth.
Line drawing, line drawing is a method of drawing. Originally a technique of Chinese painting, it refers to a painting method of drawing objects on a white background with only ink lines without or with less color. As a description method, it refers to a description method that grasps the characteristics of things and outlines the image of things with simple words and a few strokes. Sketch is used to describe people. It only takes a few words to outline the appearance and expression of the characters, so that readers can see their true colors. Sketch is used to describe the scenery, and it only takes a few strokes to outline a vivid picture, which makes people feel like they are in the scene. Sketch is used to write things, and it only takes a few strokes to draw things vividly.
The forms of expression are: narration, description, lyricism and discussion. (description)
Rhetorical devices include metaphor, analogy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism and repetition. three
The expression techniques are: symbol, contrast, imagination, association, care, lyric by scenery, lyric by scenery, symbol, contrast, imagination, association, contrast, contrast between beauty and sadness, rendering, and combination of reality and reality. Wait a minute.
Rhetoric mainly refers to the adjustment of sentences
The technique of expression mainly refers to the whole article
It can be said that some rhetorical devices are used when the answer is expressed, but it cannot be said that the two are equivalent.
Rhetoric is the adjustment and application of language, that is, the means and process of dealing with language to achieve the best expression effect. It is often aimed at a sentence or a paragraph, such as metaphor, parallelism, analogy, duality, metonymy and so on.
Expression means the expression of feelings or thoughts chosen by the author in the process of writing, which is often aimed at the whole article, such as borrowing scenery to express feelings, expressing ambitions, expressing one's chest directly and so on.
First, rhetoric and expression
Rhetoric and expression are two noun terms often mentioned in junior middle school Chinese: they are very different. Rhetoric is to modify words and phrases and use various methods to make the language express accurately, vividly and forcefully, and the emotion is sincere, strong and fascinating. The common rhetorical methods in junior middle school texts are metaphor, personification, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions, comparison, metonymy, repetition and irony. Expression is also called expression method, and its connotation includes five aspects: narration, description, explanation, discussion and lyricism. Look at examples: What expressions are used in the following sentences: ① Who is our loveliest person? Our volunteer soldiers. On the boundless sea, Haiyan flies proudly like black lightning. If you don't understand the meaning of the term expression, you can't make an accurate judgment. It is very likely that the first sentence answers questions rather than arguments, and the second sentence answers metaphors rather than descriptions.
Second, the skills of expression and description.
Expression and description are actually a creative method, but their connotations are different. The connotation of expression techniques can be considered from the following aspects: ① Lyric methods (lyrical with scenery, lyrical with things, emotional harmony with scenery, straightforward expression of feelings, etc. (2) Expression methods (holding objects to express ambition, comparing characters, suppressing before promoting, echoing back and forth, imagination, association, symbol, etc.). (3) structural features (echo before and after, end point, contrast, setting off, bedding, details, flashback, interpolation, etc.). Description techniques can be divided into: character description, environment description and scene description. Character description can be divided into four aspects: language, action, psychology and appearance; Environmental description includes natural environment description and social environment description; Scene description can be divided into dynamic scene description and static scene description. From the detailed description, it can be divided into fine description and simple description. From the method of description, it can be divided into real writing and imaginary writing, positive description and side description.
20 Common Expression Skills in Poetry Appreciation
In the practice of appreciating poems for preparing for exams, students often have problems such as vague understanding of concepts and careless use. To this end, we will make a simple inventory of 20 expressions commonly used in poetry appreciation, so that everyone can better cope with the college entrance examination.
1. Comparison (control)
Qian Qi's "Returning to the Old Cottage in the Late Spring": "There are few yellow birds in Taniguchi, and magnolia blossoms. I began to pity you under the window of Zhushan, and I won't change my shade if I don't go back. " The poem highlights You Zhu's lofty spirit through the comparison of "Spring Disappeared", "Lack of Birds", "Flowers Exhausted", "Flowers Flying" and "You Zhu". Liu Yuxi's "Wuyi Lane", "In the old days, Wang Xietang flew into the homes of ordinary people", compared the past and the present, expressing the sense of vicissitudes. Zhang Ji's "Sleeping by the Maple Bridge for One Night", "On a frosty night, Jiang Feng is worried about sleeping", and the frosty day and the waning moon are cool colors. Jiang Feng, fishing bridge? Jojo? What is the real mu? Why don't you take the joints and the gun? How dare you break into the ancient tomb and record cards? Hey? Small? 2. The combination of reality and fiction (association and imagination)
Wang Changling's "Look at the Taste": "Drunk in the orange and pomelo fragrance, the river wind draws rain into the boat and cools it. Yi Junyao is in Xiaoxiang Moon, and I am very sad to hear that I grew up in my dream. " One or two sentences truly describe the present situation, and three or four sentences falsely describe the situation of friends staying in Xiaoxiang through association and imagination, which shows the author's melancholy and attachment. Li He's "Will Send": "The east bed rolls up the mat and protects it. Autumn is far away and the road ahead is full. " The first two sentences are written in order, and they are about to leave, which is true writing; The last two sentences are about the scenery you will encounter after the expedition. This is an empty pen.
3 Irony (Irony) Song Wenzhi's "Crossing the Han River": "The sound outside the ridge is broken, and the winter is revived. Now, when I meet people near my village, I dare not ask a question. " Writing about homesickness is just the opposite. The closer I get to my hometown, the more afraid I am of asking and hearing bad news, so as to better express the author's homesickness. Lu You's "Qiu Si" "Days are like idle years, and things are as big as drunken days." Even if they are very old, they will give up when they are drunk, but can they really be "drunk"? The poet is just saying something contrary to his meaning, ostensibly expressing his feelings, but actually expressing his sadness that he can't serve his country and can't let go. Cen Can wrote a letter to Du Fu in the Imperial Palace of Zuoyuan, saying, "This dynasty is a celestial dynasty, and nothing goes to the Three Treasures Hall, and there is almost no petition", which exposed and satirized the feudal rulers' whitewashing and taboo of medical treatment by irony, and expressed the poet's disappointment in the Tang Dynasty.
4. Contrast (sometimes used with the technique of "happy writing and sad writing")
Shen Quanqi's Alone and Yu Jintang, a young woman from the Lujia family, with swallows both perched on the hawksbill beam, use petrels to contrast the loneliness and sadness of young women. Jia Zhi's two poems on spring thoughts (part I), "East wind can't dispel sorrow, but spring can make resentment longer", contrast the poet's inner sadness with the beauty of spring.
5. Combination of motion and static (with motion and static as the background and sound as the background) Liu Ban's "Pond after Rain": "When it rains, the surface of the pond is flat and the eaves are mirrored. The east wind suddenly started to dance with weeping willows, which made a lot of noise. " Write the quiet beauty of the calm water first, and then write the sound of the wind blowing weeping willows and falling lotus leaves. The combination of motion and static shows the beauty of the pond after the rain. Wang Wei's Pastoral Music (VI), "The flowers have not been swept away, but the tourists in Ti Ying are still asleep", shows the quiet and comfortable characteristics of the countryside with the combination of sound and movement.
6. Borrow the ancient irony of Du Mu's "Jiangnan Spring": "Thousands of miles are green and red, and the water village is full of wine flags. Four hundred and eighty halls in the southern dynasties, how many towers are misty and rainy. " The Southern Dynasties alluded to the social reality that the rulers of the Tang Dynasty admired Buddhism and ignored people's livelihood. Rong Hong's "Ode to History": "The history of the Han family is close. Society depends on the Lord, and safety depends on women. How can you act like a jade? It will be quiet. Underground Millennium bone, who is the assistant minister. " The poet used the Han Dynasty to satirize the humiliating pro-DPRK policy of that dynasty.
7. Directly express Du Fu's "You can't see the Qinghai Head, it's completely forgotten old bones" in "Military Vehicle Shop", directly express the disaster brought by the war to the people and the author's resentment against the war. "Being a centurion is not as good as being a scholar" in Yang Jiong's Joining the Army directly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings of being loyal to the country and eager to make contributions.
8. Lyricism in the scene, lyricism in the scene, and blending of scenes (euphemistic and implicit, indirect lyricism) Du Mu's "Two Couples in Qi 'an County (I)", "How many green lotus flowers hate each other and look back at the west wind for a while", and the green lotus flowers hate each other and look back at the west wind, expressing the poet's hatred through the scene, revealing a sad feeling. Wang Changling's "Seven Songs of Joining the Army" (Part II): "Pipa dance is a new sound, always closing the mountain and keeping old feelings. I can't stop listening to the chaos, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. "Describe the frontier fortress scene, reflect feelings in the scene, and show the sadness of frontier fortress soldiers.
9. The orphan boy written by Wang Anshi, "If you want to solve tomorrow, you are willing to listen to the banjo", expresses your honest, open-minded, solid, strong and indomitable pursuit of life and your willingness to devote yourself to saving people's sufferings. Li Shangyin's "Cicada": "Pure heart and lack of desire, singing all night. Oh, this last broken breath, in the green indifferent trees! . Yes, I am like a driftwood. I have made my garden full of weeds. I thank you for your advice and let you live a pure life like you. " The author uses cicada singing as a metaphor for his nobility.
10. Use Pei Di's "Send Cui Jiu" and "Recalling Wuling Fisherman, Only Spent a Day in Peach Blossom Garden" and Wu Lingren's allusions in Peach Blossom Garden to convince Cui Jiu that if he wants to live in seclusion, he must be firm, not half-hearted and unwilling to live in seclusion for a long time. Du Fu's "Jianghan" expresses the resentment that there is no way to serve the country and the ambition is hard to pay with the allusion of "an old horse knows the way".
1 1. For example, Yang Wanli's "Wandering the Lotus Pond at Dusk" says that "the lotus leaves are still hot at dusk, and the umbrella is hidden under the face", which is vivid and vivid, thus conveying the author's love for lotus flowers. Liu Ban's "On the Pool after Rain", "After Rain, the pool water is flat, and the mirror shines on the eaves", compares the calm water surface to a polished mirror, and writes the quiet beauty of the water surface.
12. The anthropomorphic Yung Wing's "Moving Home to Biehu Pavilion" "It's good to be a pavilion on Chunfeng Lake, and wicker vines are divorced". "Wicker rattan" uses anthropomorphic "binding" action to retain its owner, thus showing its attachment to the lake pavilion. Su Shi's "Begonia" is "afraid of falling asleep at night, lighting a candle and shining red makeup". The author writes Haitang as a sleeping beauty, which highlights the noble beauty of Haitang and the author's love for it.
13. A pun on the word "Shuang" in Wang Changling's "Seeing Weier", "Drunk oranges and pomelo smell in the river, and the river wind draws rain into the boat", not only describes the cold felt physically, but also the desolation of the poet's heart. Qin Taoyu's "Poor Girl", "and sewing gold thread on the wedding dress for other girls year after year", not only expressed sympathy for the poor girl, but also poured out his resentment of working hard all year round but bowing to his subordinates for a long time.
14. Repeatedly Su Shi's "Spring Poetry of Broken Magnolia Orchids": "Spring cattle spring branches, infinite spring breeze comes to the sea. Go to work in spring and dye it pink like meat. " The word "spring" is repeated at intervals, which makes the tone of the word clear and highlights the spring interest.
15. Exaggerated Wang Wei's "Mount Zhongnan", which is "its huge height is close to the sky city, connecting Qian Shan to the cape", and used exaggerated methods to express the towering mountains. Li Bai's "Climbing Yueyang Tower with Twelve Summers", "Stay in the clouds and have a glass in the sky", exaggerates the scene of Yueyang Tower towering into the sky.
16. Abstract: The intertextuality of Wang Changling's "The Great Wall", "The Moon in Qin Dynasty" and "Mulan Ci" makes the poetic language lively, the structure neat and the rhyme harmonious.
17. Ask Li Yu's Yu Meiren: "How many worries can you ask? Just like a river flowing eastward. " The author used the method of asking questions to express his deep grief over the country's subjugation. Li Qingzhao's dream: "Do you know, do you know? It should be green, fat and thin! " The author expressed his deep affection for flowers by asking questions.
18. Set off and render (sometimes in profile) Jia Dao's Twilight in the Mountain Village, "Strange birds crow in the wild, and pedestrians are afraid in the sunset", and use the "strange birds crow in the wild" to render the cold and even horrible atmosphere outside the mountain village. Meng Haoran's "It's too late for the people to host": "Now the sun is setting, and one valley after another is shadowy and hazy. Now the chill of the moon and night passes through the pine trees, and my ears feel the sound of wind and water. " The poet expresses the secret flow of time through images such as the sunset in the west, the dim valleys, the moon in the pine forest and the clear spring in the wind, which renders the increasingly quiet atmosphere and sets off the author's lonely mood. In Li Bai's difficult Shu Road, such a height is difficult for the yellow crane to cross, so he sympathizes with the poor monkeys who only have claws to use, and describes the high risk of the mountain with the image of the yellow crane, the ape, the insurmountable and the fear of climbing. Li Bai's "Listening to Shu Monk Zhuo Playing the Piano", "The mountains are dark but I remain unchanged, and the autumn clouds pile up the sky" not only describes the author's state of being intoxicated with the sound of the piano, but also highlights the charm of the sound of the piano.
19. inhibition method (first inhibition, then promotion, then inhibition)
Li Shangyin's Jia Sheng: "The propaganda room invited the virtuous to visit the courtiers, and Jia Sheng's tone was even more incoherent. Poor midnight is unprecedented, and Mo Wen people ask ghosts and gods. " The poet clearly showed the political weakness of the ruler by promoting first and then restraining. Ji Xiaolan's "This woman is not a person, a fairy descended to earth for nine days. Children and grandchildren are thieves, stealing flat peaches for their mothers, and expressing their praise to their wives and children and grandchildren by suppressing them first and then promoting them. "
20. Describe Jia Dao's "Twilight in the Mountain Village" from many angles, "The cold water is heard for miles, and the mountain family is a few neighbors". From an auditory point of view, underwater sounds are heard for miles to make them quiet; Visually, it is sparsely populated. Wang Yucheng's "Returning to the Village", "Every valley has sound, and several peaks have no words about the sunset", describes the moving scenery by hearing, the static scenery by vision, and the combination of moving and static shows that the late mountain is lovely and the scenery is infinite.
Of course, what is summarized here are some common expressions, which do not cover all the techniques, such as rhetorical question, metaphor, symbol, duality, overlapping words and sentences, and detailed description. We might as well check the leaks and fill the gaps in time in the teacher's explanation or our own review. In addition, it should be noted that a poem often uses several expressive techniques comprehensively, and it should be analyzed comprehensively when appreciated. For example, Wang Mian's "Bridled eyebrows", "This body is in a forest of ice and snow, and peaches and plums are mixed with fragrant dust", which sets off the perseverance and cold resistance of bridled eyebrows with ice and snow; In contrast, the contrast between peaches and plums shows that plum is virtuous. This needs to be handled flexibly according to the requirements of the test questions.